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THE WORLDS OF H. D. WELLS.
Xudoyberdiyeva M.Q.
MA student of Karshi state university.
Scientific advisor: F.T. Atamurodova,
Karshi state university
Annotation:
The article reveals creative career of great English science fiction writer Gerbert Wells
and gives main information about literary features of novels written by this novelist.
Key words:
fantasy, non-fiction, plot, brochures, publication, cosmic, transform, creature, experiment,
discovery.
Throughout his creative life, Wells wrote about 40 novels and many volumes of short stories, more
than a dozen polemical works on philosophical issues and about the same number of works on the
restructuring of society, two world histories, about 30 volumes with political and social forecasts, more than
30 brochures on the topics of the Fabian society, armaments, nationalism, world peace, etc., 3 books for
children and an autobiography.
Wells' novels are action-packed, devoid of static, active people act in them. They are close to the
novels of Jules Verne, because they are based on scientific discovery. But if technical innovations
themselves are important for Jules Verne, then for Wells their social results as a result of revolutionary
changes in the scientific field. Wells' novels have a tendency towards catastrophic, "cosmic" situations of
worldwide scope.
As a novelist, Wells became largely known and popular after the publication in 1895 of the book "The
Time Machine", in which he parodies the English division into classes. The protagonist of the work and the
narrator, Hillier, talks with friends about the theory of time travel. A week later, he gathers his friends and
tells them the incredible story that he returned from the year 802701. The Time Traveler encounters two
different kinds of inhabitants in the future: Epoi, a weak and small people living above ground in the Edenic
Paradise, and Morlocks, creatures living underground, not only working for the Eloi, but also killing them.
In 1896, the book "The Island of Dr. Moreau" was published, in which a mad scientist transforms
animals into human beings. The story is about a man named Prendik who travels with a biologist to a remote
island that is ruled by Dr. Moreau. In his laboratory, he experiments with animals, and created animal
people.
This was followed by The Invisible Man (1897), a fantasy story of a scientist who tampered with
94
nature in pursuit of superhuman strength; a novel about the Martian invasion, The War of the Worlds (1898).
What is most interesting, "War of the Worlds" came out simultaneously with the discovery of the Martian
channels by Schiaparelli and the speculation about possible life on the Red Planet. So Wales and his Martian
cylinders that land near London and the "tentacled round" invaders were just in time.
In 1901, The First Men in the Moon was published, which had a prophetic description of the
methodology of space flight, and in 1908, War in the Air was published, in which Wales again describes the
possibility and importance of air power in combat.
These novels made the writer famous as the most significant experimenter in the science fiction genre
and showed his ability to make the most audacious fiction believable. Subsequently, in works of this kind,
for example, in the novel "The Liberated World" (the 1919 edition is kept in the Library of the Moscow State
Pedagogical University), he combined scientific reliability with political forecasts about the coming world
state. The thesis of a science capable of creating a world state in which a person can reasonably use his
inventions is repeated with enthusiasm in all the books of Wells, but his optimism, until then boundless, was
crushed by the Second World War, after which he gave vent to despair and, in the book "Reason at the edge
of its tight rein" (1945), predicted the extinction of mankind.
In his more “literary” works, the writer demonstrates an extraordinary talent for portraying characters
and building a plot, spices up the narrative with humor, but sometimes the plot is replaced by arguments
about science, lectures on all conceivable and unthinkable subjects, responses to topical events, so, in his
own assessment, , only a few of his works contain components that guarantee their durability (among them,
Love and Mr. Luish (1900), Ann-Veronica (1909), Tono-Bange (1909), "The Story of Mr. Polly" (1910),
The Insight of Mr. Britling (1916), Joan and Peter (1918), The World of William Clissold (1926) are all
autobiographical to some extent).
Wells admitted that the only book that states the most significant ideas of his life is "What are we
doing with our lives?" (1931), and considered his most important work “Labor, Wealth and Happiness of the
Human Race” (1932). However, he made his way to a wide readership thanks to the book Outline of History
(1920), which remained on the bestseller lists for many years.
In 1903, Wales joined the Fabian socialist organization in London, whose main goal was to create and
protect a just society, as well as to plan a gradual system of reform. However, he soon fell out with the
leaders of this society.
