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ETHNIC HISTORY OF THE VILLAGE OF GUVALAK
Sharopova D.
University of Economics and Pedagogy
1st year Master's student
+998972298825
M.Mamatova
Scientific supervisor:
(PhD)
+998972933200
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15165104
One of the most important problems of the ethnology of the Uzbek people in
the years of independence is the study of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of
the Uzbek people. The article examines the ethnic history of the village of
Guvalak, one of the famous historical villages of the Koson district.
The dictionary meaning of the word guvalak goes back to our very ancient
history. By analyzing this single word, we can find out how long the people of
this land have lived in this area, as well as what their socio-economic and
historical roots are. There are various legends about the origin of the name of
this village. However, we do not know how true these stories are. It is said that
the Guvalak people were originally nomadic people who settled in their current
location in the 15th-16th centuries. The population was mainly engaged in cattle
breeding, and later in agriculture. Because until recently, there were pastures in
the village, and the village cattle were looked after by a herder, that is, a person
elected by the people. When the herd returned in the evening, people gave it
"fair food" as a reward for its work. That is, everyone poured the food they found
into one container in their bag. Later, agriculture became the main source of
livelihood. In ancient times, viticulture was very developed in the village. In the
fall, all the clay roofs in the village were covered with raisins soaked in alkali.
The villagers eat and sell these fruits all winter, earning their living from this.
The name of the village was also written as Gubalak for several years. The
National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan provides the following information on the
dictionary meaning of the word "guvalak": "guvalak is a round or flat building
material made from baked clay and dried. It is used mainly for repairing walls
and building elegant houses." [4:107].
But if every Uzbek who built a house from guvala continued to call his
village Guvalak, then this name should not be used as the name of only one
village. Professor T. Nafasov, a Kashkadarya scientist who has conducted
extensive scientific research on the origin of toponyms, says this: The word
"Guvalak" is one of the oldest words in the language. In ancient times, this tribal
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community was called Guvalak, because they considered a certain creature to be
their totem. A totem is a creature that a given tribe worshiped, and in the past, a
group of people had a close relationship with creatures in nature. Each
community considered a certain creature sacred to itself, worshiped it, and
deified it. As a result, this creature became the totem of the clan. An image of this
totem is depicted on the flag and shield of the clan. Over time, the word denoting
the name of the totem became the name of the clan. "Originally the word
Guvalak was the name of the totem worshipped by the clan, and then the name
of that clan." [3: 49-50].
This does not mean that the residents of Guvalak did not build houses from
guvala, that is, from pakhsa, since this tradition continues to this day. But the
main thing is that historical sources confirm that the name of the village is more
closely associated with the name of the clan.
As for the ethnic composition of the population of the village of Guvalak,
they are mainly Guvalaks, belonging to the white Mangit family. Residents of the
following villages in the Kason district consider themselves to be of the Mangit
clan. These are: Guvalak (except for the village of Zulfikar Ota), Nekoz, Taizan,
Kazakly, Obdida, Komanda, Boygundi, Karabair, Gishman, Yesaboy, Obron
(upper, lower, middle), Oktepa, Ushaktepa, Sherbek, Sayod, Beglar, Tulga, Chaka,
Etak, Bulmas, Tukmangit, Halima. Esaboy and others. In addition, the Mangits
also live in the Karshi, Kasbinsky, Kamashinsky and other districts. [3: 50].
In ancient times, the Mangits lived mainly in tents and dark houses (otov).
There was a separate black house for guests. They also built separate black
houses for young people who were going to get married. Later, houses made of
straw, or pakhsa, appeared. This could have been caused by the gradual
settlement of mangrove thickets that migrated to the adjacent territory. Full
information about the Kashkadarya Mangits can be found in the monograph of
the Kashkadarya historian, candidate of historical sciences, professor O.
Dzhurakulov "Kashkadarya Mangits", dedicated to the history of the Mangits -
one of the Uzbek clans that made up the majority of the population of the
Bukhara Khanate. The book provides information on the ethnic history, number
and location of the Mangit people living in the village of "Mangit" in the
Kashkadarya region. [1].
