Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
62
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
62-65
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to the foreign, political and diplomatic relations of Khan Umar Khan of Kokand with Russia,
China, Khiva Khanate and Bukhara Emirate.
KEYWORDS
Khan, ambassador, onon, khani khanon, Amir Haydar, Muhammad Rahimkhan, Russia, China, Afghanistan.
Manchurians, East Turkestan.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that there is a need to study the history
of the Uzbek people and their statehood, to research
the mutual relations during the Khanate period based
on clear and scientific facts and convey it to the general
public.
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M.
Mirziyoev "Hoqandi Latif, who has two thousand years
of glorious history, peaceful nature, and has witnessed
many great events, is a bright symbol of the
development of national statehood, science and craft,
art and literature. ", he noted (1,1). A number of issues
Research Article
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS DURING THE KOKAND KHAN UMAR KHAN
PERIOD (1810-1822)
Submission Date:
March 21, 2023,
Accepted Date:
March 26, 2023,
Published Date:
March 31, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue03-14
Erkaev Ergashali
Andijan State University, Associate Professor Of "History Of Uzbekistan" V. B. Candidate Of Historical Sciences,
Uzbekistan
Ashurov Olimjon
Andijan State University, Faculty Of History, 3rd-Level Student Of History, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
63
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
62-65
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
related to the history of the Kokan Khanate (1709-
1876), which has its place in the history of our national
statehood, are being fully resolved in the following
years. . During the reigns of Olim Khan (1798-1810),
Umar Khan (1810-1822), and Muhammadali Khan (1822-
1842), the khanate territories expanded, from the
north through the Kazakh lands to Russia, from the
west to the Bukhara Emirate, through the desert
regions to the Khiva Khanate, and from the east to the
Kashgar lands. It bordered with the southern regions
of the Pamir Mountains. Along with strengthening the
political position of the Khanate in Central Asia, it also
advanced economically and expanded diplomatic and
trade relations with neighboring countries. One of the
important tasks is to study foreign policy relations
during the time of Umar Khan (1810-1822), who
elevated the khanate. Along with the centralization
and development of the khanate, Amir Umar Khan
followed the path of strengthening the diplomatic
relations during the time of his grandfather Erdanabi,
father Norbotabek and brother Olim Khan. Like his
brother Olim Khan (1798-1810), he sought to
strengthen relations with Russia. The first diplomatic
relations during Umar Khan's time were sent to Russia
and were connected with the arrival of the Russian
translator Mamadiyorov in 1811. .
In 1810, ambassadors from Petersburg came to
Kokhan and were received by Omar Khan. . The first
diplomatic relations between the Khanate and Russia
during the time of Umar Khan were established in 1810.
(2, 69). In 1810, the head of the Siberian line (line)
Lieutenant General Glaznep appealed to the Kokan
khanate about establishing trade relations, and in 1811,
Russian representatives came to Kokan via Tashkent
with such an offer. Information is coming out and soon
Kokan Khan Amir Umar Khan will send ambassadors to
St. Petersburg, the capital of Russia, under the
leadership of Father Shakurbek. These ambassadors
will be given the task of granting permission for the
free trade of Kokan merchants in the territory of the
Russian Empire and ensuring the safety of the Khanate
merchants in the territory of the Russian Empire. When
the ambassadors were returning to Kokan in 1813, they
were accompanied by Russian ambassadors. These
ambassadors are headed by Filip Nazarov. The
ambassadors will come to Kokan via Tashkent. (3.48-
49) During Umar Khan's time, diplomatic relations
between the two countries continued intensively. The
security of trade transit routes and the development of
trade with Russia were raised on the agenda, these
issues were positively resolved. The relations between
the three rulers who came to the throne in the early
19th century - Amir Haydar, Muhammad Rahim Khan
and Umar Khan - are covered in different ways in local
sources. . For example, information has been
preserved
that
Amir
Haydar
Kokhan
Khan
congratulated Omar Khan on his accession to the
throne by sending gifts and showing friendship.
According to the information, Sayyid Eshonkhoja Tora
Mahdumi Azami, whom Umar Khan sent as an
ambassador to Bukhara, was warmly welcomed by
Amir Haydar (5.129). In addition, in another source,
details are also given that Ohund Domla Mir Baqi from
Kokan was sent to compete with the scholars of
Bukhara, and the emir of Bukhara recognized the
knowledge of the scholar from Kokan and
accompanied him with gifts (4.27). However, friendly
relations between the two rulers did not last long. The
main reasons for this were the first breakdown of
relations between the governor of Oratepa in Bukhara,
Mahmudkhoja, who went to the service of Umar Khan,
and Toqi, who was ruling in Turkestan, took help from
the Bukhara emir, plundered the territories of the
Kokhan Khanate and robbed caravans. was the
beginning. The ruler of Bukhara, Amir Haidar, who
learned about this, sent an army to Oratepa (June
1810). Umar Khan's several military campaigns in 1810-
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
64
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
62-65
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
1820 to Jizzakh and its surroundings on the border of
the emirate, and constant wars for Oratepa, and in the
spring of 1812, the north-east of Tashkent territories,
and in 1815, sending an army to Turkestan under the
leadership of Rajab Devan Begi completely destroyed
the relations between the two countries. fought
between.
