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IMAGE-CREATING METAPHORS IN LITERARY TEXT
Khadjieva D.T., PhD, Karakalpak state university,
Erimbetova E.K., Karakalpak state university, Uzbekistan
Abstract.
The article is about Stylistic device of metaphor and its role in creating
imagery, to be specific creating visual imagery in literary texts. The extracts taken from
the novel “A Dance with Dragons” by George R.
R. Martin are analyzed from stylistic
point of view.
Key words
: metaphor, visual imagery, spatial metaphors, stylistic metaphors.
Metaphor is a stylistic device based on the principle of identification of two objects.
The term “metaphor” means transferen
ce of some quality from one object to another.
Metaphor is investigated as one of the means of changing means of words in traditional
Linguistics. In stylistics branch of Linguistics, it is recognized as a form of word
decoration and an expression of thought. The scientific views that came to the field
within the framework of linguacultural studies showed the relevance of studying
metaphor as one of the important means of expressing the national, unique, specific
worldview of a certain nation.
Metaphor is an artistic speech focused on the imagination, the trope of similarity,
the use of a word in a figurative sense based on associations of similarity. "Metaphor is a
hidden comparison made by applying the name of one object to another and thereby
revealing the important features of the other [1, 64]".
Another similar definition is given by Uzbek linguist M.T.Iriskulov: “Metaphor is
naming one word with another word on the basis of similarities of these two words. It
increases the influences of the meaning o
f a word. «He also defines that metonym is the
transference of the meaning between two words on the basis of permanent relationships
of objects and events in particular time and events. As can be seen, the definitions given
for these lexical-stylistic devices are similar and now it is better to move on their usage
in English and Uzbek fictional works [2, 48].
Modern cognitive linguistics completely abandons the above traditional definition
of metaphor. That is, they deny the definition of metaphor as a method of comparison, a
method of decorating speech. They also disagree with the definition of metaphor in
generative linguistics as the interaction of two deep basic structures (N.Chomsky,
L.N.Murzin, etc.).
Representatives of modern cognitive linguistics (J.Lakoff, M.Johnson,
N.D.Arutyunova, A.N.Baranov, Yu.N.Karaulov, V.Z.Demyankov, E.S.Kubryakova, etc.)
279
understand the metaphorical world, as a basic mental operation as a device of
constructing and explaining its structure [3,296].
A.N. Baranov defines metaphor as follows: "a complex cognitive phenomenon
resulting from the interaction of two meaningful complexes - content /focus/, source
and shell/frame/goal [4, 18].
This definition is based on Black's terminology, according to which "focus" is a
word used in the sentence in a figurative sense, that is, in a metaphorical sense, "frame"
(frame) is a word used around its own sense "focus" [4, 153-172].
Four components are involved in the creation of a metaphor: two categories of
objects (the main and additional subjects of the metaphor, for which the following pairs
of terms are used, namely, frame and metaphorical focus, theme and container, referent
and correlate) and properties related to each object or class of objects [1, 296].
Metaphors are an important part of literature, and while they are most popular for
being a literary device, metaphors extend past the written word and can instead be
visual. What is a visual metaphor? The visual metaphor definition is an image that
represents or symbolizes something else. Where written metaphors, like '' her
expression was set in steel,'' use figurative language in order to compare two things, a
visual metaphor instead uses imagery in order to have the audience associate that image
with something else.
Types of Visual Metaphors.
There are two types of visual metaphors: spatial
metaphors and stylistic metaphors. Spatial metaphors are metaphors that are typically
related to space or location. In writing, a writer might use a spatial metaphor to say that
'' Books open a door to the imagination.'' In this example, the door is a metaphor for the
link between books and imagination. This concept of a spatial metaphor can frequently
be seen in visual works as well, such as how a closed door in a movie might represent a
character's unwillingness to change. Another common example of this type of metaphor
is a wall blocking someone from connecting to other people or roads that symbolize a
new path in life.