Also, if you pay attention to the dictionary meaning of the word "mangit",
the word "mangit" is pronounced differently in different languages, for example,
"mangut", "mangad", "mongus", "modis", "mangus", "manggul", "mogul",
"mogol", "mungal-mugal", "mongol", and in some languages, it means "strong,
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heroic, fierce, dexterous, agile". In the Middle Ages, the Nogai Horde was mainly
populated by Mongols. The majority of the population living in the village of
Guvalak are Guvalaks. According to data from 1923-1926, the number of
Mangits living in Uzbekistan was more than 130 thousand people. It is known
that 100 thousand of them lived on the territory of the Bukhara Khanate, 44
thousand in the Bukhara oasis and around Karshi, and in the 19th century, more
than 30 thousand in the vicinity of Karshi alone. In the lower reaches of the
Zarafshan River there lived 8 thousand people, and in the present-day
Chardzhoy district - 11 thousand. They also lived in the middle reaches of the
Zarafshan River (10,000), around Jizzakh (2,600) and in Khorezm. The Mangyts
living in Uzbekistan are divided into several large and small clans. The largest of
them are the white mantis, the pale mantis, the black mantis, the small mantis
and the rich mantis. [3: 53]. The Mangit clan actively participated in the political
life of the Bukhara Khanate and was at the top of state power from 1753 to
1920.
The origin of the term "guvalak" is associated with the common name of the
mango tree species, which is characterized by a sedentary habit, the
construction of houses from the bark of the guvalak tree, as well as the process
of migration. Historian O. Dzhurakulov writes about this: "The Mangit tribe
settled mainly in the Zeravshan Valley, partly in the Khorezm Khanate, in the
Karshi oasis and in the Chardzhoy region on the left bank of the Amu Darya. The
Mangit tribe was divided into several large clans. The largest of these tribes,
including the White Mangit tribe, are the following: Guvalak, Karamanit,
Tukmanit tribes, Ochmanit, Chalamangit, Boygundi, Temirkhodja, Shobiy, Kosa,
Toz, Karabair, Bakirchi, Kula and Tamgali Mangit. [1].
The Manghit clan actively participated in the political life of the Bukhara
Khanate and was at the top of state power from 1753 to 1920. The origin of the
term "guvalak" is associated with the common name of a type of mango tree,
which is characterized by a sedentary lifestyle, the construction of houses from
the bark of the guvalak tree, as well as the process of migration. Historian O.
Dzhurakulov writes about this: "The Mangit tribe settled mainly in the
Zeravshan Valley, partly in the Khorezm Khanate, in the Karshi oasis and in the
Chardzhoy region on the left bank of the Amu Darya. The Mangit tribe was
divided into several large clans. The largest of these tribes, including the white
Mangit tribe, are the following: Guvalak, Karamanite, Tukmanite, Ochmanite,
Chalamangit, Boygundi, Temirkhodja, Shobi, Kosa, Toz, Karabair, Bakirchi, Kula
and Tamgali Mangit. [2: 753-754].
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Here we come to another story. According to him, the Guvalak people
moved around and wandered, and those who saw them moving in groups of
"guv" said "guv halak" or "kob halak". This legend also suggests that the Guvalak
were a nomadic people.
So, to sum it up, we can say that the name Guvalak comes from the name of
the tribe, and the Mangit tribe lived there from the 17th-18th centuries.
References:
1.
Jo’raqulov O. Qashqadaryo mang’itlari. - T., 1993.
2.
Ravshanov P. Qashqadaryo tarixi. - T.: «Fan», 1995.
3.
Pirmatova L. Guvalak tarixi: moziy va istiqlol sahifalari. - Qarshi: «Nasaf»,
2016.
4.
Ozbekiston Milliy Ensiklopediyasi. 3 tom. - T.: «O’zbekiston Milliy
Ensiklopediyasi», 2002.
