EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE11
137
THE STUDY OF BORROWED ENGLISH MILITARY TERMS IN RUSSIAN LINGUISTICS
Gadayshayev Bobir
Lecturer, Termez state university, Uzbekistan
AB O U T ART I CL E
Key words:
Borrowed terms, translation,
transcription, transliteration, calquing.
Received:
19.11.2024
Accepted
: 24.11.2024
Published
: 29.11.2024
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the
terms borrowed from foreign languages into
Russian. The reasons for borrowings are
considered. The paper deals with the military-
technical terms. The purpose of the research is to
consider the ways of translation of borrowed
Englishlanguage terms into Russian. To achieve
the determined goal the English dictionaries
specialized in military vocabulary have been
analyzed with the aim to choose borrowed terms
and to determine the ways of their translation.
The attention is paid to such ways as
transcription, transliteration, calquing and
semantic calquing. Also, the mixed type is under
consideration. The examples for each method of
translation are presented. The conclusion about
the frequency of the use and relevance of each way
of translation is made.
INTRODUCTION
The aim of our research is to study the features of military terminology in modern Russian. The research
methods are: the study of scientific literature on the topic, the analysis and the classification. The article
distinguishes between the concepts of “military vocabulary” and “military terminology”, defining
military terminology as a significant part of military vocabulary. The article explores the problem of
studying military terminology in a historical context and analyzes various modern approaches to the
classification of military terms concluding that these classifications have a number of shortcomings. The
development of science and military equipment has lead to such a phenomenon as the borrowing of
words from foreign languages, in particular from English into Russian. While considering the problem
VOLUME04 ISSUE11
https://doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-11-21
Pages: 137-140
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE11
138
of borrowed words, the question arises about the reasons why this happens, why there is no equivalent
in the native language. The answer to this question is quite simple. Due to the high and constantly
increasing rate of development of science, the so-called scientific and technological revolution and the
need for the country to maintain its science and military equipment at the proper level, there is no time
for the necessary terms for new discoveries and inventions to appear in the language. It happens
because of the non-simultaneous development of science in different countries and respectively in
different linguistic environment. It leads to the fact that timely translation of new concepts, terms and
words is necessary. This is where the problem of borrowing English terms arises. The purpose of our
research is to consider the ways of translation of borrowed military-technical terms into Russian.
Considering this issue, let us turn to several ways of translating borrowed English-language terms into
Russian. They are as follows: 1) Transcription 2) Transliteration 3) Calquing 4) Semantic calquing
Transcription (in translation) is a formal phonetic reproduction of the original lexical item using
phonemes of the target language, a phonetic imitation of the original word [1]. The original word in the
translation is presented in a form adapted to the pronunciation of the target language. The examples of
transcription are: accelerometer, clearance, command, complex [2], [3]. Transliteration is a formal
phonetic reproduction of the original lexical item using phonemes of the target language, a phonetic
imitation of the original word [1]. The original word in the translation is presented in a form adapted
to the pronunciation of the target language. The examples of transcription are: accelerometer,
clearance, command, complex [2], [3]. Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter reconstruction of the
initial lexical item using the alphabet of the target language, a literal imitation of the original word form
[1]. The examples of transliteration of military-technical terms are: aerodrome, aerodynamic, autopilot,
balance, centre, component, collapse, compressor, concept, aeroplane, corridor, defect, director,
electrolyte, extract, fact [2], [3]. Calquing is a reproduction of not a phonetic, but of a combinatorial
word or phrase composition, when the constituents of a word (morpheme) or phrase (lexeme) are
translated as the relevant elements of the target language [1]. Calquing has become the basis for a large
number of different borrowings in intercultural communication in cases when transliteration is not
acceptable for some reasons, such as aesthetic, semantic or other considerations. Unlike transcription,
calquing is not always a simple mechanical transferring of the original form into a target language; often
it is necessary to make some transformations. First of all, it refers to the change of case forms, the
number of words in a phrase, affixes, word order, etc. There are also semi-calquings (words which
follow the rules of the target language grammar) and partial calquing (when in translation only a part
of the word is calqued). Calquing is used in cases when it is necessary to create a meaningful item in the
target text and at the same time to preserve the elements of the form or function of the original item. In
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
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ISSN: 2750-8587
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some cases, calquing is used along with transcription and lexicalsemantic modulation. The examples of
calquing are: cold front, abnormal weather conditions, contribution, convection, coordinated flight,
adiabatic compression, aeration, activate, acceleration, accumulate. Semantic calquing is the most
complete communication of contextual meaning of the elements of the original text in the items of the
target language. Semantic calquing includes the initial words, which, besides their inherent meanings,
acquire new meanings under the influence of another language [1]. The examples of semantic calquing
are: Central Standard Time, calibrated airspeed. Along with the above mentioned types of translation,
it is necessary to pay attention to the mixed translation. Often there is a need to use several translation
methods for one term for a more precise and concise communication of the meaning. The examples are:
continental climate (calquing + transliteration), commercial pilo
t’s license (calquing + transliteration).
Foreign borrowed terms are often a necessary tool for conveying concise information in specialized
fields of science. The speed of scientific development creates the need for timely and accurate
translation of new terms and concepts, which leads to many ways of translating them. This fact makes
it possible to classify them and to differentiate these methods according to the frequency of their use
and to determine their relevance. Having analyzed the examples from the dictionaries, we have come
to the following conclusions. In translation of English military-technical terms into Russian,
transliteration is the prevailing method as it is the easiest one to understand, which makes it more
widely used. Another advantage of transliteration is that there are two fixed tables for using it, which
makes it easier to use this translation method. The disadvantage of transliteration is the difficulty of
translating more complex terms and compound words. Calquing is also widely used since it takes much
less time and effort to use this method for translation, which means it reduces the lag in the
development of science. Semantic calquing is more rarely used, as our study of the examples has shown.
Perhaps this is due to the difficulty of understanding, because such translation often requires additional
references, footnotes, and probably more detailed knowledge of the subject. Transcription is used less
frequently than transliteration and calquing, but, nevertheless, this method is quite convenient for
translating some simple, monosyllabic terms and words. There is also a mixed type of translation. Most
often it includes calquing and transcription or transliteration, as the simplest and most frequently used
types. In our opinion, mixed translation is relevant for more complex terms.
REFERENCES
1.
Crocker D. Dictionary of Aviation.
–
London, 2007.
–
284p.
2.
Bowyer R. Dictionary of Military Terms.
–
London. 2007.
–
288p.
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
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3.
BORROWED ENGLISH MILITARY-TECHNICAL TERMS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, A.N. Lygalov,
E.A. Shirshikova Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A.
Gagarin Air Force Academy» Voronezh, Russia
