American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
32
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VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue03 2025
PAGE NO.
32-35
10.37547/ajsshr/Volume05Issue03-08
Semantics of proper names
Kozieva Iqbol Kamiljonovna
Bukhara State University Teacher of the departments of Russian Language and Literature, Uzbekistan
Received:
20 January 2025;
Accepted:
15 February 2025;
Published:
17 March 2025
Abstract:
The article says that semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of linguistic units. One
of the linguistic universals is onyms. It also tells about proper names, which are used to name various objects that
distinguish them from the total mass of similar objects.
Keywords:
Anthroponymy, semantics, anthroponyms, personal name, anthroponymy, proper names, personal
name, common names, appellative meaning of names.
Introduction:
Semantics (the same as semasiology,
translated from Greek by sēmaino –
"I indicate, I
mean") is a branch of linguistics that studies the
meanings of linguistic units. One of the linguistic
universals is onyms. The proper names used to name
various objects distinguish them from the general mass
of similar objects. Thanks to them, it is possible to
individualize and identify (define) this object (or the
type of this object). Each language unit has a plan of
expression (external side) and a plan of content
(internal). The same qualities are inherent in proper
names.
The plan of expression for proper names and common
nouns may be somewhat identical (more or less), but
the plan of their content never converges, and may
even show an obvious contradiction (for example: an
intelligent person with the surname Stupov). In proper
names, the appellative meaning can change from the
expressive (Dead The sea) to the conditional (the city of
Zeleny Guy, where there is no forest now), erased
(Zaragoza) and completely unclear (names such as
Minsk, Kiev, Crimea, the Urals have many hypothetical
explanations for the origin, but none clear).
In everyday speech situations, the appellative meaning
of proper names may not be of interest to anyone, but
the names will still perform their functions. A name is
perceived as an original proper name to a greater
extent if it has less appellative meaning, if the
appellative is less tangible.
If the connection with the concept of the appellative,
which served as the basis of this name, is felt to a
greater extent in the name, then this name is close to
the category of common names. Names such as
University of Economics, City Theater, Sports boarding
schools are distinguishable from common names only
by the fact that they are fixed in a specific situation, for
one specific object, thereby weakening their
connection with the concept. It happens that with the
continued functioning of a word as a proper name, the
semantics of the common noun, which was the basis
for it, weakens in it. But there are also quite a large
number of short-term proper names (various
nicknames, nicknames), where the weakening
(reduction) of semantics simply does not have time to
occur. Among other things, this reduction is often
highly undesirable. As a rule, such names are created in
some narrow circle of people, and their meaning is
completely clear only in this environment, among those
who created them. If, for some reason, these proper
names are supposed to have a reduction in semantics,
then they are immediately replaced by more relevant
ones. Since such proper names (nicknames) do not
depend on any official registration, the birth of new
names and the oblivion of old ones is carried out quite
easily and quickly, without any difficulties.
Using as an example new names that arose after the
revolution (invented or borrowed), such as Rosa, Lilia,
Oktyabrina, Novomir and others, one can show how
easily and quickly the appellative meaning of the
foundations that gave rise to these names weakens in
onomastics. Such names make an impression due to
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
their strangeness and novelty, but gradually they lose
touch with the common names that gave rise to them.
This connection becomes as "silenced" as in traditional
names such as Faith, Hope, Love, Leo. As a result, it
turns out that names such as Moscow, Minsk, the
Academic Theater, the Bear, the Dnieper, etc., are
perceived as proper names that operate each in its own
field of application, and are interpreted precisely in the
form required by the specific situation and context,
regardless of whether the concepts have been
preserved in them. appeals or not.
Proper name categories In order to better understand
the issues related to the semantics of proper names, it
is necessary to focus on a number of common language
categories and symbols, showing the totality of their
features in onomastics. These are the categories:
significance, information, value, function, significance,
significance.
The importance of a proper name stands out in
linguistic terms. She equalizes proper names with other
parts of speech, separating proper names from it and
combining them with each other. At the same time, the
main thing at the language level is the attribution of a
word to proper names
–
this is usually enough for the
direct participants in the speech act to correctly
understand the speech product.
