Volume 02 Issue 03-2022
1
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
01-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In the conditions of the dominance of religious dogmas, the sheer illiteracy of the population, the thinkers of the
Muslim East were forced to resort to certain traditional forms of expressing their ideas. Socio-philosophical views
were expressed in the pages of historical treatises, as well as in various essays, essays of a fictional, sociological nature,
and poetry. The creativity of A. Donish was no exception here. However, in works that are semi-artistic in form, the
thinker poses and tries to solve philosophical questions, in his own way criticizes religious dogmas. So, he asks the
question: “If God, creating a person, predetermined the fate of a builder for him in advance, why did he not
immediately, from birth, endow the person with the ability to build? Why is it necessary, while fulfilling the
predestination of God, to study any other professions?
KEYWORDS
Original ideas, advanced character, conclusions and guesses of the thinker, ethical and political issues, the rule of
religious dogmas, "deviation" from Sharia.
INTRODUCTION
The formation of a new person, his personal qualities
and high morality has always been and remains in the
center of attention of the state and society, because
proper education, love for the motherland, protection
Research Article
REFORMIST VIEWS OF AHMAD DONISH IN THE RENEWAL OF THE
EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA (XIX AND EARLY XX
CENTURIES)
Submission Date:
February 25, 2022,
Accepted Date:
March 16, 2022,
Published Date:
March 27, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue03-01
Zebiniso A. Akhmedova
Head of Department of Social Sciences, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 03-2022
2
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
01-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
of the national interests of the country, serving its
goals and objectives is one of the urgent problems of
modern educational space.
One of the greatest merits of Ahmad Donish, according
to the dissertator, is the criticism of teaching methods
in Bukhara schools and madrasahs, the work and
activities of the Bukhara official representatives of the
clergy, the so-called "ulema".
With his works - "Rare Events" and "Historical Treatise"
A. Donish became famous as an ardent supporter of
the exact and natural sciences, contrasting their study
with scholastic teaching methods in schools and
madrasas of that time. Donish urged students to
choose the object of their study of the phenomena of
the real world.
THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
It was recommended to exclude the study of priceless
works of leading free-thinking scientists and thinkers
of the past centuries from the curricula. Donish,
together with his followers - educators, campaigned
and insisted on the inclusion in educational programs
of the study of the works of such great thinkers as
Saadi, Hafiz, Bedila, mastering the basics of secular
science - mathematics, geometry, geography,
astronomy, etc.
The article notes that Ahmad Donish is convinced that
the development of science and education in Russia is
the main factor in the progress of society. He criticizes
the system of education and upbringing in the emirate
of Bukhara and is actively involved in the process of
radical transformations and reforms of this system.
Analyzing the methods of learning languages, the
author emphasizes that during his travels to other
countries, the writer saw that the study of languages in
other countries was at the proper level, while in the
schools of Bukhara 2-3 years were allotted for teaching
only the Arabic language. Ahmad Donish advocated
serious reforms in the system of language education.
Convinced that the emir and his reactionary clergy will
not allow reforms in the field of education, Ahmad
Donish appeals to his children Asad and Abdulkarim, in
their person and other young people, with an appeal
not to waste time on studying unnecessary subjects
and direct their attention to independent development
necessary secular sciences. So, he says to his children:
“And you don’t have to master the “Summary of
Vikoia” at all, because the problems that the author
raised have not yet received their confirmation;
perhaps they can be perceived by the mind, or it is
possible to assume their reality, referring to the
opinion or statement of another scientist. Ahmad
Donish's ignorance of one of the authoritative books
used in the madrasah was in itself an open protest
against the educational programs of Bukhara at that
time.
Therefore, at the beginning of his educational
activities, he, like other reformers of the civilized
world, presented his reform program and demanded
that the rulers introduce reforms into the existing
system of education and upbringing. But the rulers
categorically refused to reform.
After the solution of the problem of reform by peaceful
means did not produce results for Ahmad Donish, the
second period of educational activity began, the period
of uncompromising struggle, the period of writing and
publishing anti-government works containing sharp
criticism, such as the "Historical Treatise".
