Vol. 2 No. 12 (2021)

Top-down and bottom-up approach are essential in teaching English, especially reading and listening. In teaching English at academic lyceums and schools it is required using both of them in order to increase the level effectiveness of learning new theme. Top-down processing leads the learners to have the general idea first and eventually into the details. Bottom-up approach pays attention to small units in the text or listening first and from details to the main idea of the text. The purpose of this article is to give detailed description of top-down and bottom-up approaches and an example of the lesson where these approaches used in the way of activities with some exercises.

Phraseologisms are characteristic of all languages of the world, but they have their own special forms of expression. They reflect character traits, worldview, lifestyle of representatives of a particular people. Phraseologisms of any language, being associated with the geographical conditions of the country, historical development, state system and religion, are not always clear. In the Japanese language, there are many phraseological units that are not translated verbatim, but are perceived rethought and enhance the aesthetic aspect of the language.

The article deals with several thematic groups of Japanese phraseological units, which include the names of historical events, household items, the names of games, animals, which are included in the basic vocabulary of the language and reflect the processes characteristic of the language and its national specifics, and we can say that the overwhelming majority Japanese phraseological units reflect the mentality of the nation, originality, worldview of peoples - native speakers, i.e. phraseological units contain a cultural connotation that reflects the everyday empirical, historical, spiritual experience of the Japanese people. 

The article describes the ideas of speech etiquette, methods of its use, factors of nonverbal communication.

In this article I am going to share my experience of using different methods of teaching English as a foreign language in non-philological educational institutions. Modern society requires competitive specialists who are able to communicate in a professional foreign language in their specialty. The question of how to teach a professionally oriented English has become more relevant today than ever. First of all, it should be said that the content of teaching a foreign language as a complex dialectical unity formed from the interaction of a certain the way of organized educational material and the process of teaching it is determined by the totality of educational, developmental and educational learning goals. In modern methods of teaching foreign languages, the main emphasis is on the formation of communicative competence. The communicative competence of a specialist can be defined as the ability of a specialist to carry out communication in the process of execution various actions and solving different problems based on specially formed knowledge and skills.

This very article discusses the study of Uzbek legal terms, main features of legal terminology and the internal and external opportunities in the formation of Uzbek legal terms. Indeed, prior to the discussion of these very terms, views of both Uzbek and international scholars including lawyers and linguists were provided. Comparing their opinions, the author then expressed own perceptions in a bid to reach an ample conclusion. For this research primary and secondary data were applied entailing encyclopedias, dictionaries, thesis, legal documents, codes and others. Mostly qualitative method was utilized so as to analyze the gained outcome with the help of these materials.  Besides, most of the examples were provided in Uzbek since this work is devoted to the Uzbek legal terminology. All in all, it shows the importance of both internal and external factors influencing the formation of Uzbek legal terms apart from the reasons why these very terms have been altered over the years.

Why is a poem written? Why does one get spiritual pleasure when one reads a good poem? Because its creator-poet will be able to understand the magic of the word. He achieves this because of his sensitivity to the world around him, his observation, his observation, the sharpness of his memory, and his infinity. He creates all these qualities in himself through the ability to read, study, and master.

This article discusses semantic features of  idioms (On the example of the works of Murad Muhammad Dust). Idioms are figurative language tools that arise as a product of human thinking. It can be noted that idioms are interpreted in sources as a manifestation of phraseological units. In particular, the French linguist Sh. Bally considers idioms as phraseological units formed on the basis of the addition of words that have lost their semantic meaning, while O.S. Akhmanova interprets them as linguistic units. Explanatory dictionaries of Uzbek linguistic terms also provide similar explanations for idioms.

This article is devoted to the abbreviation method, which is one of the most effective ways to form terms. The article analyzes polysyllabic terminological combinations in the Chinese military vocabulary by dividing them into word-formation models. The examples also cover abbreviations of full, incomplete, and mixed types. Appropriate conclusions are drawn about relatively productive models for constructing abbreviated military terms.