In 1906, during a stay in the United States, Wells met Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), and after they met
in London in 1907, their friendly correspondence began. In 1920, Wells, accompanied by his eldest son Jeep,
came to "see Russia", and instead of the planned two days, he spent two weeks in Petrograd. There he met
Gorky's secretary and translator, Maria Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benkendorf-Budberg. (daughter of Ignatius
Platonovich Zakrevsky) or, as her friends called her, Mura (a legendary woman of her time, a muse and
assistant to many great people), who by the time of her Moscow meeting with Wells had been married twice.
In 1927, Moura came to London and visited Wells in Essex, the home of his ailing wife, Jane, who
died of cancer the same year. Wells soon began dating Moura. A little later, Moura began to appear as a
"companion" and "friend" of Wells.
In 1917, Wells began work on the Study Committee of the League of Nations and published several
books related to this work. In 1920, he meets and communicates with Lenin about the purpose of the
revolution; this conversation with Lenin on October 6 became widely known through the book Russia in the
Dark (1920), which played a great role in spreading the truth about Soviet Russia and the Communist Party.
After the "War of the Worlds" Wells published several works of non-fiction, among them "The
Outline of History" (1920), "The Science of Life" (1929-39), written in collaboration with Sir Julian
Hooksley and George Philip Wells, and "An Experiment in Autobiography" (1934).
In 1934, Wells traveled to the United States, where he spoke with Roosevelt, then went to the Soviet
Union to meet with Stalin. In the Kremlin, Stalin listened to the guest with a bored look, which disappointed
the writer, who dreamed of becoming a link between the two leaders of great states. Herbert arrived from
Moscow irritated and angry, accusing the Russians of betrayal.
Moura settled a stone's throw from Wells. She declared that she would stay with him, but she would
never marry him. But one day she persuaded Wells to prank friends and arrange a "wedding banquet." About
30 invitations were sent out. When the guests gathered and drank to the health and well-being of the new
family, Moura stood up and said that it was just a prank. Thus, she tried to distract her friend from the
gloomy thoughts that visited him more and more often. His fits of rage were destroying his former reputation
as a brilliant, witty storyteller.
By this time, Wells is a well-known writer, but does not stop and continues to write. In 1939, his new
book The Holy Terror was published, in which Wells studied the psychological development of the modern
dictator, illustrated by the careers of Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler.
95
But HG Wells is known not only as an author of novels, but also as an author of short stories and
novellas. For example, the stories “Blooming of a Strange Orchid” (1894), “Country of the Blind” (1904),
“Gate in the Wall” (1906), “Beautiful Dress” (1909), which are combined into the collection “Country of the
Blind” (1918) stored in our library.
The stories "The Stone Age" (1897), "The Crystal Egg" (1897) and "The Days To Come" (1899) are
combined into the collection "Stories about Time and Space" (1909)
Wells died on August 13, 1946 (he would have been 80 years old in September 1946). After the
cremation, both sons - Anthony West and Jeep - while on the Isle of Wight, scattered the ashes over the
waves of the English Channel.
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В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ.(НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО И РУССКОГО
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Иностранная филология: язык, литература, образование
, (2 (71)), 130-137.
СТРУКТУРА И ТИПЫ КОНЦЕПТОВ: СЦЕНАРИЙ, ФРЕЙМ, СЛОТ, ПРОТОТИП,
КАТЕГОРИЯ, ГЕШТАЛЬТ, СХЕМА.
Махмудова Манзура Адашовна
SamDChTI ingliz tili tarixi va grammatikasi
assistent o’qituvchi
Аннотация:
в современной лингвистике исследование концептов является актуальном
направлением, поскольку именно данный ракурс позволяет рассматривать слово в контексте
культуры, познания и коммуникации. Мы можем увидеть, что сегодня в лингвистике
рассматривается много концептов.
В данной статье рассматривается и различается структуры и типы концептов.
Ключевые слова:
структура концепта, типология концепта, сценарий, фрейм, слот, прототип,
категория, гештальт, схема.
Структура концепта
– это совокупность обобщенных признаков, необходимых и
достаточных для идентификации предмета или явления как фрагмента картины мира. Изучение языка
и отдельных его единиц способно приоткрыть тайны познания мира народом
4
.
1) Рассматривая концепт как одно из ключевых понятий когнитивной лингвистики, следует
упомянуть и различные типологии концептов. Анализ типов знаний, выражаемых языковыми
знаками, позволяет высказать предположение о разных типах концептов в концептосфере
народа. Типология когнитивных концептов детально разработана по принятым в науке
признакам:
