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AGRICULTURAL WASTE AND OBTAINED FROM IT
ENERGY.
V.S.Toreniyazova
Acting Associate Professor, Nukus Branch of Samarkand State
University of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry and
Biotechnology.
P.Jumanova
student of the Nukus branch of Samarkand State University of
Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry and Biotechnology.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15679424
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Qabul qilindi: 10-June 2025 yil
Ma’qullandi: 15- June 2025 yil
Nashr qilindi: 17- June 2025 yil
The article focuses on possibility of using biomass which
is intended to be used as a non –conventional energy
source. It is based on the fact that biomass is mainly used
by the population in economic activities and it is possible
to use as biogas for the needs of the population, in order
to develop energy based on new technologies, learn the
operating conditions, invent biogas devices and use it as
biogas for the purpose of rational use of waste.
KEYWORDS
biomass, biogas, heat energy,
carcinogenic
substances,
pathogenic
microorganisms,
acidogenesis, methanogenesis,
digester.
Uzbekistan is located in a favorable territory of Central Asia. Various agricultural
products, which have long been considered essential for humanity, were produced on its
territory. Because the natural and climatic conditions in this region are sufficient. Therefore,
food products in our Republic аbout 90 percent of its products are grown in the agricultural
sector.
As a result of property reform in rural areas, the class of owners is steadily forming and
developing. Including Measures are being developed and consistently implemented in the
country's agriculture, allowing for the formation of economic relations corresponding to the
requirements of a free market economy, ensuring the phased and confident implementation
of legal, organizational, economic, and social reforms. For example, land for citizens for life
free of charge with the right of inheritance, and leased to farms for a period of 30 to 50 years.
Unfortunately, in recent years, due to energy shortages in many countries around the
world in order to solve emerging problems, a number of research institutions, laboratories,
and industrial groups are conducting research on the search for alternative types of energy
and increasing the contribution of new types of energy in total energy consumption.
As an alternative energy source, the greatest attention is paid to biomass. The main
energy potential of biomass is consumed by humans. Currently, 1/7 of the world's total
energy consumption is accounted for by biomass, which corresponds to 3 million tons of oil
per day.
Biomass and biogas for the production of energy and highly effective organic fertilizers
farmer and dehkan farms of the republic is one of the most promising areas of activity.
Agricultural waste represents a huge source of biomass.
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Plant and animal wastes constitute the biomass of the Earth's surface and constitute a
significant portion of the energy produced as an important fuel. Agricultural waste mainly
includes waste from cultivated crops, such as wheat and rice straw and husks, cotton stalks
and wild plants rich in cellulose, straw, cattle, manure, defective and excess products. In 1985,
110 million tons of manure and crop residues were used as fuel in India. In the same year, the
amount of agricultural waste in China exceeded the amount of wood fuel by 2.2 times. Millions
of tons of straw are produced worldwide every year. But with great regret, it can be said that
more than half of the straw harvested annually goes unused. In many countries, this gold-
bearing biomass is burned or buried in the field.
The use of crop residues for energy purposes raises the question: what quantity can be
used that does not negatively affect the harvest? According to the experience of developed
countries, about 35% of crop residues can be destroyed without affecting the future harvest.
Industrial waste, which constitutes biomass, also contributes to energy production. can be
used. For example, combustible gas can be obtained from alcohol production residues. Other
types of useful waste include waste from the food and textile industries. Returning to the
above, it is possible to obtain high-quality energy from agricultural waste. For this very
reason, scientists have developed various methods for obtaining energy from waste, one of
which and the most effective is biogas.
Biogas production by biomass fermentation - gas generated in swamps undefined This
gas burns with a blue flame, odorless, smoke-free, and is more suitable for consumption
compared to smoking sources such as wood and dry manure. The heat of combustion of 1M
3
of biogas reaches up to 25 MJ. 1 m
3
biogas 0.6 m
3
of natural gas, 0.74 l of oil, Can provide
energy equivalent to 0.66 liters of diesel fuel. Depending on the efficiency (efficiency) of the
heating plant, the biogas From this amount, 2 kWh of electrical and 2 kWh of thermal energy
can be obtained. From one cow's daily manure, 1.5 - 3.0 m
3
of biogas can be obtained. 1 m
3
The energy contained within the bio is equivalent to 0.7 m3 of natural gas energy. The use of
biogas allows saving fuel oil, coal, electricity, and other energy sources.
Usually, large amounts of manure, plant residues, and various wastes accumulate in
farms throughout the year. After decomposition, they are used as organic fertilizer, however,
not everyone knows how much biogas and thermal energy is released during their
fermentation. However, this energy can be very useful for rural residents.