In this paper we will consider a couple of perspectives where we can investigate the occasion, the presence, and the significance of wine in the Balkans. We will use data from ethnolinguistics and individuals composing, especially the presence of giving a toast and the group of appreciating wine epic stanza, additionally the etiological legends that examine the beginning stages of wine. In like manner, some going with custom and religionn exercises will be destitute down that might explain the significance and meaning of wine in specific bits of traditional individuals culture.

Today, serious attention is being paid to the practical significance of language, how easily and fairly it solves problems in human life. This article deals with the cases of discrediting a person and his linguistic examination, the circumstances in which a person is discredited, its linguistic and legal basis, as well as the role of linguists and jurists in ensuring the inviolability of the honor, dignity and dignity of every member of society. thought about.

Ferit Edgu is one of the best writers of not only Turkish literature but also World literature. He has written his works in different genres such as novels, short stories, memoirs, poems and essays. The author who revealed his stories with an extraordinary structure, has become the representative of his generation. Using language, creating stories with few words is an important element in the writer's storytelling. Since the common denominator of psychology and literature is human and human behavior. It is inevitable that these two disciplines feed one another and form a resource for each other. While depicting life in his stories, he was able to reach meaning integrity by making use of very few words. In this way, he succeeded in attracting and impressing the reader with brief narratives. Existentialism, like Kafka, was evident in his stories. In this article, we tried to analyze Ferit Edgu's stories based on his language, technical elements, richness of expression and beauty concerns.

In the works of recent years along with pragmatic studies of phraseological units, which are still topical, emerged a confident trend for consideration of the phraseological units from the positions of pragmatic linguistics and cognitive linguistics. This article considers how the structures of linguistic knowledge are presented in human mind and how this mental structures take part in language comprehension and production. Further, frame modelling is analyzed in details, with examples on three languages, as the opportunity of structuring the cognition of meaning of the expressions. Moreover, here is conducted the separate consideration of slots of various frames, their meaning in language and the process of division into subframes; frame notion of metalexeme is also given. On the example of the concept of prominent American linguists is drawn attention to such a feature of phrase as the metaphor, imagery and is stated that metaphor does not extend beyond the sphere of language, but it also covers the sphere of thoughts. After reviewing the carried out works it must be concluded that, phraseology appear in the result of metaphorical transfer, reinterpretation of meaning of free word combinations. In every language the metaphor comes into existence based on the specificities of native speakers’ mindset, which is related to ethnocultural and historical characteristics of country. In the result it is understood that, the majority of reviewed conceptual metaphors are identical in the researched languages. This confirms the fact that, metaphorical mechanism possesses universal nature.

In the history of Central Asian socio-political thought, Donish was one of the first to advance the idea of a connection between the origin of the state and property. According to him, the right to land ownership arises not by the will of Allah, but as a result of violence and aggression of one person over another.

      Inequality, he said, has led to many conflicts. In order to establish peace in society, the land must be divided equally among the people, because “everyone is equal in the inheritance of the father, and therefore the habit of bloodshed must be abolished, so that people can live in peace and tranquility.”

The first works of the series of epics “Khamsa” by the great thinkers Nizami Ganjavi and Alisher Navoi are called “Makhzan ul-Asror” and Hayrat ul-Abror “. Both epics are on a philosophical-ethical theme, reflecting the social views of the great scholar-poets. “Makhzan ul-Asror” is written in Persian, and “Hayrat ul-Abror” is written in Turkish. Although these works are ideologically complementary, they are by no means a repetition of each other. A comparative analysis of both epics highlights the uniqueness of the method of expression, the different attitudes to events and happenings, and the importance of the variety of exemplary stories.

