Vol. 4 No. 11 (2023): Volume 04 Issue 11

This article discusses modern methods of teaching listening comprehension. In order for senior students to become good listeners, teachers need to create a collection of listening activities. These activities should be planned based on how listening fits into the overall education process, the goals of the education process, and the different types of listening that are needed. Because students do a lot of work on their own, including listening, it is important to give them clear instructions and recommendations (a listening guide) for how to do this type of work.

Not only the beauty, but also the intelligence and courage of Turkic women have been the subject of admiration since ancient times. In the Turkic states, these aspects were given special attention in the education of women belonging to the ruling family. The article examines the activities of Mahlar Ayim, the wife of the Kokand ruler Amir Umar Khan, as a stateswoman, her titles indicating her royalty, her contribution to the development of science, literature, culture, art, urban planning, as well as patronage in Kokand Khanate. Also, the paper gives an information about the poems she wrote as a bilingual Uzbek poetess, the manuscripts of her diwans in Uzbek and Persian, as well as the line of Uzbek poetesses she founded. On the example of Mahlar Ayim-Nadira, the activities of princesses in the Turkic state will be analyzed.

This article is devoted to efforts to develop science after the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the creation of a legal mechanism, and the activities of the Academy of Sciences.

This research unveils a transformative approach in biodiesel production by employing nanocatalysts, specifically heterogeneous base calcium oxide nanoparticles, for the transesterification of rice bran oil. The study investigates the catalytic efficiency, reaction kinetics, and biodiesel yield using these innovative nanocatalysts. Results indicate that the heterogeneous base catalyst exhibits remarkable catalytic activity, enhancing the transesterification process and yielding biodiesel with improved properties. The research contributes to advancing sustainable biodiesel production through the utilization of nanotechnology.

This paper aims to deal with the medieval Arabic commentaries on Aristotle’s kind-crossing prohibition introduced in his Posterior Analytics. Islamic Peripatetic philosophers, commenting on the doctrine of allowed and illicit kind-crossing, generally support the ideas of Aristotle. They, like Aristotle, think that all sciences should be kept in their own compartments and autonomously of each other. Since they worry that trying to understand everything as a whole and bring everything together will hinder the development of these compartmentalized sciences. However, it was impossible to talk about the development of science by including all the sciences in separate compartments. Therefore, on the basis of the principles of logic, a two-way relationship was established between the sciences, one giving a demonstration of fact, and the other a demonstration of a cause, and the resulting hierarchy to a certain extent ensured the fulfilment of the expected task.

This article discusses the goals and content of the development of professional and methodological competence of future history teachers in higher educational institutions.