In this regard, to a certain extent, those who limit the
semantics of proper names to the fact that they are
proper names are right. For example, in order to
understand a read text and translate it into another
language, it is enough to understand that one or more
unfamiliar words are proper names. This understanding
will also be sufficient for a satisfactory (non-artistic)
translation, just as it is sufficient to provide a subscript
translation for all other words. For the most general
understanding of the text, a more detailed analysis of
proper names is not necessary. The syntax of a
sentence usually gives an indication of whether the
name designates a place, an actor, or something else.
For a deeper understanding of the text, a more
dissected attitude towards the names contained in it as
peculiar lexemes is required. However, the general
significance of words as proper names, sufficient for
the syntactic analysis of a sentence, is not enough to
perceive their information.
There are three types of name information: speech,
language, and encyclopedic. They lie in different planes
and exist independently of each other. Speech
information connects the name with the object and
reveals the speaker's attitude to the object. This is the
most widespread and "superficial" information of the
name, which is always present for everyone. Precisely
because of its mass character, it is very vague,
voluminous, and can vary from one speaker to another
depending on their character traits and the
extralinguistic conditions of the speech situation. The
speech information of the name suggests that the
initial acquaintance with the object has already
occurred; this is an indispensable condition for
introducing the name into speech.
Encyclopedic information is a set of knowledge about
an object that is accessible to every member of a
language collective using a given name. Without a
name, an object cannot receive encyclopedic
information, since it is associated with the object by
means of a name. In some cases (objects with
worldwide fame), names can even act as a kind of
"substitute" for objects. The encyclopedic information
of a name is largely subjective, it cannot be objective
due to the individuality of perception. For names and
objects with worldwide fame, the encyclopedic
information will be much more homogeneous and
larger in volume than for names (and objects) with
locally limited fame. But even today, there may be a
person who does not know who Napoleon or Cervantes
were.
The encyclopedic information of a name includes not
only the complex of information that appears to the
speaker as a result of acquaintance with the object, but
also the amount of preliminary information about the
object that he can obtain without ever seeing it. The
minimum of this information required to enter the
name In speech, it comes down to finding that generic
definable (conceptual word) with which this name
correlates. For example, Nirk is the name of an island,
Vasily is the name of a person.
The linguistic information of a name (except for the
primary and minimal information that it is a name) is its
most permanent and unchanging informative part. It
lies in the nature and composition of the components
of the name. But to get it, it is necessary to analyze the
name in detail, which in itself is very difficult. Y.A.
Karpenko identifies five aspects of such information: 1)
the linguistic affiliation of the name or the word from
which it is formed; 2) the word-formation model of the
name; 3) the etymological meaning; 4) the choice of
this particular (and not another) generating basis; 5)
the local situation, the situation at the time of the
creation of the name
In a more detailed analysis of proper names, we come
across the concept of their value in the system. Since
this concept is a product of the system and does not
exist outside the system, the value of individual names
can only be discussed in cases where the entire naming
system is considered. This applies, first of all, to the
synchronous description of names existing in limited
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
territories, as well as in closed groups, i.e. to regional
onomastic research. In such easily visible systems
based on modern language tools that are easily
accessible to every speaker, each element is endowed
with its own special value. Since all the elements are
clear in a living onomastic system, changes and
rearrangements of the system occur easily and
imperceptibly. Realignments that occur with one or
more elements nevertheless affect the entire system as
a whole, since they change the role and value of each
element in relation to each, and not just two
"neighboring" elements relative to each other.
A proper name is a word, and as such it fits the
definition of a two
–
sided word with a sound and
meaning. The meaning of a word is those concepts,
associations that arise in the mind when pronouncing a
word. A function is an assignment; a role performed by
a unit of language when it is reproduced in speech. The
following functions of proper names in speech are
possible: 1) communicative (message, representation),
when the name known to the interlocutors serves as
the basis of the message; 2) appellative (appeal,
impact); 3) expressive (expressive); it usually contains
well-known names that are on the way to becoming
common names; 4) deictic (indicative). Often in this
function, the pronunciation of the name is
accompanied by an indication of the object.
