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(ISSN
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ISSUE
08
P
AGES
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83-93
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Servi
ABSTRACT
The article deals with the acute contradictions between local bandit groups and the policy of the Red Empire during
the formation of the Soviet system. The sad fate of the youth from the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic and the
Amu Darya region, headed to the central cities to get an education in 1924, is reflected. The atrocity of the Basmachi
gang, led by a follower and supporter of Junaid Khan, Tashauz bek Durdyklych, who tried to preserve the former
government is a central issue in the article. The aim pursued by the gang members, the cause of the Begjap tragedy,
is revealed. The article presents historical sources, as well as conclusions about the Begjap tragedyThe article deals
with the acute contradictions between local bandit groups and the policy of the Red Empire during the formation of
the Soviet system. The sad fate of the youth from the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic and the Amu Darya region,
headed to the central cities to get an education in 1924, is reflected. The atrocity of the Basmachi gang, led by a
follower and supporter of Junaid Khan, Tashauz bek Durdyklych, who tried to preserve the former government is a
central issue in the article. The aim pursued by the gang members, the cause of the Begjap tragedy, is revealed. The
article presents historical sources, as well as conclusions about the Begjap tragedy.
KEYWORDS
Amu Darya region, Tashauz bek Durdyklych, gang members.
INTRODUCTION
Research Article
HISTORICAL SOURCES ABOUT THE BEGJAP TRAGEDY (OR VICTIMS ON
THE WAY TO EDUCATION)
Submission Date:
Aug 02, 2024,
Accepted Date:
Aug 07, 2024,
Published Date:
Aug 12, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume04Issue08-06
Aytmuratov Jalgas
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.
Mirziyoyev, in his message to the Oliy Majlis and the
people of Uzbekistan dated December 20, 2022, named
strengthening the spiritual foundations of society, the
development of culture, supporting the activities of
scientific and creative organizations, and the
intelligentsia as priority areas. He notes: «We must
study our ancient history even more deeply, especially
the activity of the Jadids, who, despite extremely
difficult conditions, boldly stood for the ideas of
education, freedom of man and people, devotion to
the Motherland and national values. Their courageous
and selfless struggle in the name of great goals is a
worthy example for all of us, especially for young
people, in building a New Uzbekistan» [1]. In modern
scientific research, the preservation of historical and
cultural values, which are a unique heritage for future
generations, is relevant. Special attention is paid to the
study of the events that occurred in the XX century
during the totalitarian soviet period, as well as their
ideological influence and consequences. Analyzing
these historical events from a modern perspective is an
essential requirement of the time, since it allows to
understand and appreciate deeper their significance
and impact on modern society.
METHODS
The events of February 1917 also affected Turkestan,
after which the national culture, especially the field of
public education, faced increased confrontation
between the old and new regimes. During that period,
various types of educational institutions appeared:
Koranic schools - kiraatkhana, mosques, madrassas,
women's schools, new-method (Jadid) schools and
Russian-native schools.
From the second half of the XIXth century, after the
conquest of Central Asia by Tsarist Russia,
contradictions between the spiritual life of the region's
population, including education, and the colonial
system with its ideology arose. In the period from 1917
to 1924, in the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, in
particular, on the left bank of the Amu Darya, which
was part of it, there were both Muslim mosques-
madrassas and Jadid new-method schools. The
opening of new-method schools in the Khiva Khanate
did not meet with resistance from the authorities, as,
for example, it happened in Bukhara. Muhammed
Rakhim II Feruz supported the establishment of
schools and many high dignitaries followed his
example. In November 1904, according to the Decree
of Muhammed Rahimkhan, a Jadid school based on the
«usuli savtiya» method was opened in Urgench. In
1906, with his permission, a school for girls was opened
in Urgench, visiting which he got acquainted with its
work. [ 2.16]
In the new- method school, opened with the approval
of the Khan of Khiva, training was conducted by
teacher Khusayin Kushaev invited from Kazan, as well
as his wife Komila Kushaeva. The number of students
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in the school was 45. [3 .83]. Despite the fact that more
and more Jadid schools were being opened, the
personnel issue remained unresolved, and there was
an acute shortage of Jadid teachers. Textbooks and
teaching aids for schools were imported from Kazan,
Bakhchisaray and Turkey.
After the death of Muhammed Rahimkhan Feruz,
Asfandiyar Khan ascended the throne, he also paid
great attention to the development of Jadid schools.
Especially during the period when educational work
was headed by divanbegi (chief vizier) Said Islamkhoja,
who invited teachers from Kazan and continued to
open Jadid schools.