In the history of pedagogy of that period, physical
punishment
of
students
was
considered
commonplace. This educational "method" was
supported by such thinkers as Muhammad Gazzoli (XI
Volume 02 Issue 03-2022
3
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
01-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
century) and Saadi Shirazi (XIII century). For example,
Gazzoli in his book "The Elixir of Happiness" writes: "If
a child turns 10 years old and he commits a
misdemeanor, then the teacher should beat him and
punish him." There was such a rule: when parents first
brought their children to teachers for training and
asked to teach their children to read and write, they
agreed even if their sons were left with skin and bones.
But Ahmad Donish, as a thinker and educator, was
dissatisfied with this system of education and
upbringing, and especially with the existing "methods"
of education. He expresses his dissatisfaction like this:
“Why am I being forced to do this? After all, the end
result is only the physical punishment of children and
the obligation to beat them.” The thinker considers
this method unacceptable and even harmful to the
mental and physical health of children. He attaches
great importance to the role of play in their upbringing:
“Children, as soon as they forget about the teacher's
cracks, begin to play and mess around in the sand. But
if this beating continues systematically, then children
get sick and even die.”
Ahmad Donish's style of criticism has its own
characteristics. At the beginning of his literary and
educational activities, the thinker expressed his critical
thoughts about the weaknesses of the education and
upbringing system in Bukhara on behalf of the heroes
or characters of his works. In the second period, he
began to express his criticism on behalf of his friends
or interlocutors. At the end of his career, Ahmad
Donish directly began boldly and fearlessly to present
realistic criticism in his own name, an example of which
we find in his Historical Treatise. Another style of
Ahmad Donish's statements is his comparative
criticism, which was expressed in his comparison and
criticism of the economic situation, education system,
upbringing and cultural life of the Emirate of Bukhara
with the economy, education system, culture of Russia
and other developed countries.
As Aini said, under the influence of reading "Rare
Events" in the minds of Khairat, Aini, Munzim and
others, there were significant changes that can be
called a "revolution of consciousness", which
contributed to the growth of supporters of reforms in
education.
Acquaintance with "Rare Events" was the beginning of
a critical view against the existing political system and
reminded the above-named writers and others of the
uselessness of most of the subjects and lessons that
they studied in the madrasah, so they talked a lot about
the reform of education at school and social reform at
the meeting of their circles. society. Donish's teaching
resembles a sea in which one wave rolls after another.
Another basis that played a significant role in shaping
the thinker's worldview was the influence of the
philosophy of the East, acquaintance with the
teachings of the great thinkers - Zarathushtra, Buddha
and others. Islamic culture had a huge influence on the
development of the writer's edifying and ethical views.
Expressing his educational and moral views, he relied
on the ethical side of the works of Persian-Tajik, Indian,
Arab and Greek thinkers of the past. So, for example,
in the well-known work of the writer "Rare Events" one
can observe the author's digressions to "Bahoriston"
("Spring Garden") of Abdurahman Jami, "Guliston"
("Flower Garden") of Saadi Shirazi, "Nasikhatnoma"
("Book of Edification") Unsurulmaali Kaikovusa,
“Badoe-ul-vakoe” (“Amazing Incidents”) by Zainiddin
Mahmud Vosifi, “Nicomachean Ethics” and “Eudomian
Ethics” by Aristotle.
Service at court, familiarity with the methods of
government of the emirs and the opportunity to use
the privilege presented were also factors that
Volume 02 Issue 03-2022
4
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
01-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
influenced the development of the worldview and the
formation of Donish's aesthetic and pedagogical
views.
Another
significant
basis
that
affected
the
development of the psychological and pedagogical
views of Ahmad Donish and the radical changes in his
thinking was the influence of the thinker's three
historical and fateful journeys to Russia. Acquaintance
with the economic, cultural and political life of this
country was the most important factor in the
formation of Donish's critical views on the need for
reforms and transformations in the system of
education and upbringing in Bukhara.
These trips provided Ahmad Donish with the
opportunity to get acquainted not only with the
economic, political and cultural life of Russia, to study
the advanced views of the Russian people regarding
the study of secular sciences and improve the methods
of school education, but also to get to know high-
ranking educated personalities.
