Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
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-21
SJIF
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Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article analyses the types of hooliganism prevention, the preventive tools and methods used within these types
of prevention, the functions specific to hooliganism prevention, and the problems of legal regulation of the
organisational bases of hooliganism prevention. The author has developed a system of measures for individual and
victimological prevention of hooliganism.
KEYWORDS
Hooliganism, crime, general, special, individual, victimological prevention, organizational and legal bases, criminal
behavior, special subjects, victim status.
INTRODUCTION
The main role in the prevention of hooliganism belongs
to the internal affairs bodies and the National Guard,
who focus their efforts primarily on the prevention of
gross violations of public order manifested in open
disrespect for society, on the prevention of assaults on
citizens on the street, and on the prevention of crimes
committed in everyday life and free time. The causes
and conditions of hooliganism are determined and
eliminated with the help of quick-search activities.
To address the issue of legal regulation of
organisational bases for hooliganism prevention, the
following three major issues must be addressed: 1) The
rights and obligations of the subject’s implementing
Research Article
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOOLIGANISM PREVENTION FORMS AND
METHODS, ITS MAIN DIRECTIONS
Submission Date:
January 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
January 25, 2023,
Published Date:
January 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue01-03
Karaketova Dilnoza Yuldashevna
Phd, Senior Lecturer Of The Department Of Criminal Law, Criminology And Anti-Corruption Tashkent State
University Of Law, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
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Pages:
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SJIF
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
prevention; 2) the rights and obligations of the persons
against whom prevention is being carried out; and 3)
the rights and obligations of persons suffering from
crimes (victim status) should be clarified and
strengthened in the law. At a time when the protection
of human rights and freedoms is becoming a high-level
universal value in the world, this issue becomes more
urgent.
The use of coercive measures is also important in the
prevention of hooliganism. These measures are
implemented by special entities (state bodies). This has
the status of a specialised activity aimed at preventing
hooliganism and is considered a special level of
prevention. because it covers special measures aimed
at preventing hooliganism. Such measures differ from
other preventive measures in that they are specially
designed and aimed at a specific goal.
Therefore, in the prevention of hooliganism, the
existence of an object that falls under the influence of
special prevention, in turn, requires clarification of the
system of entities with special authority. However, in a
specific situation, the implementation of a special
prevention of hooliganism involves not only internal
influence (within a certain div, for example, internal
affairs bodies), but also external influence (within
bodies and institutions that directly implement the
prevention of crimes), and forces and means are
involved. In this regard, it is especially necessary to
introduce a modern computer system of data
exchange and accounting, and it should reflect those
who committed hooliganism and suffered from it.
The absence of a legal description in the practise of
prevention indicates that there is no uniform approach
to the use of legal norms in the activities of the
prosecution, justice, internal affairs, and judicial bodies
in this direction [1]. Although the Law of the Republic
of Uzbekistan "On the Prevention of Offenses" [2]
focuses on the coordination of the preventive activities
of prevention subjects, the legal mechanism of
coordination is not defined in the law. At this point,
there is a need to clarify the forms, methods, and types
of hooliganism crime prevention. In the explanatory
dictionary of the Uzbek language, "shape" is
interpreted as "appearance, image, style, method"
[3]..
"The form of prevention of crimes is the external
appearance of the content of activity and behaviour in
the prevention of crimes," and it is necessary to rely on
the purpose, functions, and tasks of prevention of
crimes when clarifying the essence of the form of
prevention [4].
Khojakulov suggests forming the following forms of
general offence prevention: written, oral, visual,
electronic, control, guarding, rescue, marked, SMS
message, mixed forms, but all of the above forms of
prevention, in our opinion, do not have the expected
effect in preventing hooliganism.
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Among them, the form of "control" occupies an
important
place.
The
researcher
categorises
preventive action control as technical, security, law
enforcement agency control, and public control [5].We
support this classification, and we explain its
application to the prevention of hooliganism as
follows: technical control, using the capabilities of
technology and electronic systems, taking into account
the fact that hooliganism is committed in public places,
in particular, streets, squares, parks, railway stations,
airports,
high-traffic
corridors,
and
markets;
surveillance cameras are installed in these places. Law
enforcement is also effective in preventing
hooliganism. In particular, the patrolling of the streets
and public places by internal affairs bodies or the
National Guard has a specific preventive effect.