DISCUSSION
At the beginning of the XXth century, Islamkhoja due
to high need, built two new-method schools at his own
expense. Thanks to his charitable work he was
awarded the title «Uaziri aquar». [4 .84]
Thanks to the efforts of the educators of the Khiva
Khanate and educational leaders, especially Bobo
Akhun Salimov, Paluaniyaz Yusupov, Jadid schools
were opened in New Urgench, Kungrad, Gurlen and
Shavat. The «Jamiyati Khayriya» society and created in
Khiva the Young Khivans Organization organized
campaigns for raising funds and created conditions for
the opening new- method schools, which started their
work in 1907 in Petro-Alexandrovsk (Turtkul). Reading
textbooks for the primary level were composed by B.
Salimov and B. Rakhimov. [5 .17]
Yu.Akhmetov, M.Sufizada, K.Amirov, A.Amantaev
played a major role in the opening of Jadid schools.
The Jadid method of teaching, based on the principles
of developing world's scientific knowledge, despite
certain contradictions, became a period of awakening
for the Karakalpak people. At that time, the ideas of
outstanding personalities such as S. Majitov, A.
Musaev, Janabay Karatay uli, Abdikadir Bekimbet uli,
Kazi Maulik, Kydyrniyaz, Sydyk Tokpan uli and others
were born.
Particular attention should be paid to the activities of
S. Maijtov (1867-1938), who made a significant
contribution to the development of the Jadid idea. He
published a manual in the Tatar language called «Vakt
kuyoshi», and also organized the delivery and
distribution of books and magazines published in
Russia, including the «Tarjimon» founded by I.
Gasprinsky. During the period of the colonial policy of
Tsarist Russia, S. Majitov proposed the idea of opening
educational schools in every volost. In 1907, in his
poems addressed to Inoyat of the volost, he expressed
the need to open a Jadid new-method school in the
Chimbay volost. Well understanding the social-political
situation of his era, S. Majitov supported the Jadid
Movements «Solshyl», «Sul» in the Kungrad region.
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Since 1921, while S. Majitov was the head of
Department of Public Education of the Kungrad
district, 30 teachers had been trained. In addition, 5
schools were opened with a total of 250 students in all,
including 150 boys and 100 girls, who were provided
with desks, paper, and books. [ 6.122 p.]
The first students of the schools organized by S.
Majitov were K. Ermanov, R. Majitov and U. Nurjanov,
who later completed courses of teachers in Khiva.
During the establishment of Soviet power in
Karakalpakstan, the famous representative of
Karakalpak literature, Kazy Maulik Bekmukhammed,
played a special role in disseminating Jadid's
education. He studied at the Karakum madrasah, then
at the Kukeldash madrasah in Bukhara, being one of
the brightest representatives of the intelligentsia who
was propagating progressive ideas, he became a
continuer of the ideas of the Turkestan and Bukhara
Jadids on Karakalpak soil. At the beginning of the 20th
century, he opened a school of Kyssakhan poets in
Chimbay, which attracted the first representatives of
the literate intelligentsia.
Kazy Maulik opened a bookstore in Chimbay, where
books in different languages were sold. Books were
bought and delivered at his personal expense through
merchants who travelled to Arabia, Egypt, Turkey,
Russia, China and India. [7 .88] Kazy Maulik, being a
member of the organization of the Young Bukharians,
in addition to spreading Jadid ideas, contributed to the
spread of culture and literature in the Karakalpak soil.
The establishment of Soviet Power in Central Asia was
fraught with great difficulties. Firstly, the local
population, who did not accept the new system,
actively fought against the new ideology. Their ideas
were expressed in the slogans «For the Muslim
religion», «Against the infidels», and «Against those
who turned away from religion». Secondly, England
was actively working to weaken the influence of the
Soviet state in Central Asia and turn it into a British
colony.
One of the reasons for killing of young educators who
received support from the new regime during the
establishment of the Soviet system was the existence
of contradictions among the multinational local
population, i.e. the local population was distrustful of
the Russians. Therefore, those who could afford it
sought to send their children to study in Berlin and
Istanbul.
An obvious illustration of the events that led to the
death of young people striving for the knowledge were
Junaid Khan and his gang, cooperating with the Anglo-
Turkish imperialist intelligence, and the ataman of the
Ural White Guard Kazakhs, Mikhail Filchev, who had
close ties with the local Turkmen Basmachi.