The high authority and worthy position of the thinker
among the advanced intelligentsia of Bukhara,
especially the laudatory words of the emperor of
Russia, politicians, scientists and journalists of this
country against Donish, contributed to the fact that
the ruling elite of Bukhara and even the emir himself
treated him with great care.
Having laid the foundation of the educational trend, he
rallied around him a significant number of like-minded
people and followers from among the progressive
intelligentsia of his time. They sought to find ways to
develop science and culture, update the education
system, in order to familiarize themselves with the
world's achievements in science and technology, and
restore justice in the Bukhara Emirate.
According to Ahmad Donish, the main reasons for the
backwardness of education in the Emirate of Bukhara
were the existing system of government of the
Mangits, feudal relations and the lack of education of
the emirs themselves and the ruling elite of the state.
Travels of a number of thinkers of the Tajik people of
those times to Europe, Russia, Iran, Turkey and other
developed countries also contributed to the expansion
of their worldview and the awakening of new
advanced thinking. After returning from travels,
Donish, Vozekh, Abdurahmon Mustajir and other
famous personalities stepped up their activities in
promoting science and technology, calling for reforms
in the education system.
S. Aini writes: “Although to this day I had a poor idea of
the state of modern press and literature, the dream of
reform in schools and madrasah undermined my
consciousness, and the innovations promised by my
circle turned me out. This dream and this disgust came
to me after reading a book called "Rare Events" by
Ahmad Makhdumi Muhandis Donisha Bukhoroi and
"Books of Ibrahimbek's Travels" (book by Zeynal-
Abedin Maragai).
The appearance and distribution of new newspaper
publications, and the opening of schools with new
teaching methods in foreign countries prepared good
ground for the realization of the cherished dream and
aspirations of Ahmad Donish and his followers. The
first school with a new teaching method was opened,
according to Aini, in 1883 in Bogchasaroy
(Bakhchisarai) and began to operate with the support
of Ismailbek Gasparinia Kirimi (Gasparinsky). The
distribution of the newspapers Tarjumon (Translator),
Khabulmatin (Inseparable Ties, published in India),
Parvarish (Sprouts, published in Egypt) played a
significant role in inspiring the reform of the madrasah.
Volume 02 Issue 03-2022
5
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
01-08
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The first school with a new method of teaching in the
Tajik language was opened in Samarkand in 1901 on the
initiative of the educator Abdulkodir Shakuri. In
Bukhara, Mullo Juraboi Pirmasti opened the first new
school in 1900, but it did not last long. After getting
acquainted with the new school of Abdulkodir Shakuri
in Samarkand, on the initiative of the followers of
Ahmad Donish - Mirzo Abdulvohid Munzim and
Sadriddin Aini, on November 5, 1908, the first Tajik
school with new teaching methods was established in
Munzim's courtyard. To facilitate the learning process,
Sadriddin Aini was forced to personally write the
following books for schoolchildren: “Tahzibussiben”
(“Education of Children”, 1909), “Tartilul-Kuryon”
(“Correct Reading of the Koran”, 1909) and later
“Zaruriyoti Diniya” ("Religious Obligations", 1914).
CONCLUSION
As adherents of the teachings of Donish, Aini and
Munzim sought to spread literacy among the common
population by educating children from poor families
for free. After the closure of the new school of Munzim
and Aini by the Emir, supporters of schools with a new
teaching method rallied even stronger, which led to an
organized Jadid movement.
The educational, educational and political views of
Donish already at the end of the 19th century gained
fame in Bukhara, Samarkand, Fergana, Tashkent, Khiva
and other regions of Central Asia and served as a guide
not only for his contemporaries, but also for
subsequent generations of enlighteners, Jadids and
supporters of revolutions.
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Pages:
01-08
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02
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03
Pages:
01-08
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
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1121105677
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Oscar Publishing Services
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ГОСУДАРЕЙ» КАК ЦЕННЫЙ ИСТОЧНИК ПО
ИСТОРИИ БУХАРСКОГО ХАНСТВА ВТОРОЙ
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VOLUME
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I
SSUE
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Pages:
01-08
SJIF
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MPACT
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993
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(2022:
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015
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OCLC
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