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APPROACHES TO ENSURING MORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
STABILITY IN FOREIGN ARMIES
Mirashirova Nargiza Anvarovna
Doctor of Philosophy in Psychological Sciences (PhD),
Associate Professor (Uzbekistan)
E-mail: mirashirova72@mail.ru
Ashurmatov Muzaffar Komilovich
Senior researcher doctoral student of the doctoral Department
of the Academy of the Armed Forces, of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbekistan)
E-mail: muzaffarashurmatov3@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13777323
Annotation.
This article scientifically and practically analyzes the moral
and psychological state of military personnel, which is the main guarantee of
victory in combat operations, and issues of ensuring its sustainability. Attention
is paid to a group of moral, general psychological and individual psychological
elements, as well as professional elements that make up the moral and
psychological state. Also, based on the experience of leading foreign armies in
terms of psychological training of military personnel, their achievements and
shortcomings are discussed.
Key words:
Armed forces, moral and psychological state, psychological
stability, psychological characteristics, moral and psychological training,
pragmatism, egocentrism, psychogenic losses, psychological support.
Introduction.
The analysis of recent political, economic and military events in the world
shows that the military-political leadership of the world's leading countries
demonstrates maintaining the high moral and spiritual status of the personnel of
the armed forces as one of the priorities in the field of ensuring national
security. According to military experts, factors that negatively affect the mental
stability of military personnel are increasing in modern hostilities. A number of
analysts agree that the outcome of a modern war depends on the mental state of
the personnel, their ability to overcome their fear of battle while maintaining the
will to win. Today it can be said with confidence that it is the mental state of
military personnel that has become the main target of the enemy. An example of
this is armed conflicts in the Middle East. It was observed that not only some of
the informational-psychological effects were used, but they were all applied.
Some researchers noted that this war marked the end of the era of classical
warfare and the beginning of the era of electronic, information and other
technologically based wars.
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Materials and methods.
In the army of each state, the moral and spiritual support of military
personnel is carried out differently. In this, the main attention is focused on
ensuring the high moral and spiritual condition of military personnel and
preparing them mentally and physically for combat situations.
The armies of the world do not have a single approach in this direction. For
example, America, Great Britain, Germany, France and other Western countries
call the training aimed at forming and developing the moral and spiritual
qualities of military personnel in their armies with names such as "Political
education", "Formation of fighting spirit", "Ethical training". Also, the concept of
"Ethical-spiritual state" is interpreted as "Optimistic spirit", "The level of trust in
the spirit and mind of a group, a person"[1].
Studying and evaluating the training system of military personnel in foreign
armies has been of regular interest to military researchers.
According to analysis of of Russian military experts such as S. Zavyalov,
P. Shitov, E. Chinukvadze, S. Vorontsov, V. Utkin and M. Zelenkov leading
Western countries especially NATO members like the USA, Great Britain,
Germany, and Turkey, have established institutional, organizational, economic
and ideological-political systems to regulates the field [2;3].
These systems operate based on the objectives of the military alliance and
the national interests of each country.
The USA system of psychological support in the army is structured as
follows: the unit commander and a junior medical specialist identify persons
with combat psychological injuries and provide them with initial emergency
psychological support. Then they send the injured to medical centers. Here, for a
few hours, they are provided with pre-medical psychological support (sleep, hot
drinks, quality food, rest and the least amount of pharmacological drugs).
Maintaining a clear schedule and military uniform is a mandatory condition
for mental health recovery. If a positive result is not achieved, the treatment is
continued in a psychiatric care institution or in an inpatient hospital. According
to experts, the effectiveness of such assistance is 55-75%. This scheme was
tested during the Persian Gulf War [4].
The Great Britain
personnel of the army is traditionally distinguished by
high professionalism, psychological stability, physical endurance, the ability to
perform combat operations at any time of the day, in harsh climates, familiarity
with weapons, confidence in military strength, military, moral superiority and
qualities.
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The process of forming durable and high moral and spiritual qualities
originates from the national psychological aspects of the British soldier. During
the training process, special attention is paid to the development of such
qualities as mental stability, coolness, businesslike use of situations, ability to
adapt to any situation, effective use of strength and knowledge, perseverance,
foresight, and military cunning.
To fulfill these tasks, the posts of psychiatrist and psychologist in the British
Armed Forces have been introduced in each divisional headquarters. They
closely monitor the process of moral-spiritual maintenance in military units and
units and deal with the problems of morale strengthening of various categories
of servicemen.
Germany
military-political leadership pays special attention to maintaining
the combat morale of military personnel at an appropriate level. In particular,
the Bundeswehr has a multi-level system for creating a positive moral – spiritual
environment. In particular, the uniqueness of national psychology is an integral
element that provides the necessary moral – spiritual environment of the
German Armed Forces.
