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CLINICAL AND DENTAL SIGNS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
NICOTINE STOMATITIS IN SMOKERS.
Khаmdamova Lola Zarifovna
Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino,
Uzbekistan, xamdamovalola@bsmi.uz
https://orcid.org/XLolaZ83
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16810031
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Received: 9
th
August 2025
Accepted: 10
th
August 2025
Published: 11
th
August 2025
Smoking is a risk factor for the development of
various dental diseases. The mucous membrane of the oral
cavity, tongue, gums of a smoker is exposed to several
unfavorable factors: high temperatures, irritating
combustion products and toxic resins. Tobacco smoke
contains about 200 harmful substances (43 carcinogenic),
including
carbon
monoxide,
soot,
benzopyrene,
hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, ammonia, radioactive elements,
nicotine. Carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide, binds the
protein hemoglobin, the resulting carboxyhemoglobin is
unable to carry oxygen, as a result of which tissue
respiration processes are disrupted.
KEYWORDS
Tobacco,
oral
cavity,
smoking, gingivitis, toothpastes.
As a rule, inflammation of the oral cavity that develops as a result of regular smoking has its
own characteristic features. In particular, the main focus of inflammation is usually located in
the palate. This is explained simply: it is this area of the oral mucosa that the stream of
smoke hits when you inhale a cigarette. Inflammation develops not only as a result of the
deposition of resins, but also as a result of exposure to fairly hot smoke. Inflammation can
spread to the mucous membrane of the gums and affect the salivary glands. Smoker's
stomatitis is not considered a precancerous pathology; however, it should be remembered
that nicotine and tobacco tars themselves have a carcinogenic effect, and regardless of
whether there is chronic inflammation of the oral cavity or not, the likelihood of developing
cancer due to smoking exists[1,3].
Some people consider stomatitis a natural companion of smoking and are convinced that it
does not require treatment. This is a dangerous misconception. Chronic inflammation,
especially if it is complicated by ulcers, is an excellent breeding ground for pathogenic
microorganisms and the development of complications. Therefore, nicotine stomatitis can and
should be treated, and for its treatment, drugs should be used that have an analgesic effect
and relieve inflammation, as well as destroy pathogenic microorganisms[2,4].
However, it should be understood that the main cause of nicotine stomatitis is a bad habit that
must be abandoned for the sake of health of not only the oral cavity, but the entire div.
Stopping the effect of tobacco smoke on the oral mucosa in combination with treatment with a
drug with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action will have a beneficial effect on the
condition of the oral cavity[2,3].
Smoking is a risk factor for the development of various dental diseases. The mucous
membrane of the oral cavity, tongue, gums of a smoker is exposed to several unfavorable
factors: high temperatures, irritating combustion products and toxic resins. Tobacco smoke
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Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2025
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contains about 200 harmful substances (43 carcinogenic), including carbon monoxide, soot,
benzopyrene, hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, ammonia, radioactive elements, nicotine. Carbon
monoxide, or carbon monoxide, binds the protein hemoglobin, the resulting
carboxyhemoglobin is unable to carry oxygen, as a result of which tissue respiration
processes are disrupted[1,4].
Bad breath (halitosis) is caused by the accumulation of gaseous combustion products and
sulfur waste products of special bacteria in saliva, on the surface of the tongue root and in the
soft plaque on the teeth. The accumulation of gaseous products on the organs and tissues of
the oral cavity seriously alters the oral mucosa, increasing the risk of developing pathological
processes (autoimmune diseases, viral, malignant tumors)[2].
Dry mouth – due to the effect of high temperatures, the oral mucosa “dries out”, over time, due
to the toxic effect of smoke, the rate of saliva secretion and the number of small salivary
glands themselves decrease. Such changes become irreversible, and dentists diagnose
xerostomia, and patients experience symptoms of burning in the mouth and taste changes.
Gingivitis and periodontitis in smokers. Smokers develop such diseases as gingivitis and
periodontitis in a special way: in people who do not smoke, the signs of the onset of gum
problems are the appearance of bleeding - a signal of inflammation, and smokers, as a rule, are
not bothered by bleeding (due to the effect on the microcirculation of periodontal tissues), so
they seek treatment when there is already pronounced resorption (loss) of bone tissue and
tooth mobility[3].
Treatment of periodontitis in patients without stopping smoking is not very effective. The list
of diseases caused by tobacco would not be complete without such "occupational diseases" as
leukoplakia, nicotine stomatitis, cancer of the oral mucosa, larynx.
Leukoplakia is a keratinization of the oral mucosa or the red border of the lips, accompanied
by inflammation, which usually occurs in response to chronic exogenous irritation (smoking,
hot food, sharp edges of tooth crowns that injure the mucous membrane, etc.). Under the
influence of such irritants, the mucous membrane is replaced by keratinized epithelium. The
lesion can be located anywhere in the oral cavity, up to almost complete damage. There is a
feeling of tightness, roughness, and sometimes a burning sensation in the mouth. At first, a
whitish, slightly opalescent shade of the mucous membrane is characteristic. Then the lesions
acquire a pearly color, up to the appearance of coarse plaques of leukoplakia on the mucous
membrane, rising above the level of the mucous membrane[2,3].
The course of leukoplakia is slow, lasting for years. An increase in the area of the lesion, a
change in color or borders, the appearance of cracks and ulcers should be regarded as signs of
an unfavorable course. Leukoplakia is classified as an optional precancer. In some cases, oral
cancer may become the next stage of this disease. Tappeiner's smoker's leukoplakia.
This disease is a type of leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa. It occurs on the mucous membrane
of the hard palate, and exclusively in smokers. The mucous membrane of the hard palate, and
sometimes the adjacent part of the soft palate, appears slightly keratinized, grayish-white,
often folded. Against this background, red dots become clearly visible - the gaping mouths of
the excretory ducts of the small salivary glands. Unlike other forms of leukoplakia, this disease
quickly passes, within about 2 weeks after stopping smoking. Theoretically, malignancy of this
form of leukoplakia is possible, however, as with any process accompanied by epithelial
dysplasia, which occurs under the influence of smoking. Verrucous cancer is a type of
squamous cell carcinoma, characterized by slow growth and lack of a tendency to metastasize.
Often found in people who use chewing or snuff tobacco, HPV is found in tumor tissues in
30% of patients. It looks like dense growths of white and red color (resembling
cauliflower)[2,3].
Prevention of oral cancer. The main method of preventing cancer development is to give up
bad habits and visit the dentist regularly (once a year). Oral cancer may manifest itself
differently in different people. Among the symptoms suspicious of a malignant process, it is
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necessary to highlight: a long-term (more than 2 weeks) non-healing ulcer in the oral cavity;
tooth loss; changes in the shape of the face, neck, tongue; the appearance of discomfort when
wearing dentures.
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