In 1922-1924, the largest group of Turkmen Basmachi
operated in the left bank regions of Karakalpakstan. It
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was headed by a large landowner, Tashauz Bek
Durdyklych. He was known for his extreme cruelty. So,
in March 1923, the aul of Kipchak in the Kungrad region
was brutally plundered, its residents were killed, and
their houses were burned. In November of the same
year, 20 active fighters against Basmachi, as well as
their families, were killed in one day in the aul of Azber
of Kunya-Urgench region.
On August 24, 1924, 30 km north of the city of Khodjeyli
in the area of Yaumytjap, later called Begjap, on the left
bank of the Amu Darya, 100 horsemen from the
Durdyklych gang stopped a boat containing 22
unarmed people. Those were the first pioneers -
educators (young cadets) heading to study from
Khorezm to Tashkent, Alma-Ata and Moscow. All of
them were brutally killed. [8 .168 p.] Those were the
first representatives of the young intelligentsia from
the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic.
RESULTS
Children of workers heading to study made the
following journey: they sailed accross the Amu Darya in
boats to Muynak, from there on steamships to Aralsk,
and then traveled by rail to Moscow, Tashkent and
other cities of the Soviet Union.
In those years, to get to Muynak they sailed accross the
Amu Darya in boats, first to Khodjeyli, where they
stopped to rest and replenish supplies of food. Young
people sent to study from the Khorezm People's Soviet
Republic met with young people from the Amu Darya
region. Historian Yu. Yuldashev notes in his
dissertation research that on August 24, 1924, more
than 30 young people from the Amu Darya region
headed from Nukus along the river to Khodjeyli. There
were about 140 young people from the Khorezm Soviet
People's Republic. [9 .94]
There were representatives of different nationalities
among the youth. Having bought everything necessary
for them on the road, they went swimming in the Amu
Darya. They had a party with dancing, singing and
various games, and as night fell they settled down for
the night right in the boats standing on the river bank.
On August 25, 1924, boats with young people headed
towards Muynak. In total there were 5 boats with
young men and young women. Two large boats were
occupied by young people from the Amu Darya region.
The other three were occupied by those who arrived
from Khorezm. Three small boats with Khorezm youth
increasead their speed and far ahead of the others,
disappeared from sight.
Large boats, with the youth of the Amu Darya region,
were forced to stop on the right bank of the river near
the riparian forest Samanbay. The fact was that the
boatmen went home to replenish their food supplies.
The young people, considering stopping on the shore
dangerous, wanted to catch up with the boats that had
gone ahead as soon as possible. But the boatmen
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insisted on their own. They did not return until
lunchtime the next day. In the afternoon, the boats
continued to move. Sailing past Yaumyt Jap, the youth
began to remember rumors widespread among the
population that that place was the location of the
Basmachi. They asked the boatmen to get through that
place as soon as possible. However, contrary to their
wishes, a strong current carried the boat to the left
bank. One of the boatmen noticed that there was a
boat standing near Yaumyt Jap. All passengers fell
silent. At that time, their boat entered dense reed
thickets. The current swept the boat towards Yaumyt
Jap (Begjap).
After the boat got out of the reed thickets, the
passengers saw human footprints, as well as traces of
blood on the sand and bushes. There was deep silence.
It was too late to turn the boat back, because due to a
strong whirlpool the boat was washed up on the right
bank. Then the boat ran aground. There they saw parts
of the bodies of dead people: heads, arms, legs. It
became immediately clear that the Basmachi seized
boats with Khorezm youth and massacred them
mercilessly.
This tragic historical event in Khorezm is known as
«Maorifat Kurbanlary» «Victims of Education», in
Karakalpakstan it is known as «Yaumyt Jap Tragedy» or
«Begjap Tragedy». It is reflected in the work of the
writer Asan Begimov called «Begjap».
Doctor
of
Pedagogical
Sciences,
Professor
J.Urumbayev, referring to this event, provides
information about the number of dead and witnesses
to the tragedy.
Asan Begimov in his story points to 22 dead people,
Honored Worker of Culture of Karakalpakstan
Eshmurat Sultanov complements this information by
providing information about 4 girls captured by
Basmachi.
According to information in the work «History of
culture and education of Khorezm» [10.94] by G.M.
Bilyalov, published in 1957, based on archival materials,
the number of people heading to study reached 32
people.
A telegram sent on September 14, 1924 by the head of
the Central Executive Committee of the Khorezm
Republic Consul General Sultan-Kari from Khiva to
Tashkent provided reliable information about the
number of dead. It contained a complete list of the girls
killed and captured by the Basmachi. Six survivors of
that terrible tragedy gave a detailed description of
what happened.