These functions are also common to common names.
Every word, including a proper name, can become the
basis of a message under certain conditions. In addition
to "things" that can have names and words that serve
these purposes, there is also a conceptual sphere that
has long been subjected to ordering in the works of
logicians and linguists. Just as the totality of proper
names in their application to denotations can be called
an onomastic space, the sphere of the ideal (meaning,
meaning as the relation of words to the objects they
designate) can be called a semantic space, which is
divided into semantic zones, or fields.
Proper names are primarily a vocabulary, with a
vocabulary that has a special consistency with complex
relationships of parallelism and contrast, as well as a
weakened connection with the conceptual sphere.
Therefore, the use of the terms "conceptual" or
"associative" field in relation to onomastic vocabulary
is possible only in a limited number of cases when
referring to names with universal fame, which in some
situations may become common names. A field in
onomastics is a certain sphere of correlation of a name,
which
for communicants
is usually
defined
extralinguistically. Knowledge of the boundaries and
hierarchy of onomastic fields is necessary for the
correct use and understanding of names. If the
boundaries of the fields are not clear, then the
perception of names is difficult.
At the lexical level, the semantics of a proper name
boils down only to the fact that it is a proper name; the
name is included in one common, undifferentiated
onomastic field, which is part of a complex of semantic
fields. This field can be divided into more specific ones
in connection with the object correlation of names:
anthroponymic, toponymic, etc. in accordance with the
spheres into which we divide the onomastic space. The
degree of dissection of onomastic fields and their
hierarchy for people who use names depends on the
degree of their familiarity with the objects bearing
these names. And since this is individual for each
member of the language collective, the allocation of
more specific onomastic fields is to a certain extent
subjective, although it exists for everyone. It is often
determined by a person's profession and degree of
education and well-read. To understand some names
(with wide popularity), a minimally defined onomastic
field is sufficient: names such as Repin, Lev Tolstoy, are
known and understandable to every cultured person.
To understand other names, a number of successive
narrowings of the field are necessary.
In addition to the further segmented special onomastic
field for proper names, especially for anthroponyms, a
social field can also be distinguished, which within this
particular onomastic field indicates a number of
extralinguistic relations between denotation and
society. The social field has a complex hierarchical
structure and combines both purely linguistic (words)
and extralinguistic elements. From a sociological point
of view, a social field is a social group (a group of people
living together, connected to each other by various
social relationships); From a linguistic point of view, it
is a social dialect with its specific vocabulary, fully
understandable only to members of a given society;
from a substantive point of view, it is a typical range of
things that characterize the life of a given social group.
The extralinguistic concept of "social field" can,
however, serve to explain and clarify a number of
purely linguistic problems. Society, i.e. the field of
activity of specific people, is primary, real,
extralinguistic. The social field of anthroponymy is the
linguistic refraction of extralinguistic social relations
and their anchoring to certain forms of naming.
The study of various kinds of associations is extremely
important when studying any nomination, especially
onomastic ones. The associations that took place at the
time of the creation of proper names, as well as those
associated with names in the process of their use in
speech, are wide and diverse. They form a complex that
far surpasses the range of associations of common
names. In addition to associations that are more or less
unambiguously associated with one name or another
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research (ISSN: 2771-2141)
among the members of the language collective, each
person has his own special and unique associations in
individual use. If the uniform historical, political,
everyday and other connotations associated with a
collective name outgrow its direct geographical or
anthroponymic purpose in their strength and
brightness, the name may turn into a household name.
The transformation of proper names into common
names (Cheviot, Bordeaux, utopia) is a fact of the
language, one of the ways to replenish its vocabulary.
At the same time, breaking with one concept (city,
country), the connection with which was mediated, the
words are connected by a strong, logical connection
with other concepts (fabric, wine, color, impossible
ideas). But this is a priority for proper names, although
it is natural. More typical for them is an association with
a named object + a complex of various information
about the object + a complex of emotions caused by
this object in the speaker.
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