The moral and spiritual state of Bundeswehr servicemen: stable faith in the
power and capabilities of the state, a deep enough understanding of the reasons
for military duty, heavy emotional stress, pragmatism
1
, collectivity in service
issues, egocentrism
2
in personal life, a sufficiently developed feelingis defined by
its compatibility with, initiative indicator and adherence to laws.
In the medical battalion of each division of the armed forces of Turkey,
there are from three to six specialist assistants of psychiatrists, psychologists,
sociologists appointed from among the ranks of sergeants, who monitor the
correct implementation of moral and spiritual training in the unit.
In the armed forces of Germany and Greece, officers of special bodies with
pedagogical and psychological training participate in the organization of
activities in this field.
Result and discussion.
Raising of the moral mental state of the military personnel, who are
involved in combat actions, has been researched for many years. According to
military experts, the series of factors that affect the raising of the moral and
mental state of personnel composition includes:
1
Pragmatism (Greek: pragmatos - work, action) is a philosophical doctrine that puts forward the idea that it is necessary to give more
importance to what is most useful to a person in practice.
2
Egocentrism (lat. ego - me and - center) is a characteristic of a person's attachment to his own sphere of interest, his view of other
people and things in relation to his initial knowledge or his inability to change his mind, even to adapt to information that is contrary
to his own experience.
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the development of the military-industrial system of the state and the
provision of power and the requirements of the modern military-political
situation and the national security of the country;
use of science and technology for military purposes and further
development of the country's military-industrial complex;
organization of moral - spiritual support activities covering all categories of
servicemen organization of coverage; improvement of staff, army operational
and combat training processes;
strengthening the social protection of military personnel and, most
importantly, raising the material interest of the personnel; activities
composition conducting aimed at increasing the professional-qualification level
of military administration bodies.
As we know, the result of any training is evaluated by the tolerance of the
military personnel to various influences on the battlefield and the completion of
the assigned combat mission.
Military experts of leading foreign armies say that during combat
operations, only 20-25 percent of soldiers independently perform the necessary
actions (shooting at a target, purposeful movement on the battlefield, etc.), and
the rest show activity only when they see the commander. Otherwise, they hide
in a safe place, pretend to fail equipment, weapons, suffer mental and physical
injuries in their actions, and also try to join the back of their wounded colleagues
[5].
Based on the experience of armed conflicts and hostilities,in order to
maintain a strong moral and spiritual state, the leaders of the alliance countries
are widely using mass media as a means of positive influence on military
personnel.
Also, currently, NATO countries have developed the program "Formation of
moral and spiritual qualities of personnel in the 21st century" in the armies,
which defines the main requirements for military personnel: high intelligence,
physical strength and strong motivation for military service. The document has
developed a practical mechanism for inculcating traditional moral-spiritual and
moral-aesthetic standards, and this approach affects the spirit and mind of
military personnel in a situation closely related to the principles of material
incentives.
Based on the above, it can be concluded that the unique institutional
foundations of the morale-spiritual support system in the studied leading
foreign armies are explained by the presence of special apparatus in all units of
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the Armed Forces, the branching and strict subordination of relevant bodies, and
the possession of a high-quality legislative institution.
It is determined by the existence of the organizational foundations in
harmony with the composition of highly qualified personnel, a comprehensive
approach to solving the problem, the interdependence of education and training,
the accuracy of practice and the planning of every step.
The economic foundations of moral and spiritual support are seen in the
existence of a strong material and financial base at the disposal of management
bodies, as well as the allocation of sufficient funds to the sector.
The existence of a well-defined ideological-theoretical and methodological
basis and the use of the service of Chaplains (priests) by the military-political
leadership, in the spirit of solidarity with the alliance in NATO, and in other
Western countries based on the national interest of the state, to educate such
qualities as patriotism, morality and national spirit is explained by its focus.
Conclusion.
Based on the above, the following are defined as the strengths of the moral
and spiritual support of military personnel of the armed forces of foreign
countries:
deep scientific and methodical development of forms and methods of
creating spiritual and martial qualities;
availability of a good material and technical base for training soldiers and
officers;
use of the achievements of science and technology in order to increase the
effectiveness of the educational process;
creating ample opportunities for the direct organizers of personnel training.
In turn, the shortcomings in the moral and spiritual support of the
personnel of these armies include:
increased mental pressure on the process of personnel training during
combat operations in the conditions of modern warfare;
an increase in excessive enthusiasm for material incentives, which harms
the moral education of the military;
the conflicting nature of individual arguments and theses used in academic
work;
absence of a single responsible div for personnel training and etc.
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