According to Yerimbet Kydyrniazov and Kurbanbay
Aralbayev, Basmachi killed 22 people. They took one
woman, three girls and six boys with them. Of those
six, two lived in the territory of Karakalpakstan, one in
Turtkul district, the other in Nukus.
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Yerimbet Kydyrniyazov was among the survivors.
That's how he recalled those events. At that time,
when we, together with the Basmachi, were near Jana
Kala (Shumanay district), the sounds of gunshots were
heard ahead. As it turned out later, those were
detachments of a special- purpose unit.
Caught off guard, the Basmachi decided to kill the
young men and take only the women with them. But as
a group of the special- purpose unit was rapidly
approaching, the Basmachi could not realize their
nefarious intention and had to flee. A group of the
special- purpose unit helped the prisoners get to
Khodjeyli.
As Kurbanbay Aralbayev recalled another of the
survivors of the Begjap tragedy was Jumabay Ismailov,
who later graduated from a university in Tashkent and
lived in Khodjeyli. [11 .168]
This information confirms that the number of
participants in the Begjap tragedy was 32 people.
Among the dead were Matnazar Adamov, the head of
the Khorezm Youth Group since 1920, a member of the
Youth Committee, an active participant in the struggle
against the Basmachi, and Allabergen Zargarov
(originally from Turtkul). A group of Khodjeyli
residents led by public figure of the Kazakh-Karakalpak
Regional Party Committee Kharif Sharifov and Omarali
Audanbayev. Among them were the chief director of
the Khorezm Theater Masharip Paluanov, secretary of
the Kazakh-Karakalpak Executive Committee Jalgas
Kurbanbayev, member of the Kungrad district Youth
Committee Reimbay Biymaliev, as well as Komsomol
activists of that period, including students of the
Eastern Communist University Pir Kutlymuratov, as
well as Pais Mukhamedjanov, Takhir Gafurov and Sharif
Khamzin.
The Basmachi opened fire on two boats sailed from
Khodjeyli. The main boatman, one rower and a student
of the Eastern University, Pir Kutlymuratov, were the
first who died from the bullets of Basmachi. Pir
Kutlymuratov previously worked with Hamza
Hakimzade Niyazi at the Khodjeyli boarding school.
Pirtan Khojaniyazov, a senior boatman and a rower,
who were in the first boat, jumped into the water after
hearing the sounds of gunfire. The Basmachi fired at
them. The two survivors reached an island in the north
of the river, where they managed to hide. Many of
them were injured. Later, the Basmachi captured
unarmed young men. Their boat was taken to Lake
Karateren, located 3 km below Yaumyt Jap. The girls
were taken away, and 22 people were captured by
them.
According to a participant in those events, Ismail
Jumabayev, the tallest and most prominent Tatar guy
with curly hair, Khamzin was doused with kerosene and
set on fire. The others had their hands tied and were
beaten with guns, tearing their bodies to pieces. The
Basmachi dealt especially harshly with the leaders of
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the youth M.Adamov, A.Zargarov, M.Paluanov,
H.Sharipov and O.Audanbaev.
Kydyrniyazov, an eyewitness to those events, recalled:
«Audanbayev was brought to his knees in front of all
the young people and beaten with a whip. His white
shirt was torn and stained with blood. Due to the fact
that he was beaten in the face with a whip, it was
impossible to recognize him. Adamov, Paluanov and
other young men were subjected to the same torture».
[12 .170].
However, the guys who fell into enemy hands
heroically hold out, refused to provide information of
interest to the enemies. So, according to the
information given in the works of the researchers,
Durdyklych asked when the next boat carrying 100
people, would arrive. The prisoners gave false
information: «The big boat will arrive in 3 days», they
said. Those guys, taking the death, did not betray
others. Enraged by their tenacity, the bloodthirsty
Durdyklych ordered to tie their hands and feet, gag
their mouths and throw them into a lake. At the lake,
they began to chop up their faces.
Unable to withstand such suffering, Masharip
Paluanov gathered his last strength, tore the ropes,
and shouted at the top of his voice to the enemies:
«Hey mercenaries, kill us without torture!!! Anyway,
each of us will be avenged!». The Basmachi shot most
of the prisoners.
Thus, on August 24, 1924, 22 people who were just
taking their first steps towards new knowledge,
towards a new future died near Yaumytjap at the
hands of opponents of the new system, invaders led by
Durdyklych. The other six boys and four girls
(A.Muradova, F.Bekmukhambetova, A.Sapaeva and
E.Yemelyanova) were captured. On August 27, 1924,
the bodies of the Kazakh-Karakalpak Committee got
the first information about that tragic event. The
Executive Council of the regional Party Committee was
urgently convened, which united all forces to fight the
invaders. A special forces group headed by Salim Greev
was formed to eliminate the thugs.