The present article considers the peculiarities of using authentic materials in teaching English. Additionally, given the advantages and disadvantages of using authentic materials in FLT. Reasons to opt for real-world materials rather than classroom ones are analyzed deeply. Being able to use English outside the classroom, using real-world materials is important.  It gives students the opportunity to know how English is in the real world. In this study, the positive effects of using authentic materials to enhance students' communicative competence are scientifically proved.

The system of state power in Uzbekistan is based on the principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial powers. The Oliy Majlis acts as the legislative branch of power in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It represents the main political parties, all social strata and socio-political forces of society. In general, the parliament represents the people of Uzbekistan. Only the Oliy Majlis elected by him and the President of the Republic can speak on behalf of the people of Uzbekistan.

The current state of scientific development of current problems of linguistics, the tasks of lexicology, the general development prospects of the theory of meaning and evaluation require the search for linguistic innovations, a new look at previous problems, and at the same time include current issues. Linguistics has been studied in a comparative way into the orbit of scientific research. The current stage of development of linguistics places the task of researchers to re-examine these issues on the basis of modern methods, one of which is the method of studying language materials as a specific system. This is because language and its layers are integrated with the layers as a whole, including the dictionary itself. Each dictionary is represented by its own layered system, because each word and, accordingly, each concept occupies a certain place in this system, which is determined by its relationship with other words and concepts.

The article discusses the genre and artistic features of new historical epics that appeared in the repertoire of folk singers in the early twentieth century. New historical epics are important in terms of defining the creative skills of poets, with the creation of the existing historical reality against the background of stable traditions.

This article summarizes the historical development of Sherabad baxshi school in Surkhandarya region, methods of performance, peculiarities of baxshi, a brief look at their creative activity, literary and artistic connection of baxshi schools of neighboring republics and regions, folklore written by folklorists in different years. analyzed.

In the conditions of the dominance of religious dogmas, the sheer illiteracy of the population, the thinkers of the Muslim East were forced to resort to certain traditional forms of expressing their ideas. Socio-philosophical views were expressed in the pages of historical treatises, as well as in various essays, essays of a fictional, sociological nature, and poetry. The creativity of A. Donish was no exception here. However, in works that are semi-artistic in form, the thinker poses and tries to solve philosophical questions, in his own way criticizes religious dogmas. So, he asks the question: “If God, creating a person, predetermined the fate of a builder for him in advance, why did he not immediately, from birth, endow the person with the ability to build? Why is it necessary, while fulfilling the predestination of God, to study any other professions?

Issue clarification: Due to its unpredictable nature, the instructing of theory addresses a huge load of issues. It incorporates everything from step by step life to customs, or from strategies for showing friendliness to huge occasions or exceptional days in an overall population. Thusly, "what of reasoning" and how it will be told still uncertain mindfully through basic assessment especially for the "developing circle countries" since in these countries there is no prompt contact with neighborhood speakers. Instructive program organizers and language educators need to make different choices as regards the decision of social classes to teach and what systems to use in the training of these social parts. Justification behind the assessment: The current examination targets finding Turkish learners‟ tendencies to the extent guidance and training of theory to uncover understanding into the demonstration of language teaching in an EFL setting. Methodology: A survey was used in the examination. It was figured out how to 92 individuals. Disclosures and results: The revelations suggest that Turkish learners‟ care ought to be raised similar to the meaning of the goal theory. Turkish understudies consider target theory guidance to be including both tremendous "C", which can by and large be portrayed as characteristics identifying with the genuine neighborhood, lower case "c" reasoning, which is related to practices. One more huge finding of the assessment is that understudies in Turkish setting don't see guidance society major for fruitful correspondence.

The most prominent representative of the doctors of Central Asia was Abu Ali Ibn-Sina (known in Europe as Avicenna), the largest doctor of the Middle Ages and one of the most prominent doctors in world history. He was born in 980 in the village of Afshana near the city of Bukhara. At the age of five, his parents transported him to Bukhara, where his studies began. From the teachers and from the books of the rich Bukhara library of the Samanids, Ibn-Sina received all the knowledge known by that time. However, Ibn Sina studied medicine deeper and most thoroughly. In his autobiography dictated by him, he said: "I took up the study of medicine, replenishing my reading with observations of patients, which taught me many methods of treatment that cannot be found in books."

