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WAYS OF EXPRESSING REQUESTIVE DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS:
REQUESTS AND BEGGING
Majidova Zulaykho Abdimuminovna
Independent researcher, department of interfaculty
foreign languages, Andijan State University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12684168
Abstract.
The following thesis is focused on requestive type of directive
speech acts and the ways of expressing them with the help of different lexical
units. Moreover, the semantic and pragmatic features of requestive and begging
speech acts are explained with examples.
Key words:
directive speech acts, request, begging, implicit, explicit,
addressee, addresser.
A request is a speech act belonging to the requestive type of directives, the
purpose of which is to encourage the addressee to perform a certain action and
at the same time to change the current situation. The fact that the performance
of the action is not obligatory distinguishes the speech act of request from the
act of command or instruction, and the aspect of "usefulness" of the action for
the speaker distinguishes the act of request from the act of advice. For example,
the illocution "Open the window" can be interpreted in 3 different ways: a) due
to the fact that the air in the room is warm for the speaker, here the act of
opening the window is useful for the addressee (please); b) when the speaker
thinks it is right to open the window because he thinks it is necessary to change
the air for the listener (advice); c) when the teacher enters the auditorium and
says that it is necessary to open the window, taking into account the heat of the
room, the execution of the action is not even discussed and is carried out
without words (instruction).
The main feature of a request as a speech act is that the performance of
the action is not mandatory, it is useful for the speaker, the desire of the
addressee and the priority of his position. According to the way the speaker
expresses his desire, it is divided into direct and indirect.
The indirect form of the speech act of request implies an implicit
expression, the intention to perform an action or an urge to change the situation
is realized in the hidden meaning of the speech act text. For example, expressing
the ability or desire of the listener to perform a certain action using a question. A
request is a speech act that is used in a dialogical form and is determined by
communicative and pragmatic factors such as the intention of the speakers, their
clear goal setting, and the ethnocultural factor.
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A. Vejbiskaya, considering the request as one of the genres of speech act,
offers the following semantic formulas to describe it:- I want you to do a good
deed for me (X);
I say this because I want you to do it;
I don't know if you will
do this because I know you are not obligated to make it a reality.
Thus, we recognize the following conditions for its successful
implementation:
1.
Predictability due to the fact that the speaker knows in advance that the
listener will be able to perform the requested action;
2.
The addresser forces the addressee to perform a certain action;
3.
The existence of conditions such as the presence of certain reasons for
the speaker to achieve the goal;
4.
The producer fulfills a specific requirement for the recipient;
5.
Communication participants should not be in a mutually hostile
position.
It is necessary to take into account the national characteristics of speech
act etiquette norms when mastering different forms of requests. Thus, the
special forms of expressing a request in English are passive interrogatives and
imperatives. Therefore, in the appropriate communicative situation Will you...?
Can you...? it is advisable to replace it with a question form.
Direct request can also be expressed using performative verbs (ask, beg,
etc.), but this method is very rare. Let's look at some examples with these verbs:
"but do what I ask you first, and I ask you to give this message for God
Almighty's sake." (Ch. Dickens, Oliver Twist)
The combination of the verb
“let”
with the infinitive is also used to express
the tactics of direct motivation: "Why not let us get married in April and go
abroad for the summer?" she asked once, after they had reached a silent
understanding that marriage would eventually follow. (T. Dreiser, Jennie
Gerhardt, p. 296). In this example, the girl is asking the guy to marry her and to
go abroad next summer.
We also include the use of the verbs
«look”
or
“come on”
at the beginning
or end of an expression as a means of softening the urge to direct action.
Constructions of this type are found in the communication of people who know
each other well, they stimulate communication and make statements more
reliable. In many cases, such sentences are accompanied by modifiers or
politeness, which make the communication friendlier, for example: Look, I'm
really sorry about that telephone call. I hope the Muggles didn't give you a hard
time. (J.K.Rowling, Harry Potter).
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According to T.V.Larina, two types of requests can be distinguished among
these types of statements:
1) object-oriented, that is, directed to the listener: Can you picture those
clothes very clearly, Neville? Can you see them in your mind's eye? (J.K.Rowling,
Harry Potter).