Chemical composition of biogas
Substance name
Chemical formula
Content, %
Methane
СН4
40-75
Carbon dioxide (carbon
monoxide)
СО2
25-55
Water vapor
H
2
O
0-10
Nitrogen
N
2
<5
Oxygen
O
2
<2
Hydrogen
H
2
<1
Hydrogen sulfide
H
2
S
<1
Ammonia
NH
3
<1
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Manure of livestock farms and its liquid components wastewater which have a negative
impact on the environment, affecting groundwater and air poisons, creates a favorable
environment for the growth of harmful microorganisms in the soil. Disease-causing bacteria,
parasitic worm eggs, and weed seeds found in livestock manure retain their effectiveness.
Nutrients to eliminate these negative conditions causing an unpleasant odor with increased
density, disease (pathogen) there is a special technology for processing manure, which allows
for the elimination of microorganisms and a reduction in the amount of harmful
(carcinogenic) substances. A promising, environmentally safe, and economically beneficial
direction for solving this problem is the anaerobic processing of manure and organic waste in
biogas plants. The resulting biogas is flammable due to its high methane content (up to 75%).
Biogas production is carried out in three stages: biomass humidification and hydrolysis,
acidogenesis and methanogenesis.
The process takes place in airless conditions for 8-20 days. In Energy Conversion half of the
introduced biomass participates and allows for the production of 1800 kcal/kg of energy.
Remnants of biomass from methanogenesis as fertilizer for agriculture will be used.
Three groups of bacteria participate in biogas production. First group that complex organic
substrates are converted into fatty, propionic, and lactic acids; the second group of bacteria
converts these acids into acetic acid, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide; the third group of bacteria
converts carbon dioxide into reducing and hydrogen is absorbed to form methane. For
obtaining biogas, waterproof cylindrical tanks (daydjesters) are used, which are suitable for
introducing enzymatic material from the side.
1-picture
Intensive processing of organic waste bioreactor
1 - primary treatment bioreactor; 2 - thermostat for preheating biomass; 3 - bioreactor; 4 –
gas filter; 5 - electronic control; 6 - heater - mixer.
The following inexpensive agricultural waste can be used as raw materials for
processing in biogas plants:
Manure of cattle, sheep and goats, poultry and pigs;
straw, sawdust, sawdust, debris, fallen leaves of trees;
household waste, formed as a result of human life and activity waste, household
organic waste, etc.
Today, the raw materials used in biogas technologies are almost There are 470 species.
These materials consist of substances obtained from livestock waste (manure), agricultural
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product processing (recyclable raw materials), and organic waste of industry and housing and
communal services (bio-waste).
The most common biogas plant used by farms is continuous biogas collection
installations. After collecting the manure, it is simultaneously placed in the bioreactor. When
it is necessary to fertilize the soil, the used manure is removed from the bioreactor. In the
absence of such a need, the spent substrate is transferred from the reactor to a prefabricated
tank and covered with a rubber membrane to capture the residual biogas.Another popular
type of device is a continuous reactor. In such a device, a certain amount of waste is poured
into the bioreactor daily, and the same amount of fermented substrate is dissolved in a special
pool. The amount of substrate in the bioreactor remains constant. One day of raw materials
per day for most small devices аpply 1-2 times. Large bioreactors operating in continuous
mode are filled with manure every hour.
The energy required for the process to proceed smoothly depends on the temperature of
the methane tank,
depending on the initial raw material and ambient temperature. Other factors include
the upper level of the bioreactor, the efficiency of the heat exchanger used for thermal
insulation, and the energy consumption of the raw material mixing and delivery mechanism.
The need to stir the substrate in the bioreactor is due to:
addition of a new substrate to the fermented biomass;
uniform heat supply throughout the entire volume of the bioreactor;
Prevention of crust formation on the surface and sediment formation at the bottom of
the substrate;
removal of biogas from the substrate
If the substrate is not mechanically mixed, sediments form, and shells form on the
surface. will be. In the process of continuous biogas production, the shell disappears after
drying. Is very difficult to do, Based on economic considerations, small in biogas plants, only
one viewer is used. In this regard, it is necessary to adjust this mixing device to prevent the
formation of shells and sediments.
Usually, slow-rotating mixers with a speed of 15-50 revolutions per minute are used. It
should be noted that not all types of mixers are designed for suitable substrates. In particular,
a horizontal blade mixer is good for cattle manure, which is rich in straw is customized.
Nevertheless, this device is convenient for mixing liquid substrates. Blade mixers are the most
widely used mixer in this regard.
They are compact for use regardless of substrate composition, bioreactor shape, and size.
Usually, to prevent rusting of parts and assemblies of a biogas plant (BGQ), biogas must be
purified from hydrogen sulfide (desulfurization). In farm conditions, the biological method of
hydrogen sulfide removal is often used. For this, microbiologically oxidized air is added to
biogas. Oxidized air is supplied directly to the bioreactor or gas holder. The amount of air
required for the process is 2-6% of the biogas content, depending on the concentration of
hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In conclusion, it can be said that the efficient use of the above-
described biomass serves as a way to save opportunities for obtaining electricity from other
natural resources.
Literary:
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