«ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО КОММЕРЧЕСКОГО
АРБИТРАЖА В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ»
Сборник международной научно-практической конференции
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Islambek Rustambekov
Vice-Rector, Doctor of Science, Professor, Tashkent State University of Law
https://doi.org/10.47689/978-9943-7818-6-3/iss1-pp50-53
ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND THE ROLE OF ONLINE DISPUTE
RESOLUTION
Abstract:
The article analyses some basic issues of online or digital dispute
resolution. The author shows genesis of the digital dispute resolution and states the
online dispute resolution systems, their development, and practice. The author
comes to the opinion that in CIS and Central Asia, in particular, in Uzbekistan, there
are no national or regional ODR systems based on modern technologies including
AI. In this regard, it is suggested that Uzbekistan should work on the implementation
of such systems and become the first in the region by providing the best ODR services.
Keywords:
access to justice, online dispute resolution, digital dispute
resolution, artificial intelligence in dispute resolution.
Исламбек Рустамбеков
Проректор, д.ю.н., профессор,
Ташкентский государственный юридический университет
ДОСТУП К ПРАВОСУДИЮ И РОЛЬ ОНЛАЙН-
РАЗРЕШЕНИЯ СПОРОВ
Аннотация:
В статье анализируются некоторые основные вопросы
онлайн или цифрового разрешения споров. Автор показывает генезис
цифрового разрешения споров, рассказывает о системах онлайн
урегулирования споров, их развитие и практику. Автор приходит к выводу,
что в странах СНГ и Центральной Азии, в частности в Узбекистане,
отсутствуют национальные или региональные системы УСО, основанные
на современных технологиях, в том числе ИИ. В связи с этим предлагается,
чтобы Узбекистан работал над внедрением таких систем и стал первым в
регионе, предоставляя лучшие услуги УСО.
Ключевые слова:
доступ к правосудию, онлайн-разрешение споров,
цифровое разрешение споров, искусственный интеллект в разрешении споров.
Last several years, we began to hear more about online dispute resolution,
digital dispute resolution, and news on establishing new platforms for e-dispute
resolution. We agree that these developments were raised because of the COVID,
in particular technology state courts, arbitration, and mediation institutions
«ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО КОММЕРЧЕСКОГО
АРБИТРАЖА В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ»
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across the world, began actively integrating new platforms and applications to
ensure they can continue their work. Specifically, many are finding that online
dispute resolution tools enable them to offer justice that’s more accessible, more
affordable, and COVID-safer for disputing parties.
However, online dispute resolution is not a new reality; there have
essentially been at least four phases in the development of online dispute
resolution (ODR), [1] which began in the early 1990s. We can consider that the
first period was from 1990 to 1996 and that was the test period of electronic
solutions. During 1997–1998 as the second phase of ODR developed dynamically,
the first commercial web portals offering services in this area were established.
The third phase (business) ran from 1999 to 2000. In this period many
companies-initiated projects based on electronic dispute resolution, but a large
number no longer operate on the market. The fourth phase began in 2001 and this
marked the beginning of an institutional phase, during which ODR techniques
were introduced into institutions such as the courts, administration authorities,
international arbitration, and mediation institutions [2].
The first cases of online dispute resolution occurred in the United States of
America in 1997–1998 and in 1999 was established the first commercial ODR
named the Square Trade portal. That was in the area of consumer disputes and
the most prominent service was online mediation. Also, in 1998 was established
Cyber Settle – automated online mediation [3].
We can see that in most cases ODR systems were created in the US and in
the EU such services started to appear at the start of the 21st century, for example,
the EU adopted a regulation of the European Parliament and Council of May 21,
2013 on online resolution for consumer disputes and launching the platform for
ODR services for consumer disputes from January 2016 [4].
Looking at the history of ODR development, it can be seen that the first web
portals established at the end of the 1990s were replaced with new competitive
platforms that used modern technologies and constantly improved the services
offered, making them more attractive to Internet users.
At the current time, one of the market leaders in ODR is the portal
Modria.com (at the time Tyler Technologies), which was established in 2011 and
cooperates with eBay, among others. Its domination results from a vast range of
tools that it offers to customers. The platform allows mediation and arbitration
and enables all activities to have a simple and intuitive form. The success of the
Modria Resolution Center is linked to a constant expansion in the scope of the
services offered.