As a result of processing of the crime scene
representatives of the special forces group found 15
bodies of the victims of bandits.
After receiving full information about that tragedy the
state authorities addressed to their relatives and
friends, to the nation the following words: «In the
years when the workers and peasants of Khorezm
facedifficult challenges, those young people showed
their courage, they chose the path of a great and
peaceful future. We express our deep respect for the
memory of our dear dead children». On August 30,
1924, the Government of the Khorezm Soviet People's
Republic formed a commission to organize funeral
ceremony for the victims. [13 .34]
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The funeral held in the city of Khodjeyli led to the
national mourning. Residents of towns and villages
with tears in their eyes spent the innocent young men
on their last journey. They cursed the gang of the thug
Durdyklych. The leadership of the Khorezm People's
Soviet Republic and the Kazakh-Karakalpak region, as
well as representatives of youth organizations, spent
the dead on their last journey. Expressing condolences
to the relatives, they promised to make every effort so
that their dreams of education and enlightenment
would be realized by new generations of young
people.
At an additional meeting of the Executive Committee
of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic and the
Council of Commissars on September 2, 1924, adopted
special decree "On perpetuating of memory of those
who died at the hands of the enemies». According to
that decree, August 25 was declared a day of mourning
for the «victims of education».
In September of the same year, the Executive
Committee of the Kazakh-Karakalpak region adopted a
resolution on joinging of youth the special forces.
M.Ermanov,
Salim
Greev,
A.N.Khamza
and
V.Yemelyanov (the husband of Elena Yemelyanova,
captured by the invaders) led the Khodjeyli and
Kungrad units, they set themselves the task to
eliminate the violent invaders. On November 7, 1924,
four women captured by the Basmachi were released.
The Basmachi gang was captured and in 1925 and were
sentenced to severe punishment due to a order of the
court of the Soviet Government.
By a decree of the Government of the Khorezm Soviet
People's Republic and the Executive Committee of the
Kazakh-Karakalpak region, a monument to those who
died at the hands of the Basmachi was erected in front
of the boarding school near the cotton factory in
Khodjeyli. Schools, theaters and other public
organizations in the cities of Khiva, Khodjeyli, and
Kungrad were named after the victims of the Begjap
tragedy. For example, the Khiva Pedagogical College is
named after the Victims of Education, the Khiva State
Theater is named after M. Paluanov, the youth club in
Khodjeyli is named after A.Niyazov, the boarding
school in Khodjeyli is named after O.Audanbayev, the
Kungrad City School is named after H.Sharipov.
The play by playwright Egam Rakhimov «Marifat
kurbanlary» (Victims of Education), staged at the
Khorezm regional theater, was dedicated to that
terrible tragedy. This tragedy is reflected in the story
«Bir kun» by the Honored Cultural worker, prominent
Karakalpak writer Asan Begimov,[ 14.138-
152а] in the
play «Amiu kakharmanlary», by the Honored Cultural
worker of Karakalpakstan, playwright Pirlepes
Tilegenov, which in 1965 was performed on scene
called «Begjap tragediyasy».[15 .324].
The atrocity committed under the leadership of the
cruel Durdyklych could not extinguish the spark for
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knowledge among young people from Khorezm and
Karakalpakstan, heading to the capital cities to gain
knowledge.
CONCLUSION
In 1924-1925, more than 600 children were educated in
the Kazakh
–
Karakalpak region. More than 50 students
were sent to the central cities, and more than 40
children of the locals were sent to educational
institutions in Khiva. They fought against the
reactionary forces of that era, were engaged in
organizing cultural and educational work among young
people and women. They contributed to the «cultural
revolution» conducted by the authorities of the Red
Empire, organized folk ensembles, drama clubs and the
first theaters. That activity served to form a «national
in form and socialist in content»
culture in the ХХ
century, and led to the emergence of a national
intelligentsia. The young people who became victims
of enlightenment and education had high hopes for the
future.
In the history of Karakalpakstan, the Begjap tragedy, in
which young people seeking higher education shed
their blood, will remain in memory of people forever.
Junaid Khan and the Tashauz bek Dyrdyklych and his
accomplices, who tried to preserve the former Khan's
regime, were responsible for that tragedy.
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xalqiga Murojaatnomasi» // Xalq so'zi 2022 year, 21-
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ecember, №272, (8384)
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Volume 04 Issue 08-2024
93
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
83-93
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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