In accordance with the Law of the Republic of
Uzbekistan "On Public Control" [6], public control is
applied to the subjects of crime prevention, and public
control is also carried out in relation to the objects of
crime prevention. This is directly reflected in the
prevention of hooliganism [7] through the active
participation of citizens and public associations.
Citizens who actively participate in the fight against
crime are encouraged according to the provisions of
the Regulation "On the procedure for encouraging
citizens and public organisations for their active
participation in the prevention of crimes and the fight
against crime," approved by the decision of the
Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.
15 of January 8, 2018 [8]. In this situation, we can see
that methods and forms of prevention are reciprocally
related. That is, the method of stimulation is used for
measures implemented within the framework of
prevention.
S.B. Khojakulov developed the following classification
of these prevention methods based on the specific
features of general crime prevention:
1) a warning (official or unofficial);
2) persuasion;
3) motivation (material, moral, and mixed);
4) coercion (application of disciplinary, administrative,
and material coercive measures) [9].
It should be noted that there are no special types of
hooliganism prevention. Hooliganism prevention is
based on existing types of prevention and the systems
of measures implemented within them. In other words,
the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the
Prevention of Offenses" [10] defines four types of
prevention, including general, special, individual, and
victimological prevention, and the prevention of
hooliganism is based on these types and the measures
implemented within them.
The general prevention of hooliganism includes the
following measures: development and implementation
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
of programmes related to the prevention of
hooliganism; conducting legal propaganda among the
population on the prevention of hooliganism;
identifying and eliminating the causes of hooliganism
and the conditions that allow it to happen; making
submissions on eliminating the causes of hooliganism
and the conditions that allow it to occur.
Until recently, the concept of general social
prevention was widely used in criminological literature
[11].
Some criminologists consider social prevention to be
a broad concept and consider that it is possible to think
about moral (preventing immoral behavior) and
general legal prevention (preventing crimes in a broad
sense) [12].
A special feature of general prevention is that it does
not focus on the prevention of negative events,
including hooliganism, but only helps in its prevention.
In fact, general social prevention measures serve as the
foundation and foundation of all measures aimed
directly and directly at preventing crimes, i.e. special
prevention. Hooliganism is a separate social
phenomenon, so the ways to combat it should be in the
field of social and legal measures, and its effectiveness
in many cases depends on the success of solving social
problems. However, this aspect of the issue concerns
both general and individual hooliganism prevention.
N.T. Ismailov believes that different views on the
types of prevention are related to the broad or narrow
interpretation of the concept of "prophylaxis." If it is
based on the point of view that the most general
measures of social development (for example, rational
organisation of work, recreation, life, and education)
are outside the scope of crime prevention, then it is
necessary to abandon the division of crime prevention
into general and special (or special criminological)
types; instead, crime prevention should be divided into
general and individual prevention [13]. Other scientists
have also expressed this opinion [14].
Mass media are actively used in general prevention.
Attention should also be paid to victimological
prevention for those who have suffered from
hooliganism or are likely to suffer. All this is very large-
scale work carried out by the state and society across
the country. Such prevention is aimed at the entire
population of the country [15], but taking into account
the specific characteristics of crimes, attention is
focused on specific criminal acts.
Some scientists believe that law-abiding people are
more involved in general prevention than criminals
[16]. Another group of scientists says that in general, in
terms of prevention, the influence of punishment
measures and their application is more effective on
those who have an idea about the behaviour of
hooligans and the norms of the law [17].
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We agree that defining universally binding measures
is always difficult. However, this does not mean that
general
prevention
should
be
abandoned.
Implementation of general prevention measures
aimed at reducing the amount of hooliganism 1) to
prevent people from committing these crimes; 2) to
prevent citizens from being victimised by hooliganism.
In general, general preventive measures of
hooliganism are aimed at preventing hooliganism, and
the general prevention object allows detection.