If we will look into the definition of the ODR, online dispute resolution
(ODR) is a form of online settlement that uses alternative methods for dispute
resolution (alternative dispute resolution). The term covers disputes that are
partially or fully settled over the Internet (or cyberspace, metaverse, etc), having
been initiated in cyberspace but with a source outside it (offline). [5] In the
literature on the subject, the terms electronic ADR (eADR), online ADR (oADR)
«ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО КОММЕРЧЕСКОГО
АРБИТРАЖА В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ»
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and Internet dispute resolution (iDR), digital dispute resolution (dDR) are treated
as synonymous.
There is no permanent system for reporting the number of online dispute
resolution entities. Published research focuses mainly on showing levels of
alternative dispute resolution (ADR) use in specific countries. In accordance with
published research, it can be stated that the number of ODR providers is not
constant over the years. According to the information from National Center for
Technology and Dispute Resolution for the 2020 in the world there were
136 known ODR providers [6], at time they should be more than 200.
There is no need to write about these systems’ benefits and drawbacks. The
main idea is to understand that ODR becoming more and more popular, it is a
trend in international and national dispute resolution in all developed countries.
Online dispute resolution posed as a way to further increase access to justice. ODR
provides the potential to greatly impact the arbitration, mediation, and also court
system by making the dispute resolution process more efficient, accurate,
accessible, cost and time effective.
Based on the above-mentioned we can see that ODR is developing,
becoming popular, and establishing new possibilities for dispute resolution also
by implementing Artificial Intelligence. But, in our region, CIS, and Central Asia, in
particular, in Uzbekistan there are no national or regional ODR systems based on
modern technologies including AI. In this regard, in our opinion, Uzbekistan
should work on the implementation of such systems and become the first in the
region by providing the best ODR services. That could serve for the international
recognition of the country as a dispute resolution friendly country and improve
its investment climate, also raising the rankings of the country in several
international rankings with indicators of access to justice.
We need to mention that there could be discussions on the legitimacy of
ODR through several key factors, like representation of individual views,
neutrality in decision-making, trust, and enforceability of awards and decisions.
In this regard, we need to make research in this sphere, improve our
legislation and develop laws, which will regulate and give all possibilities for
online dispute resolution.
References:
1.
Tyler, M.C. (2003). Seventy-six and counting: An analysis of ODR sites. In
Lodder, A.R., Clark, E., Gordon, T.F., Katsh E., Rule, C., Thiessen, E.M., Verheij, B., Walton,
D. N, & Zeleznikow, J., Essays on legal en technical aspects of Online Dispute Resolution,
(pp.13–29). Papers from the ICAIL 2003 ODR Workshop. Retrieved from:
<http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid¼AA9EA792A31434525
F8C11B48977D473?doi¼10.1.1.105.4626&rep¼rep1&type¼pdf>.
2.
Karolina Mania. Online dispute resolution: The future of justice.
International Comparative Jurisprudence 1(2015)76–86. P.77.
«ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО КОММЕРЧЕСКОГО
АРБИТРАЖА В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ»
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3.
Wang, F. (2008). Online dispute resolution: technology, management and
legal practice from an international perspective (p. 2008) Oxford: Chandos
Publishing 2008.
4.
Gill, A., etal. (2014). Models of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). A report for
the legal Ombudsman. Queen Margaret University; Smith, R. (2014). Digital delivery of
legal services to people on low incomes. The Legal Education Foundation. Retrieved
from: <http://wwwutwente.nl/igs/icrisp/news/content/lef- spring2015.pdf>; Karolina
Mania. Online dispute resolution: The future of justice. International Comparative
Jurisprudence 1(2015)76–86. P.77.
5.
Abdel Wahab, M.S., Katsh,E., & Rainey, D.(2012). Online dispute
resolution: Theory and practice. A treatise on technology and dispute resolution.
Hague: Eleven International Publishing; Katsh, E.,& Rifkin, J.(2001). Online
dispute resolution: Resolving conflicts in cyberspace. Hoboken: Wiley.
6.
National Center for Technology and Dispute Resolution. Statistics of ODR
providers. Retrieved from: https://odr.info/provider-list/