There are also a number of conflicts in the issue of
relations between Kokand-Khiva. It is known that
relations between Kokand-Khiva were much better
during the time of Khan of Khiva Muhammad
Rahimkhan. In 1819, the ambassadors sent by Umar
Khan to the Turkish Sultan Mahmud were led by Haji
Mir Qurban. When the ambassadors were returning,
Khan of Khorezm visited Muhammad Rahim Khan I.
Khan of Khiva sent two ambassadors to the Kokan
ambassadors to ensure the safety of the ambassadors.
The ambassadors who came to the palace of Kokand
ruler Umarkhan Khiva Khan Muhammad Rahimkhan
with an official letter and its consequences are
mentioned in the work "Tarihi jakhannamoyi" by Awaz
Muhammad Attari, written on the history of Kokand
(4,26). according to information. Umar Khan sent the
ambassadors of Khiva with gifts and greetings
accompanied by Abdul Khaliq's guard (4,30). This
situation signaled the formation of an official Kokhan-
Khiva military alliance against Bukhara. There were
several reasons for establishing diplomatic relations
with the Khanate of Khiva. Because first of all, it was
difficult to find an ally who could help Muhammad
Rahim Khan against Bukhara other than Umar Khan.
Secondly, the territory of the Khiva khanate directly
became a border state with the Kokan Khanate after
the subjugation of Dashti Kipchak, and the issue of
guaranteeing peaceful neighborly relations in the
future was also a concern of the Khiva palace. In the
summer of 1821, Umar Khan became the governor of
Andijan with 12,000 troops. His son Muhammad
Alikhan,
Torakorgan
governor
Amirza
Sultan
Mahmudkhan, and Khojand governor Shahibek set out
together. He captured the bird and sent it to Umar
Khan. Umar Khan was happy about this and awarded
Odinaqul devobegi and Ma'murboy the pilot, who
came to ask for help on behalf of the Chinese-Kipchaks,
and appointed Isoak devonbegi as their leader (4,31).
In the spring of 1822, he brought the gifts sent by the
Turkish sultan Suton Mahmud Khan (1808-1839) for
Umar Khan and other valuable gifts (the second
embassy sent to the Turkish sultan was led by Haji Mir
Qurban). The gifts brought a decorated sword, two
pistols, two high-quality watches, two binoculars, a
bundle of clothes made of Turkish satin, and an
important label, the title of "khani-khanoh" given to
Umar Khan (3,26-27). Amir Umar Khan, who ascended
the throne in 1810, tried to strengthen the foundations
of statehood in the country. During his time, a
Manchurian ambassador lived permanently in the
khanate. When Umar Khan sent his ambassadors to
China, he called himself "Khan" in letters covered with
golden water. In 1814, he sent a judge supervising the
procedure. This qazi was entrusted with the following
tasks: protection of Sharia law, coordination of
relations between city governors in East Turkestan,
local Muslim population and merchants of Kokan,
settlement of tax collection from Muslim population in
East Turkestan in favor of Umar Khan, and solving
problems in the customs system. tasks were assigned.
But these issues have not been resolved positively. The
deputy of East Turkestan, where the two governments
could not come to an agreement, blindly rejected this
issue (6, 41). Umar Khan asked for the appointment of
two Kokan elders to supervise the Kokan merchant.
The injustices of East Turkestan against Kokan
merchants and other issues will be put on the agenda.
He conducted negotiations and appealed several times
to eliminate these accumulated issues. The Manchu
government was forced to start negotiations in 1820
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
65
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
62-65
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
when Umar Khan learned that Jahangirkhoja, who was
against the Manchus, was summoned from Bukhara.
As a result of these negotiations, the Kokan side
undertakes to keep Jahangirkhoja in the territory of
the khanate, and the Manchu government undertakes
to pay Kokan 200 silver yonbi annually (6,42).
During the period of Kokand Khan Umar Khan, the
khanate developed in internal and external relations,
and during his time the territory of the khanate
expanded several times. Umar Khan's father, Abdul
Qayyumbek (Norbotakhon), like his brother Olimbek
(khan), tried to expand the territory of the khanate.
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Babadzhanov B.M. Kakandskoe khanate: vlast,
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