In the article socio-economic and cultural life of the Emirate of Bukhara of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is revealed. The order of the state system, the beginning of working class formation, the influence of the Russian protectorate on the further socio-economic life of the country is disclosed.

In this article, the criteria for creating a name in the Uzbek language, the requirements for creating and choosing a name, the names were given to commercial objects, enterprises, firms, consumer goods in our country are analyzed and critically studied. Problems were addressed and they identified methods of naming.

This article examines the genesis and artistic evolution of epic plots in medieval written sources in the study of Uzbek folk toponymic prose. 

The great German poet and playwright Friedrich Schiller was deeply involved in justice, medicine, aesthetics, history, logic, metaphysics, history of philosophy, and psychology, in addition to drama, because of his deep knowledge of Latin and Greek. With this research, Schiller tries to know human life on a materialistic basis.

While Schiller studied dramaturgy from Shakespeare’s work, the works of Voltaire, Diderot, Russo, Lessing, Goethe served to shape his worldview. His friendship with Goethe in particular had a profound effect on his creative potential.

The article is devoted to the description of a contrast of Japanese and Chinese verbal communicative behavior. The study of this problemconsiders the process of verbal communicative behavior of Japanese people, which has a number of striking features that distinguish it from Chinese verbal communicative behavior.

The analysis suggests the difference and similarity of the rules of speech etiquette Japanese andChinese.

This article discusses Argo as a socially limited lexical unit. The existence of language is related to the way people speak or write. In the process of performing these actions, the linguistic units (in the first place - the sentence) show the ability to express, in addition to the original meaning, such content as confirmation, command, warning, promise. These meanings are the result of the speech activity performed by the speaker. Thus, a speech act is a linguistic address of the speaker to the listener in a certain environment, for a specific purpose.

The article analyzes the morphological formation of the terms of criminal law in modern Arabic language. Affixation and conversion are widely used in criminal law terms as productive forms of morphological method of term formation. A striking example of this is the active use of all types of verbs and their derivatives, as well as the process of transition from one grammatical category to another. The terms of criminal law, formed by the method of affixation and conversion, are analyzed on the example of articles of the Criminal Code of the United Arab Emirates.

The paper deals with the political texts in social media and their linguistic expertise, the existing problems in this field and the current solutions, which have been and should be proposed.

The article examines the vocabulary of Korean legislation, its general features, lexical units with common features used in legislation, methodological features, functions, lexical units that differ in their place in the formation of an official text, including methodically lexical units, neutral units of general speech and formal Special units  in the status of basic units that logically and semantically form the text, are considered on the example of articles from the basic law of the Korean language.

English and Chinese have different polite language. The pragmatic differences in polite language between English and Chinese can lead to pragmatic obstacles and pragmatic failure. This article aims to compare the differences in the specific application of English and Chinese polite language, and analyze the cultural factors that cause these pragmatic differences, so as to help learners reduce and eliminate pragmatic barriers and pragmatic failures.

This article discusses Argo as a socially limited lexical unit. The existence of language is related to the way people speak or write. In the process of performing these actions, the linguistic units (in the first place - the sentence) show the ability to express, in addition to the original meaning, such content as confirmation, command, warning, promise. These meanings are the result of the speech activity performed by the speaker. Thus, a speech act is a linguistic address of the speaker to the listener in a certain environment, for a specific purpose.

The article discusses the features of teaching legal vocabulary in English to law students. When studying English, students of law faculties have many difficulties, since it is necessary to master not only the basic level of the language, but also the special legal terminology used in the practice of the legal language. To do this, students need to be introduced not only to grammar and vocabulary, but also to the specifics of the legal realities international legal systems. Legal terminology reflects the legal culture of every country.

