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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC LAYER IN
TOPONYMICS
Komila Shoyimova
Termez University of Economics and sevis
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13960257
Annotation
Despite its autonomous formation, the science of toponymy
has engaged with many other topics throughout its evolution, and this
interaction is still occurring on now. because toponyms are examined from a
variety of angles by several disciplines. The rules of their formation in the form
of rare words are studied by philologists, the etymological aspects are studied
by linguists, the period and conditions of toponym formation are studied by
historians, and the characteristics of toponym formation in interaction with
various customs and lifestyles are studied by ethnographers.
Key words
: Toponymy, stratigraphic layer, science, research, toponymic
zoning.
Introduction
The word stratigraphy is derived from the Latin "stratum," which means "I
write." Numerous fields make use of stratigraphic and layer analysis. For
instance, rocks in the science of geology investigate the links between rocks and
lithological strata as well as the changes in their geographical distribution
throughout time. Studying the location of rocks, irrespective of their genetic
makeup, the circumstances surrounding their creation, the rules governing
formation, and the primary age are the fundamental goals of stratigraphy. In
archeology, it serves to determine the age of cultural strata, whether they
lie in an inter-periodic order or vice versa. Additionally, there are chances to
use the stratigraphic analysis approach to the study of toponymy. This is due to
the fact that some inter-periodic strata, like rocks, are also thought to have
established the characteristics of the genesis of toponymic terminology.
It is
feasible to examine toponyms, their composition, formation characteristics, and
nomenclatorial rules in close relation to certain natural-historical and political-
economic factors by researching the intergenerational characteristics of these
strata conditions. The implementation of this process will be more reliable
if it is carried out through the study of indirect scientific literature, written
sources. However, it is not always possible to use the scientific literature to
reveal the etymological content of ancient toponyms. Because the lack or non-
availability of literature does not allow it. In this context, the importance of
stratigraphic layer analysis is further enhanced.
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The main findings and results
The country's toponymic terms' geographical analysis reveals that the older
the toponyms, the less certain their etymology is, the more the core's structure
has changed, and the content is only understandable by experts due to a variety
of historical and social influences. As a result, the meaning of the earliest
toponymic names in the Republic's area is either entirely abstract or covered by
some rough assumptions.
There is a layer of Greek toponyms that have not left a lasting impression
on our nation, but we can see from some historical sources that they have
survived. Greek toponyms are documented in the scientific writings of Greek
scholars who lived in BC. Based on their geographical perspectives, Greek
scientists can be divided into two groups. The first group of scientists, which
included Hecati Miletsky, Herodotus, and Aristotle, did not visit Central Asia
during their lifetimes, so they did not see our nation, but they did record the
toponyms of our homeland in their works. The second group of scholars, such as
Arrian, Curtius Rufus, Onesicritus, Kalltsefan, Harenss, marched through the
territory of Uzbekistan as part of Alexander the Great's army and studied
it, writing down the toponyms of our country in Greek, sometimes in
Greek transcription. For example:
1.Alexandria Eskhata -means long, remote Alexandria. The fortress
built by Alexander theGreat around the present-day cities of Ahangaron
and Bekabad has not been preserved in our time
.2. Pardigvi is a city on the banks of the Amu Darya near Termez,
according to Hafizi Abro (15th century). It was founded by Alexander the
Great and named Pardigvi. Pardigvi means "hotel" when translated from
Greek into Uzbek. an additional layer of Persian languages. Distributed across
the nation, particularly in Zarafshan, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya, and partially
in the Fergana Valley, the layer of toponyms made up of Persian stems is also
significant in stratigraphy. Persian, or Persian E.I.R. in the state language, is a
member of the Indo-European language family's southwestern branch of the
Iranian language group. widely distributed in the Caucasus, Central Asian,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Iraq, B.A.A., and the United States.
In Afghanistan, Dari is the contemporary Persian-Tajik language. The
Ilkhhat monuments of the Achaemenid dynasty, which date from the U1–U
centuries BC, are genetically inherited by ancient Persian. Four additional letters
that depict the sounds distinctive of the Persian language are added to the
Arabic alphabet, which serves as the basis for the inscription. According to their
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creation history, toponyms with Persian-specific cores therefore encompass the
pre-Christian era as well as the present. In the republic's area, there are several
toponyms that make up the Persian layer, such as Charvaq (Chorbog-four
gardens), Sangzor (Sang-tash, an adjective indicating hard place, rocky place,
rocky river), and Navruz (Nav-new, Roz-kun, new day). These toponyms
collectively comprise a huge layer.
Turkish toponyms in layers. There are several thousand years of history
behind the linguistic evolution of Uzbekistan. The earliest regional languages
that have evolved in our nation include Turkic, Persian, Arabic, and Old Uzbek,
according to documented sources. Sagdullaev, A. As a result, even the oldest
toponyms are mostly found in the cores of both languages, and occasionally they
are created in a hybrid form by combining old and new Tajik and Uzbek terms.
Nur-Ota v.h., Zaro'tsoy-Zar-ot-soy. It is believed that these toponyms originated
in prehistoric times. By contrast, Bukhara is younger than Nurata. Narshaxiy
(1996). The name "Bukhara" was first used for this purpose in BC.
Syrdarya means "curved river" in the ancient Turkic language [E.
Murzaev-1984, p. 235].In the works of the Greek historian Ptolemy [90-168] the
ethnonym aria is found. The Aryans are a people living in the lower
reaches of the Syrdarya-Yaksart. The meaning of the concept of ariak is arida,
which means the peoples living on the other side. [S.Sh.Komoliddinov-2006. P.
89]. This concept has a pure Turkic origin and is still used by the peoples
living in the territories of Khorezm and Karakalpakstan. [A.Akhmedov-
1987]. However, during the numerous military campaigns in Central Asia,
including Uzbekistan, the Turkic language partially lost its status and
developed again. This situation is reflected in the stratigraphic layer specific to
toponymy.
The largest category in the republic is the layer of toponyms in the
Turkish language. The colloquial phrases of both ancient and present Turkic
peoples and ethnic groups are the source of toponyms that belong to this
stratum; in fact, words with a Turkic origin are common not only in our country
but also in other places. In addition to Uzbekistan, the Russian Federation, China,
Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, India, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Germany,
Cyprus, Macedonia, Albania, the APC, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Turkey all speak Turkic languages. Included in
this category are over 25 languages.
There are instances when the rocks exhibit the written look of the graves,
and the toponyms of the oldest Turkic core were produced in prehistoric
periods. It is simpler to ascertain the meaning of geographical names with
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Turkic origins based on their etymology, and we can observe that they are
rather frequent.
A layer of toponyms consisting of a Slavic core. It is quite large as a separate
or stratographic layer and was formed on the territory of Uzbekistan in the XIX-
XX centuries. The process of emergence of place names in the Russian
language in our republic took place in connection with the Russian
occupation of Central Asia in the late XIX and early XX centuries. As a result,
toponyms such as Bogarnoe, Ilich, Skobelev, Moscow, Leninabad, which
were not specific to the spirituality of the native population, but rather
young, based on the rules of another language, could not be stable for a long
time.
CONCLUSION
After the independence of the Republic, toponyms began to be
restored in the form of national values. It has been replaced by names that
reflect the demand of the time, popularly simple, understandable to all.
Ancient historical names have been restored. For example: Kirov district in
Tashkent, former Yunusabad, Sovetabad-Nurabad in Samarkand region, etc.
Toponyms praising or expressing independence are being formed
throughout the country. For example: Tashkent has Mustaqillik Square,
Istiqlol Palace, streets and villages named after Hürriyet.
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