2) addressed to the speaker: “Can I just hold it Harry?” (J.K.Rowling, Harry
Potter).
The use of the pronoun
“we”
shows the relationship of the speaker with
the interlocutor in the communication and emphasizes that the addressee does
not place himself above or below the interlocutor. In such cases, a special secret
intonation appears, and the communication will not have a coercive character.
This makes communication more comfortable and increases the speaker's
chance of expecting a positive reaction from the listener:
Begging
is a directive speech act and the distinctive feature of begging is
the reluctance of the addressee to perform the action. The pragmatic
presupposition of this speech act is that the speaker has a strong reason and
tries to overcome the resistance of the listener, even if using various assertive
methods.
According to N.I. Formanovskaya, "challenge is, on the one hand, the
leading goals of the speaker expressing his will, and on the other hand, it is a
prompt that leads the addressee to action." The classification of directive acts
"attracts the attention" of researchers, first of all, according to the complexity of
expressing one's opinion, and secondly, according to the fact that the intention
to encourage action is diverse, such as command, demand, offer, request,
begging.
In order to achieve his intention, the petition is made by a continuous
request for the respect of the human rights that are dear to the speaker.
According to N.I. Formanovskaya, the realization of a request is often expressed
in an explicit form and is subjectively important, regardless of its objective value
for the speaker.
In the speech act of prayer, the speaker often calls on the listener to feel
sorry for him.
In English the following expressions are used to achieve the effect of the
addressee's response:
a) the speaker begs the listener to fulfill his intention of friendship,
fraternity, mutual respect, which is dear to the speaker:
It is expressed by means such as
“For the sake of”
,
for goodness sake”.
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"Oh, for Heaven's sake!" Hermione cried. "Listen to me all of you"
(R.K.
Rowling, Harry Potter).
"Come along, for goodness sake," replied Lester. "I hope you do.... I'll see you
tomorrow before we leave."
(T. Dreiser, Jennie Gerhardt).
3) with the help of performative verbs such as "kneel", "cry":
"Let me say a prayer." Do! Let me say one prayer. Say only one, upon your
knees, with me, and we will talk till morning."
(Ch. Dickens, Oliver Twist)
The request directive act is characterized by the fact that the speaker does
not give the listener an opportunity to think about the requested action during
the communication, the request is not planned, it is expressed in an unexpected
situation. As a result, the addressee is forced to give an immediate response, in
other words, to react immediately to the requested action.
In the requisitive act of speaking, Paul Grice's Maxim of "quantity" is
violated: the speaker's speech is more than sufficient, longer than the accepted
norm. Compared to a request, begging is enriched with strategies of persuasion
and entreaty of the communicator. In a request, the speaker addresses the
interlocutor, putting the sense of self-respect last, based on the situation. The
main reason for this is that the petitioner is forced to ask more than necessary
because he realizes that it is difficult to fulfill his wishes with a request or an
order.
The sentences we discussed above make the request directive act clearer,
create the basis for its implementation, and invite some consideration before the
recipient refuses to comply with the stated request. Thus, the act of request has
a stronger emotional impact than the directives of the request, which means that
the author agrees to any condition for its fulfillment.
In summary, the requestive directive speech acts are divided into two, the
request act is when the speaker asks the listener to perform a certain action,
while begging is when the addresser pleads with the addressee for the
realization of the desired intention and agrees to any conditions for
thaccomplishment of the action.
References:
1. Вежбицкая А. Англоязычные сценарии против" давления" на других
людей и их лингвистические манифестации (Перевод ВВ Дементьева и ЕБ
Ковельевой) //Жанры речи. – 2007. – №. 5. – С. 131-159.
2. Vaseva I. Н.И. Формановская. Русский речевой этикет: нормативный
социокультурный контекст. М., 2002. НИ Формановская. Речевое общение:
коммуникативно-прагматический
подход.
М.,
2002
//Болгарская
русистика. – 2008. – Т. 2. – С. 111-116.
DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN
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3. Hossain M. M. et al. The application of Grice maxims in conversation: A
pragmatic study //Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied
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персидском
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//Вестник
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