Stylistic metaphors revolve around how the style of a particular image conveys
another meaning. Stylistic metaphors might use color, font, text size, capitalization, and a
variety of other visual properties to provide an alternative meaning or connection. For
example, an advertisement might use big, bold-colored font contrasted against a plain-
colored background in order to convey a more serious image to the viewer. Similarly,
advertisements might use softer colors to have viewers associate a relaxing feeling with
their product, or bright colors for viewers to associate happy, positive feelings. In this
way visual metaphors create visual imagery.
We’ll analyze examples from literary text visual imagery how they are built. The
object of the investigation is the novel “A Dance with Dragons” by R.R.Martin which was
published in 2011.
We’ll try to analyze extracts taken from the novel.
1)
The dwarf tore a loaf of bread in half. “And you had best be careful what you
say of my fam
A Dance with Dragons ivy, magister. Kinslayer or no, I am a lion still.” That
seemed to amuse the l
ord of cheese no end. He slapped a meaty thigh and said, “You
Westerosi are all the same. You sew some beast upon a scrap of silk, and suddenly you are
all lions or dragons or eagles. I can take you to a real lion, my little friend. The prince
keeps
a pride in his menagerie. Would you like to share a cage with them?” [5.p.27].
In this extract metaphors I am a lion still», «You sew some beast upon a scrap of
silk, and suddenly you are all lions or dragons or eagles» built visual imagery as far as
identification with animals such as lion, dragon and eagles reflects people’s appearance,
characters and features. Here, a strong man as a lion visualize before our eyes. Bul
280
misalda oqiwshinin’ ko‘z aldinda arislanday kushli adamnin’ kelbeti sa’wlelenedi
. And
“You sew some beast upon a scrap of silk, and suddenly you are all lions or dragons or
eagles” in this context the author creates visual image of delicate people.
2)
I am a mouse in a mammoth’s lair, he mused, though at least the mammoth
keeps a good cellar [5, p.25].
The extract is interesting with identification human being with a mouse and this
stylistic metaphor creates visual imagery, in which the author tries to depict the
character or feelings of the personage in implicit way.
2)
His brow was dotted with beads of sweat, his pi
g‘
s eyes shining above his fat
cheeks [5.p.25].
Identification the human bein
g‘
s eyes with pi
g‘s undoubtedly attracts readers’
attention. The author creates visual image skillfully using as a source of identification
pi
g‘
s eyes.
3)
The white dragon lay coiled around a pear tree, his head resting on his tail. When
Dany passed his eyes came open, two pools of molten gold. His horns were gold as well, and
the scales that ran down his back from head to tail. “You’re lazy,” she told him, scratching
under his jaw. His scales were hot to the touch, like armor left too long in the sun.
Dragons are fire made flesh [5.p.31].
In this extract the author depicts the appearance of white dragon imagenatively.
His two eyes identified with two pools of molten gold, his horns with gold and creates
visual imagery. Simile “
His scales were hot to the touch, like armor left too long in the
sun”
also create bright image of his scale. Visual
metaphor
Dragons are fire
generalize
the description and makes the reader to see white dragon identified with fire before
their eyes while reading the novel.
In the novel there many extracts where used verbal metaphors. For instance:
5) Summer ran. Across the lake he raced, his paws kicking up sprays of snow
behind him. [5,50]
6) “Summer can find the village,” Bran said suddenly, his words misting in the air.
He did not wait to hear what Meera might say, but closed his eyes and let himself flow
from his broken div. [5, 52]
In these extr
acts verb “ran” “find” are used figuratively to create metaphors and
the author tries to show that time passes quickly in figurative way and in example (6)
that summer is especially beautiful in villages. In conclusion, we can state that visual
metaphors are one of the significant stylistic tool in creating visual images. In the novel
“A Dance with Dragons” by George R.R.Martin original metaphors are used for creating
bright literary images.
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