General prevention is carried out for all, taking into
account the category of people who are more prone to
hooliganism. However, such measures should be
carried out on a scientific basis, taking into account the
results of a systematic, goal-oriented, and intensive
sociological survey. Without a specific and thorough
analysis, it is impossible to say for sure which general
or specific prevention is effective. 28% of those who
have not been convicted of hooliganism in the past
have no idea about the concept of "general
prevention, » 47% believe that this measure is for other
people, and 25% stated that although these measures
prevented them from committing hooliganism, the
situation prevailed. As for the implementation of
special prevention of hooliganism, there are certain
problems in the application of legal norms in this
regard. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the
Prevention of Offenses" provides for special
prevention only for those who have previously been
convicted, abuse alcohol or use narcotics, psychotropic
substances, or affect mental activity. It is established
that measures are implemented between persons
consuming other substances (Articles 25 and 26 of the
Law). The special prevention of lack of control and
offences among minors is referred to in the Law of the
Republic of Uzbekistan "On prevention of lack of
control and offences among minors" and other legal
documents (Article 27 of the Law). Article 24, Part 2 of
the Law, on the other hand, specifies the increase of
certain types of offences as a basis for the
implementation of special offence prevention
measures.
Therefore, according to this basis, the increase in
hooliganism requires the implementation of special
prevention, but the legislation does not provide for a
system of special preventive measures or certain
special preventive measures that should be
implemented when hooliganism increases. Perhaps
this is why, despite the fact that hooliganism was 45.9%
in the Republic (from 1073 to 1565), 117.6% in the
Khorezm region, 54.1% in the Bukhara region, 138.8% in
the Fergana region, and 44.8% in the Namangan region
in 2020, there was no information in the legislation or
the mass media about the implementation of measures
related to the special preventive basis of hooliganism.
Special prevention is also called that because it
requires special, professional knowledge from those
who implement it. For example, it is impossible to
apply special tools and methods to an object like
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hooliganism without knowing the nature of this
behavior. Special tools and methods should always be
used at a professional level. In accordance with the
Law «On Prevention of Offenses» measures for the
individual prevention of hooliganism are carried out
against persons who have committed hooliganism or
are under preventive influence due to the possibility
(propensity) to commit it in the future due to their
existing antisocial behavior:
1)
A preventive interview;
2)
an official warning;
3)
social rehabilitation and social adaptation;
4)
preventive accounting;
5)
referral to compulsory treatment;
6)
administrative control;
7)
includes providing information about the causes of
hooliganism as well as the conditions that allow it
to occur.
Individual prevention is prevention at the personal
level and differs from other types of prevention in that
it deals with a specific person. At this level, all practical
conclusions and results related to the person and
individual behaviour are determined. Here there is no
specific opposition between general and individual
prevention; on the contrary, general prevention
appears as the initial stage of the application of
individual preventive measures. These measures are
relatively broad and not very specific. Individual
prevention is somewhat specific and takes into
account individual aspects of criminal behavior.
Hooliganism prevention means early prevention of an
act that has not yet been committed. The most
important task is to prevent hooliganism. However, to
prevent hooliganism, it is important to first identify
those who are living a criminal lifestyle. "Crime
prevention in practise is manifested in two cases." One
of them is carried out when negative characteristics
are in the bud state, and the second is carried out when
such conditions are not yet observed but there is a
possibility of their appearance [19]. However, in both
cases, it is necessary to identify people with these
negative characteristics, register them, and then take
preventive measures against them. Here the person's
"level of social immorality," his social experience,
criminal connection, etc., should be taken into account.
This process includes: 1) determining the possibility of
these crimes being committed by these persons; and 2)
agreeing with the opinion that it is carried out at the
stage of the implementation of direct prevention of
crimes against such persons. [20].
Factual information is essential for the early diagnosis
and prognosis of hooliganism. It allows for the
identification of a criminal event in the first period [21].
According to scientists, they are all interrelated [22].
Each of them has a role to play and plays an important
role in the prevention of hooliganism.
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Protective and educational functions are especially
characteristic of individual prevention of crimes, and
individual prevention is directed toward individual
work with persons prone to committing crimes. In
addition, there is a special rapid-search prevention of
practical importance, which has its own system of
special measures. It is considered both an independent
and criminal behaviour within the framework of
individual prevention. A criminal is always and
everywhere the object of influence. We agree with the
opinion that "the most important problem of individual
prevention of crimes is to determine the circle of
persons for whom individual work is necessary" [23],
because in its essence, individual prevention of crimes
is a set of measures (methods) of persuasion
(education) and coercion (punishment). The goal of
the type of prevention under consideration is to stop,
prevent, and prevent crime, to determine individuals'
intent to commit a crime, and, ultimately, to achieve a
person's refusal to engage in criminal activity.