Teaching legal English has become in demand in the opportunities for those professionals who know English due to globalization, strengthening of economic ties of Uzbekistan with foreign countries and the connection with the expansion of strengthening at a good level. English teachers should help to the development of skills that will help law students to become competitive. Teaching legal English is a complicated but interesting process. When deciding to teach this sublanguage, it should be borne in mind that there are several modern and interactive methods. Teaching legal English to students requires using them in lessons in order to be effective and efficient at the same time. Various activities of these methods are used by teachers with the aim of teaching in deeper perspective.

Language corpus is an important tool for language education - the creation of lingua-didactic and dictionaries, as well as for various researches, diachronous and synchronous study of language, the development of speech competence, vocabulary, speech patterns. In particular, the creation of frequency dictionaries based on it allows creating a list of real active words for language learning and translation dictionaries. It also assists to save time and avoid large-scale manual work.

This article discusses the creation of frequency dictionaries on the basis of language corpus and the possibilities of the Uzbek language corpus.

As noted above, the modern educational system functions in special conditions, the specifics of which are determined by the global process of informatization of education, therefore, it became necessary to possess special means that help to navigate there. These tools are multimedia tools (MMC).

One of the motives for the subjugation of Central Asia was the desire of tsarism to turn it into a colonization area for the resettlement of peasants from the central provinces of Russia. However, Uzbekistan did little to justify the calculations of the tsarist government, since there was no free irrigated land. Peasant colonization became widespread only on the territory of Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan. The resettlement of Russian peasants was often accompanied by a violent seizure of the lands of the indigenous population. The kulak settlers exploited both the local population and the Russian poor. The tsarist government attached great importance to the resettlement of part of the peasants of Russian villages to Central Asia in order to mitigate the social contradictions in Russia caused by the lack of land in connection with the development of capitalist relations in Russian agriculture. Already in 1869, rules on peasant settlements in Semirechye were developed, which created favorable conditions for the influx of Russian settlers. During the period from 1888 to 1916, the sowing of cotton increased by almost 10 times (from 68.5 thousand dessiatins to 680 thousand 911 dessiatins), and the gross cotton harvest increased by almost 7 times (from 2.27 million poods per year). 1879 to 14.9 million poods – in 1916) The area of irrigated land and the production of agricultural products increased significantly, the range of agricultural sectors expanded. Cotton attracted Russian capital to Central Asia. At least 30 of the largest trading companies were engaged in its production and purchase. The main creditors were the largest banks in Russia

This article analyzes the formation types of recent Korean neologisms used among youth. To this end, we use the data appearing in recent newspapers and online dictionaries showing the most recent usages. During the discussion, we categorize the data into several groups and show the types with examples. We also show that the types of acronyms were studied by Korean language professors. Finally, we conclude the article by claiming that the main characters in recent neologisms can be defined as a new bilingualism as the youngsters occasionally code-switch between standard usages and neologisms. This new trend is popular among teenagers and adult.

This article discusses aphorism as an object of linguistic research. The interest in the aphorism has greatly increased over the past years. This interest can be explained by the fact that aphorisms, sayings and sayings, as it is impossible, better correspond to the atmosphere of our time, which requires a special laconicism and formulation of ideas.

The name of Ferdousi and his heritage, both creative and the legends about him, are a cultural code that plays an important role in the unity of the Persian cultural space, extending far beyond Iran. And at the same time the author of "Shahnameh" became a romantic legend of the West. The image of the poet, who created the greatest work, but did not receive recognition during his lifetime, turned out to be very close to European romantics. As well as the theme of the struggle against tyrants and autocrats, therefore, in many interpretations, Ferdousi appears not only as an unrecognized genius, but also as a victim of persecution.

The heart is the center of the human body. It determines the work of other parts of the human body, it nourishes, gives life. Perhaps it is this extraordinarily important aspect of the heart that has led it to be likened to the center of something, to the orientation of space, in both languages being studied.