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ABSTRACT
While describing the Samarkand kingdom in the 18th-19th centuries in the Bukhara Emirate, we can first of all see that
during the Ashtarkhanid dynasty, Samarkand lost a lot of its previous influence, in economic relations, the economic
relations of the old Middle Ages were preserved, and in the field of production, the production of traditional
handicrafts we need to emphasize that it was superior. There were several areas in the economic life of the city. Based
on the analysis of these areas, it will be possible to describe the economic life of the city.
KEYWORDS
Samarkand province, Zarafshan oasis, districts, Shahmurad, administrative management, bek, amlokdar, Koktash.
INTRODUCTION
Muhammad Rahimkhan, the founder and first ruler of
the Manghit dynasty, officially ascended the throne of
the Bukhara Emirate on December 12, 1756, and went
to Samarkand in order to give his authority a political
tone. According to the work "History of Humuliy" by
Sufi and historian Humuliy from Urgut, Muhammad
Rahimkhan came to Samarkand specially and sat on the
famous Koktash throne. According to Humuli,
Muhammad Rahimkhan performed the ceremony of
enthronement on the Koktash throne while he was still
working as a father. No one sat on the throne on
Koktash after the death of Subhonqulikhan (reign
period: 1680-1702) from Ashtarkhani [1].
When Muhammad Rahimkhan became Khan of
Bukhara, he paid special attention to the city of
Samarkand, which is the second largest city in the
country after the capital. It is known that the city of
Samarkand was completely destroyed and turned into
Research Article
REVIVAL OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE SAMARKAND PROVINCE
DURING THE MANGIT DYNASTY IN THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA
Submission Date:
Aug 09, 2024,
Accepted Date:
Aug 14, 2024,
Published Date:
Aug 19, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-05-08-04
Mamanov Mehriddin
Doctoral student (PhD) of Samarkand state university named after Sharof Rashidov, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://masterjournals.
com/index.php/crjh
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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ruins in the 20s of the 18th century as a result of the
struggle for the throne (the actions of the false khan
Rajab Sultan - Rajab Khan) and the invasion of the city
by nomadic Kazakhs. These tragedies were so terrible
that people returned to the Samarkand fortress only
from 1730 and began to build houses for themselves.
However, as a result of the invasion campaign of the
Iranian king Nadirshah in 1740, Samarkand again fell
into the hands of the enemy and became a ruin [2].
After Muhammad Rahim Khan occupied Hisar, he
moved several thousand families from here to
Samarkand. Muhammad Rahim Mangit made several
attempts to revive Samarkand during his reign. So, in
the 50s of the 18th century. The irrigation system of
Zarafshan, the dam in Dargom was restored, ¬Ditches
were cleaned and partly dug again in the Sharoz district
near Pekjikent, as well as from the Karadarya and
Akhdarya rivers below Samarkand. Samarkand fortress
and city walls were restored.[3]
It is necessary to mention the situation of Samarkand
during the time of many rulers. Muhammad Rahimbiy,
the son of Muhammad Hakimbiy, who had the
honorable task of founding a new Mangit dynasty and
state, Muhammad Rahimbiy, the First Manghit ruler,
fought against the political disorder that had escalated
in the country. He tries to regulate the economic life in
the state. Nurota, Kobadiyan, Boysun, Huzor,
Panjikent, Urgut, Jizzakh, Zomin and Shahrisabz are
subordinated to the central authority. When
Muhammad Rahimbiy came to Samarkand, he saw the
city empty. By this period, the situation of Samarkand
was objectively covered in the works of many
historians.
Amir Muhammad Daniyolbi had 12 perfect sons, among
them the eldest son and successor Shahmurad (1741-
1800) stood out. Shahmurad was the governor of
Samarkand from 1780. Shahmurad made a great
contribution to the restoration and improvement of
the city of Samarkand. In particular, after the death of
his father, after becoming the emir of Bukhara on June
9, 1785, he paid special attention to the improvement
of Samarkand.
During the short period of Amir Shahmurad's rule
(1785-1800), many madrasahs, mosques, houses and
various buildings were built in Bukhara and Samarkand
in just 15 years. During this period, the vacant madrasas
in Samarkand and Bukhara were once again crowded
with scholars - mullahs. There is enough information
about this in the sources. Also, Amir Shahmurad
actively participated in the restoration of Samarkand
madrasas. In particular, he rebuilt the two-story Khoja
Ahror madrasa, built in 1455 and named "Madrasa
Safed" ("White Madrasa"). This madrasa was located
in the southern part of Samarkand, in the western part
of the main street leading to Sozangaran daha of the
city. This building was renovated at the expense of
construction materials of the Ko'kaldosh madrasa. By
Shahmurad's decree, the Shaibani Khan and Ulugbek
madrasas in Samarkand were repaired and restored,
and the damaged parts of the fortress and city walls
were also restored. It was during this period that the
unique arch-dome network - Chartaq building - was
built at the top of the stairs of the Shahizinda
mausoleum.