In the hooliganism prevention system, special activities
aimed at preventing crimes by certain individuals living
an anti-social lifestyle are shown separately. This
activity is carried out by state bodies designated with
the task of maintaining law and order and fighting
crime. These activities differ in their specific purpose,
which is to prevent hooliganism. M.J. Eshnazarov
believes that "special prevention" is a measure of
crime prevention that is developed and implemented
in a unique way both in the general prevention of
crimes and in individual prevention [24]. Therefore,
specific objects that should be affected by individual
prevention are supposed to use special tools and
methods for these purposes.
The analysis of practical materials shows that in the
fight against hooliganism, preventive tools and
methods of a criminalistic nature will be more effective
if they are implemented together with the necessary
quick-search measures. However, the most important
thing in this case is to have complete and accurate
information about the causes of hooliganism and the
conditions that made it possible. Individual prevention
should begin before a person decides to commit
hooliganism. O.L. Dubovik believes that "in general, in
a number of cases, decision-making is not carried out
immediately, therefore there is an opportunity to
influence it, to reconsider the decision, to change the
direction of the individual's behavior" [25]. This rule
can also be applied to the prevention of hooliganism;
eliminating hooliganism means completely excluding
and stopping the occurrence of such an event.
Hooliganism is characterised by impulsive, emotional,
situational, and sudden symptoms. However, even in
such situations, hooliganism does not always
represent a momentary action. As long as it represents
a process that always develops over time, individual
work, special prevention, and prompt service are the
main priorities here, and the specific task is to
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intervene in this process in time, prevent the
development of hooliganism, and stop it. If it is
stopped at the necessary stage, then we will prevent
hooliganism and protect the hidden victim from
hooliganism.
Preliminary measures are usually applied to people
who have never been convicted of anything. Persons
with a tendency to commit crimes are identified; these
persons and their immediate environment are studied;
if necessary, they are registered; and social control is
carried out regarding their place of residence, work,
and study. Persuasive measures are primarily used to
influence people who are at risk of committing crimes.
Secondary measures are mainly applied to people who
have been convicted before but are likely to commit
crimes again. In this case, it is necessary to identify
these persons, to take them into account, to study
them, and to carry out administrative control over
them under certain conditions. It is important to clearly
record the criminal purpose of such "hidden criminals."
In practice, coercive measures are usually used against
such individuals.
As for the prevention of hooliganism, the following
issues should be resolved: identifying and eliminating
the causes and conditions of hooliganism; identifying
persons who are prone to commit hooliganism with
their antisocial behavior; preventing persons who have
been previously convicted but who are likely to commit
hooliganism from going on the path of crime;
preventing hooliganism that may be committed, in
particular, planned and prepared hooliganism; and
identifying previously convicted persons who have not
broken ties with the criminal world to prevent
recidivism.
"It is important not to forget that scientifically knowing
the role of the victim in the commission of a crime is of
great importance in the development of crime
prevention measures" [26]. After all, "the identity of
the victim greatly affects the development of the
criminological situation" [27]. Therefore, I.Yu.Fazilov
believes that it is important to clarify the description of
"persons with a high probability of being victims of
human trafficking" [28].
Taking these aspects of the issue into account, the
system of victimological prevention measures for
hooliganism can be formed as follows:
carrying out preventive measures against victims of
hooliganism, taking into account the individual and
socio-psychological characteristics of the person;
teaching the population, including those who are likely
to be bullied (victims), how to resolve conflict
situations;
development and implementation of special complex
measures aimed at ensuring the physical and
psychological safety of the victim of hooliganism and
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informing him about the methods and means of self-
defense provided for by the law;
regular surveillance of places (areas) where
hooliganism occurs more frequently;
providing legal training and education to the
population by widely disseminating information about
the necessary defense and last resort in the event of an
attack by thugs.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that the prevention of
hooliganism has its own characteristics; in this
direction, the forms and methods, the types of
prevention, and the systems of measures implemented
within them are used individually. It is impossible to
organise work and achieve high efficiency without
taking into account these aspects of hooliganism
prevention.
