Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
13
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
13
-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article discusses the features and difficulties of medical translation. Particular attention is paid to the description,
analysis, examples and ways to overcome such problems of medical translation as pseudo-international vocabulary,
"false friends" of the translator and literal translation. This article may be of interest to students of medical educational
institutions and healthcare professionals.
KEYWORDS
Medical translation, latinisms, international vocabulary, dialexemes, parallel borrowing, literalism, detriment of
meaning, pseudo-internationalisms, transcription, transliteration.
INTRODUCTION
Translations of texts on medicine are one of the oldest
types of translation of scientific texts. To this day,
medical translation remains in high demand. However,
not all problems are adequately covered in the
literature. This is the relevance of this article.
As you know, the translation of medical texts has its
own characteristics and difficulties. First of all, it
requires great responsibility, since medical science is
directly related to people and their health, both mental
and physical. Hence, there are special requirements for
the literacy and experience of the translator.
Research Article
PSEUDO-INTERNATIONALISMS IN MEDICAL TRANSLATION
Submission Date:
December 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
December 05, 2022,
Published Date:
December 09, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue12-03
Norova Mavluda Fayzulloyevna
Associate Professor At The Department Of English Language At The Bukhara State Medical Institute Named
After Abu Ali Ibn Sino Doctor Of Philosophy In Philology, Phd, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
13
-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The following features of medical translation can be
distinguished:
•
the presence of a large number of Latinisms
among medical terms;
•
the need to choose between two versions of
the English language: British and American, depending
on the target audience of the translation;
•
an abundance of verbose terms, eponymous
terms, especially including several names of scientists
or doctors, as well as many synonymous terms;
•
various
shortenings
and
abbreviations
common in medical practice, some of which have
“counterpart” in external expression, but are different
in meaning;
•
the constant emergence of new trends in
medicine, closely related to other modern sciences
and, as a result, the emergence of a whole mass of
highly specialized neologisms and borrowings from
other sciences and languages;
•
a significant layer of foreign language
vocabulary, translated by borrowing in such simple
ways as transcription (lettering of the sound shell of
the word), transliteration (letter-by-letter transmission
of the graphic form of the word) or tracing (translating
the word into parts-morphemes, and then combining
again into a whole), which makes it difficult
understanding of the concept inherent in this or that
term.
•
A separate and rather serious problem in the
translation of medical texts is the translation of
international vocabulary. International vocabulary -
words and phrases that in different languages have a
similar form and the same meaning [15].
•
However, along with international vocabulary,
which is a “translator’s friend”, there is a whole layer
of so-called pseudo-international words, which in
translation practice are referred to as the so-called
“translator’s false friends”. This is a tracing of the
French word faux amis. The term "false friends" was
introduced by M.Kössler and J.Derocchinyi in 1928 to
denote words that have a similar form in a foreign
language, but a different meaning [1, 5,
14].
•
In studies of the 60-70s of the twentieth
century, linguists offer many other names to refer to
this category of words. So, V.V.Akulenko calls them
"dialexemes"
[3],
Ya.I.Retsker
-
"pseudo-
internationalisms" [2]. In translation studies, the name
“translator’s false friends” has become fixed, which,
by definition
, R.A.Budagova, “although it is long and
too open to become a term, it nevertheless becomes a
term [7].”
In English and Uzbek languages, pseudo-international
vocabulary has several thousand words, related mainly
to four parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs or
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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VOLUME
02
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Pages:
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SJIF
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(2021:
5.
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(2022:
6.
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OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
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adverbs. It should be noted that this phenomenon is
especially common in medicine:
For example, activity - faoliyat (noun);
accurate - aniq (adjective);
utilize - foydalanmoq (verb);
normally - odatda (adverb).
The reasons for the emergence of pseudo-
international vocabulary are:
1.
Random coincidences (for example, “drug” in
English -
“medicine”, “heroin”, but not in Russian
“drug”).
2.
Changes in meaning after borrowing or
borrowing in one meaning, often not in the main (for
example, “medicine” in English is not only “therapy”,
but also “a liquid drug, mixture”).
3.
Parallel borrowing by two languages of a word
from a third language, but in different meanings (for
example, the Uzbek medical term “angina” comes
from the Latin “angina tonsillitis” (“suffocation from
inflammation of the tonsils”), but the English term
“angina” comes from the Latin “angina pectoris”
(“chest
suffocation")
and
is
translated
as
“stenokardiya”.
Attempts to create a dictionary of pseudo-
international words were made back in the 60s of the
last century [4]; at present, there are several English-
Russian and English-
Uzbek dictionaries of “false
friends” of the translator [6,
9,
13].
Of course, knowing the pairs of “false friends” will help
both the novice and the experienced translator avoid
many mistakes in translation, when the semantic
structure of the statement seems quite obvious, but in
fact has a completely different content. Ignoring the
semantic analysis of the statement by the translator,
using only the professional
“skill of switching” from
one language to another (i.e., preference is given to
direct
formal-sign
connections
between
the
vocabulary of two languages) leads to such a common
mistake as literal translation. Dictionaries give the
following definition of this concept [10, 12]:
Literalism is a translator's mistake, which consists in
the transfer of the formal or semantic components of
a word, word combination or phrase to the detriment
of meaning or information about the structure.
Ya.I.Retsker considered translation to be literal by
graphic or phonetic similarity [8]. But already in the 70s
of the last century, the term "literalism" began to be
considered in a broader sense. So, R.K.Minyar-
Beloruchev identifies the following types of literalisms
[11]:
•
elementary literalisms
–
false connections are
established by the graphic similarity of words in two
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
13
-20
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
languages (eng. data
–
“ma’lumot, ma’lumotlar”, but
not russ. “data”);
•
semantic literalisms - translation of a word or
phrase according to its main meaning, without taking
into account the speech situation or context (eng. to
take the drug - depending on the situation, it can be
translated as “dorini olmoq (masalan, shkafdan) or
“dori qabul qilmoq”);
•
grammatical literalisms - false connections are
established between syntactic constructions or lexical-
syntactic phrases of two languages (eng. as well as is
translated as “ham, hamda, yana, shuningdek, shu
bilan birga”, but not by the comparative phrase “xuddi
shunday yaxshi”).
Based on our analysis, we draw the following
CONCLUSIONS
1.
Translation of medical texts, as a type of
special translation, is very relevant, but has its
own characteristics and difficulties.
2.
Along with international vocabulary, there is a
layer
of
pseudo-internationalisms
that
significantly complicate translation and can
lead to a distortion of meaning.
3.
International vocabulary is part of the so-called
"false friends" of the translator. This term
refers to pairs of words in two languages that
are similar in spelling and/or pronunciation,
often with a common origin, but different in
meaning.
4.
Pseudo-international vocabulary and "false
friends" of the translator are inextricably linked
with the phenomenon of literal translation
(erroneous translation due to established false
links between languages), which is considered
at the spelling, semantic and grammatical
levels.
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6.
015
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ACADEMICIA:
An
International
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Pages:
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6.
015
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Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 12(5), 977-
980.