Shahmurad himself drew the layout of the city to be
rebuilt. The ditches and gardens in the city have been
cleaned. According to Humuli, who studied in
Samarkand madrasas a few years later, Amir
Shahmurad built 24 new districts in the city and moved
people here from the eastern regions of the country.
Amir Shahmurad personally appointed mudarris,
muezzin and imam to every madrasah and mosque in
Samarkand. Six-sided Chorsu - "Toqi Musaddas" is built
in the center of the city. Chorsu was a tall corner
building with a high dome in the center and six
corridors leading from it. These corridors led to the city
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gates of Bukhara, Korizgoh, Sozangaron, Feruza,
Ohanin and Hyderabad. This is how the six main gates
of Samarkand were named during the time of Amir
Temur. He also rebuilt the shrine of Makhdumi Azam
located in Dahbed region near Samarkand. The city of
Samarkand was very important in the life of the
Bukhara Emirate during this period. By the beginning
of the 19th century, Samarkand had the appearance of
a large city. British spy Mir Izzatulla testified that
Samarkand was developing day by day. The socio-
economic growth of the city was caused by its
convenient geographical location[4]. The city was
located in the south of the Zarafshan River, surrounded
by high mountains from the north, east and south, and
wide fields of crops adjoined it from the west. In
addition, the location of the city was a convenient
junction for trade caravans coming from China and East
Turkestan from the northeast, India from the
southeast, Iran and Caspian lands from the west
through Khorezm and Bukhara, and Russia from the
north.
In Samarkand, the tradition of sitting on the Blue Stone
continued in the first half of the 19th century. Amir
Haidar (1800-1826), the son of Shahmurad and the
grandson of Ashtarkhani Abulfayzkhan from his
mother's side, was raised as the supreme ruler on
white felt, and he was officially recognized as the ruler
by placing him on a blue stone in Samarkand. Ye.K.
Meyendorff, who was in Bukhara in the 20s of the 19th
century, mentions this incident in his information.
According to him, the Supreme Ruler had to go to
Samarkand and sit on the Blue Stone in the Madrasa of
Mirza Ulugbek to perform the enthronement
ceremony. stands When the khan sits down, they raise
this felt three times, the ends of which are held by
scholars, citizens, fazis and sayyids.
Beginning with Amir Haydar, the rulers of Bukhara
added the title of "Said" to themselves. At the
beginning of the 19th century, Amir Haidar refused to
obey the central authority of the Bukhara Emirate and
was forced to fight against the governors of
Shahrisabz, Kitab, Urgut, Miyanqal and Samarkand,
who were showing separatist sentiments. At this time,
his uncles, Umarbiy and Fazilbi, who opposed Amir
Haydar with the help of enemies, occupied Nasaf
(Karshi), and a rebellion broke out in Samarkand.
According to the historian Mirzo Salimbek, Amir
Haydar appointed Davlatbii devanbegi qushbegi (in
place of his brother Muhammad Husaynbek) to
Samarkand to strengthen the central authority.
Davlatbi Qushbegi ruled Samarkand until 1814. Davlatbi
Qushbegi built a small madrasa in the Shahizinda
complex in 1812. After that, 4 people from the
comrades of Amir Haydar were appointed governors
of Samarkand region: Ayozbiy, Muhammadbiy,
Muhammad Safaribiy, Ibrahim Dodkhoh.
Even during the reign of Amir Nasrullah Bahadur Khan
(1806-1860), the seventh ruler of the Manghit dynasty,
Samarkand was considered one of the strategically
important cities in the emirate. Economic growth in
Samarkand was noticeable during the Manghit
dynasty. In particular, since the years of Amir
Shahmurad's rule, economic life in the city has
significantly revived. From the middle of the 18th
century to the last quarter of the 19th century,
Samarkand remained a major center of craft
production and trade in the region. During this period,
Samarkand produced different colored silk and satin
gauzes with flowers, abr, thread and silk olacha,
zandaniche, gray and floral gauzes, and silk shawls. In
this period, the weaving of fota was also widespread.
For example, according to the data of the 1970s, there
were 40 fota weaving enterprises in Samarkand alone.
Samarkand was also famous for its jewelers. They
made ornaments and jewelry for women from silver
and copper, sometimes gold, and covered them with
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precious stones. Jewelers used silver to decorate the
saddles, including saddles.
Artisans who make the same product are united in
special associations. Masters who were members of
one union usually lived in one neighborhood of the
city[5]. In Samarkand, there were Zargaron (jewellery
masters), So'zangaron (needle makers), Charmgaron
(tanners), Harroton (woodturners, carpenters),
Kulolon (potters), Sharbatdaron (juice makers) and
other such neighborhoods. In Bukhara, which is
considered the capital of the Emirate, there have been
such craftsmen's quarters since ancient times, and
they have been preserved to this day.