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SJIF
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015
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OCLC
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Publisher:
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государственной инспекции безопасности
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Орловский
юридический институт МВД России имени
В.В. Лукьянова, Наука и практика. 2014. № 1
(58).
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109.
8.
Ўзбекистон
Республикаси
Вазирлар
Ма
ҳ
камасининг
2018
йил
8
январдаги
«Фу
қ
аролар
ва
жамоат
ташкилотларини
ҳ
у
қ
у
қ
бузарликлар
профилактикаси
ва
жиноятчиликка
қ
арши
курашишдаги
фаол
иштироки
учун
ра
ғ
батлантириш
тартиби
тў
ғ
рисида
низомни
тасди
қ
лаш
ҳ
а
қ
ида»ги
15-
сон
қ
арори
// URL: https://lex.uz/docs/3499747
9.
Хўжа
қ
улов
С
.
Б
.
Ҳ
у
қ
у
қ
бузарликлар
умумий
профилактикасини
такомиллаштириш (Ички
ишлар органлари фаолияти мисолида).
Юридик фанлар бўйича фалсафа доктори
(Doctor of Philosophy) илмий даражасини
олиш учун ёзилган диссертация.
‒
Т
., 2018,
‒
Б
. 66 (156).
10.
Ўзбекистон Республикасининг 2014 йил 14
майдаги
«
Ҳ
у
қ
у
қ
бузарликлар
профилактикаси тў
ғ
рисида»ги
ЎР
Қ
-371-
сон
Қ
онуни
//
URL:
https://www.lex.uz/docs/2387357.
11.
Хасмамедов Э.А. Уголовно
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правовые и
социальные
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рецидивной преступности: Автореферат
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М., 1993. –
8
(22 с.); Абдуганиев У. Криминологическая
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преступлений,
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қ
исм
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материальных
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М., 2000. –
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Криминологическая
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Мишота
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Предупреждение сексуальных преступлений
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несовершеннолетних
в семье:
Автореферат диссертации на соискание
ученой степени кандидата юридических
наук. –
М., 2000. –
10 с.; Ниёзова С.С. Ўзгалар
мулкини
иштирокчиликда
талон
-
тарож
қ
илганлик
учун
жиноий
жавобгарлик
муаммолари. юрид. фан. ном. ... дис.
автореф. —
Т., 2004. —
Б. 16 (23);
Қ
урбонов
Н
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Б
.
Одамлардан
фойдаланиш
учун
ёллаш
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
20
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
10
-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
жиноятида
жавобгарлик
масалалари
(
жиноят
-
ҳ
у
қ
у
қ
ий
ва
криминологик
жи
ҳ
атлари
).
юрид
.
фан
.
ном
.
дис
.
—
Т
., 2005.
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Б
. 180; Abdurasulova, Q. R. (2006). Ayollar
jinoyatchiligining
jinoyat
huquqiy
va
kriminologik muammolari: Yurid. fan. dok.
dis.Имамов Р. Зўрлик ишлатмасдан талон
-
тарож
қ
илиш
жиноятлари
учун
жазо
тайинлаш
.
юрид
.
фан
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ном
. ...
дис
.
автореф
.
—
Т
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профилактика. М., 1980; Игошев К.Е.
Социальный контроль и профилактика
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Вояга
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Введение
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Дисс.на
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правовие
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Ўзбекистон
Республикаси
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прокуратураси Жиноий
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ҳ
у
қ
у
қ
ий
статистика
бош
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армасининг
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2020 йилнинг 6 ойи якунлари бўйича
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20.
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Эшназаров М.Ж. «
Ҳ
у
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бузарликлар
махсус
профилактикаси»
тушунчасининг
мазмуни
тў
ғ
рисида
//
Ўзбекистон
Республикаси
ИИВ
Академияси
ахборотномаси
.
‒
Т
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№
1.
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Б
. 49.
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
21
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
10
-21
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
26.
Дубовик
О.Л.
Принятие
решение
в
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преступного
поведения:
Автореф. диссертации на соискание ученой
степени канд. юрид. наук. М., 1976. С.13.
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у
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у
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ий
ва
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жи
ҳ
атлари
//
Юридик
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https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-
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