As during the Timurid period, high-quality paper
was produced in Samarkand during the Mangit
dynasty. German Vambery (1832-1913), a famous
Hungarian orientalist and traveler who visited Bukhara
and Samarkand in 1863 in the guise of a "Turkish
pilgrim", and at the same time a secret agent of the
British Empire, gave a very high assessment of the
paper produced in Samarkand and Bukhara at that
time [6].
G. Vamberi gave a very high assessment of the work of
craftsmen in Samarkand in his works. He gives the
following comments about the harness makers in
Samarkand: "Samarkand bazaars sell famous leather
products, tastefully made saddles, their decoration can
bring fame even to a European craftsman."
In the first half of the 19th century, domestic and
foreign trade increased significantly. The number of
caravanserais and shops in the city is proof of this. At
that time, some markets that existed in Samarkand
could not be found in other cities. For example, in some
sources it is mentioned that there were markets known
as "bazari bargi mulberry". For example, there was
such a market in Samarkand in the 19th century, and
silkworm breeders bought it here when they felt a
shortage of leaves. In the seedling market near the
Sherdar madrasa in the city, "Balkhi" and "Khorazmi"
varieties of mulberry trees, along with other trees,
were sold in large quantities.
Thus, the city of Samarkand was considered the second
most important trade and craft center of the Bukhara
Emirate in the middle of the 19th century. 1820 A.F.
According to Ye.K. Meyendorff, who was in Bukhara as
part of the Negri mission, 50,000 people lived in
Samarkand at that time [7]. For comparison, it should
be noted that at the beginning of the 19th century,
approximately 2 million people lived in the Emirate of
Bukhara. 60,000 people lived in the capital Bukhara. In
the middle of the 19th century, the Emirate of Bukhara
was divided into several regions and provinces. The
largest regions of the emirate, Bukhara and
Samarkand, are divided into districts and other small
administrative units. The province and city of
Samarkand were governed by a governor appointed by
the emir. In the sources, the following information is
given about Samarkand in the middle of the 18th
century: it was broken and turned into a dry desert.
When Rahim Khan, the first of the Mangit emirs, came
to conquer Samarkand province (in 1166-1752) there
was no one in Samarkand, even the Rabati Khojabandi
dam was broken and Samarkand was without water.
During this trip (1166 A.H. in the month of Jumad As-
Sani), Rahim Khan repaired Rabati Khoja Bandi, and
even though water flowed to Samarkand, it did not
survive due to the lack of people.
Russian Ivan Kirillov wrote about Samarkand in 1734:
"Samarkand used to be a famous and powerful state.
Now, except for the madrasah and many books in
Arabic and other languages, there is probably nothing
left of it." Metropolitan Khrisanf of Novopatrask, who
was in Central Asia in 1790, confirmed this situation in
the city and noted that "Samarkand is now empty, no
matter how hard the arrogant viceroy of Bukhara, who
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conquered it, tries to fill it with the population as
before, it is useless."
While describing the position of the city of Samarkand
in the 19th century, T.S. Saidkulov's statement that
"the city was considered the capital of the khanate
(emirate)" [8] and the Russian author F. Nazarov's
"firstly, due to historical and religious reasons,
secondly, the population of the country is the most as
the central city of a dense, rich region" is appropriate.
Amir Haydar, who was a king, scientist and mudarris
during the Manghit period, was not satisfied with
repairing old madrasas and building new ones,
showing a great example to others, he also did not
spare himself the pursuit of knowledge. During this
period, the commentator scholar Qazi ul-Quzzot
Abdulhaikhoja, his son Qazi ul-Quzzot Mir Abu
Saidkhoja, and his grandson, Mufti Mir Abu Tahirkhoja,
the author of the work "Samaria", created and taught
in the fields of Sharia, history, and literature at the
Sherdar madrasa. [9]
During the Manghit dynasty, the population of
Samarkand city gradually increased. In the 1940s,
approximately 25-30 thousand people lived in the
city.[10] However, although Samarkand is not the
capital, it has retained its importance as a center where
the official ceremony of sitting on the Blue Stone is
held in the city. Thus, the city of Samarkand developed
as an important political, economic and cultural center
within the Bukhara Emirate between 1756 and 1868.
Representatives of the Manghit dynasty and mayors
made valuable contributions to the development and
beautification of Samarkand. During this period of
more than one hundred years, in particular, during the
reign of Amir Shahmurad and Amir Haydar, the image
of the city changed radically, and the current
appearance of the Old City was laid at that time. To
sum up, the city of Samarkand, located in the
convenient geographical area of Central Asia, is
considered an important political, economic and
cultural center of the Bukhara Emirate. From a political
point of view, Samarkand is a place associated with the
ceremony that literally gave the status of "supreme
ruler" to the emirs of Bukhara, but on the other hand,
it is more important as a center of internal and external
trade, production, and science.
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