EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
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CURRENT ISSUES OF ENSURING EQUAL RIGHTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN AND
MEN IN UZBEKISTAN
Tuganova Luiza Dzhuraevna
Senior Lecturer of the Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Uzbekistan
AB O U T ART I CL E
Key words:
New Uzbekistan, gender equality,
science, scientific research, employment,
feminization, young women, women's
organizations, societies, law, legal culture,
national legislation.
Received:
11.11.2024
Accepted
: 16.11.2024
Published
: 21.11.2024
Abstract:
In our opinion, this article highlights
some interesting aspects of the idea of gender
equality. Naturally, the article is largely of an
introductory nature and does not claim to fully
cover and solve all the problems in this area. One
of our main goals is to draw attention to the need
for further theoretical research and practical
solutions in this area. The article also covers
current issues of ensuring equal rights and
opportunities for women and men in New
Uzbekistan, a theoretical and empirical analysis of
the problem of ensuring equality of women and
men in law, ethics and social practice, analytical
documents and studies of international
organizations, as well as the works of domestic
and foreign scientists, identified using a
combination of historical, comparative and other
methods.
INTRODUCTION
At the current stage of development of the new Uzbekistan, in order to strengthen the priority position
and sacred place of the family institution in the acceleration of modern trends and globalization
processes, the importance of systematically eliminating the problems related to the family institution
and improving the national legislation in this regard is increasing more and more. A happy and
prosperous family is one of the main ideas of our society today. Peace in the family, mutual kindness
and tolerance of family members to each other, maintaining respect and attention, and creating a
healthy environment in the family when raising the next generation are the primary needs.
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Reforms in the modernized socio-economic and political systems of Uzbekistan led to structural
changes in all aspects of life, which on the one hand opened up further development prospects for the
country, but on the other hand created a number of new problems, including gender inequality, gender
asymmetry in society. growth is of urgent importance.
The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Guarantees
of Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men", the New Uzbek Development Plan in 2022-
2026 It was developed in accordance with the priority tasks of the country's development defined in
the development strategy of Uzbekistan, national goals in the field of sustainable development in the
period until 2030, and other legal documents.
As part of the comprehensive reforms carried out in recent years, the Republic of Uzbekistan has
established a strong legal framework for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men
in all spheres of public life and activities, and protecting women from oppression and violence. the
foundations have been laid. At the same time, there are a number of issues that are waiting for their
solution today, and finding solutions based on their study, analysis, and discussions is of urgent
importance today.
METHODS
Today, there is a tendency to use a gender approach in the study of political history: the history of
women's marginalization, their struggle for political and civil rights and freedoms, forms of "hidden
influence on politics and clearly defined political behavior", about women" in politics. the practice of
determining the gender position (even before the relevance of the "women's question" and the
suffragette movement) and others [1,2,3].
Today, gender studies in the field of history of mentality and social consciousness are very promising
in the field of cultural studies[4]. Gender issues are also reflected in jurisprudence. In particular,
women's rights are studied in the context of human rights, the analysis of gender-neutral and gender-
expressed legal norms in various fields of law was carried out in the studies of Polenina S., Lushnikov
A.M., Lushnikova M.V., Tarusina N.N and others[5,6]. The following researchers, who are the object of
many scientific and practical researches, the problem of women's rights and gender equality, E.G.
Azarova, O.A. Voronina, N.K. Zakharova, V.E. Ignatovich, S.N. Kaidash, E. Levina, N. Lebina, E.O.
Likhacheva, N.S. Nizhnik, A.I. Posadskaya, V.V. Serkova, G.A. Tishkina, V.N. Tolkunova, N.A. It was studied
in the works of the Swedes. Legal scholars H.Rakhmonkulov, H.B.Boboev, A.Kh.Saidov, SH.Z.Orazaev,
A.Tursunov, A.Qasimov, G.Neklessa, A.Rakhmonov also discussed the changes taking place in the legal
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system in Uzbekistan, the social impact of international law - those who have researched important
issues related to implementation in the national space, legal mechanisms of compliance with
international agreements.
The methodological basis of the research, along with general scientific methods: general scientific and
special scientific research methods, principles of historicity, formal legal, comparative legal, structural
functional, systematic analysis method, formal logical methods, hypothetical-deductive, dialectic,
analysis and synthesis, induction and research methods such as deduction, historical-legal, logical,
institutional, systematic-structural analysis were used. Specific methods such as aggregative, random,
and descriptive were also used.
DISCUSSION
“Gender equality”, which is often mentioned in recent times, is considered by ord
inary people as a
concept that came from Western countries. It is said that this phrase is foreign to our people and
mentality, characteristic of Westerners. When the topic of gender equality is raised, the concept of
“feminism” (women's rights) is often m
entioned and discussed. Is it really so? We will try to give
popular understanding and interpretation to these questions with a scientific approach.
We all know that gender equality is one of the most basic human rights. If we pay attention to the legal
development of gender equality, the equality of men and women was specifically recognized in the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. and are born free
and equal in rights. They have been given reason and conscience, so they should treat each other in the
spirit of brotherhood”[8].
The concept of gender equality means equal rights and opportunities of women and men in all spheres
of society's life and activities, including politics, economy, law, ideology and culture, education and
science.
About 20 regulatory legal documents, including 2 laws, 4 Presidential Decrees, 1 Presidential Decree,
13 Cabinet of Ministers decisions, were adopted to strengthen the legislative and institutional basis of
ensuring gender equality. "Strategy for achieving gender equality in the Republic of Uzbekistan until
2030" The decision of the Senate of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan was developed in
accordance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals until 2030 and adapted to the national gender
legislation.
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A number of legal bases for ensuring gender equality have been adopted in the world. Our independent
country, which has ratified these international documents, attaches great importance to the issue of
equality of women and men in its national legislation based on the generally recognized requirements
of international law. Article 58 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan states that "Women
and men have equal rights"[9]. Therefore, both international legal and constitutional legal basis of
gender equality is guaranteed. If the equal rights of women and men were strengthened in the
constitution, was there a need to adopt a separate law? Of course there was.
First, the Constitution mentions a lot of rights, but almost all of them have laws.
Second, the Constitution, as a general dictionary, summarizes and guarantees rights. But the system of
their implementation and protection mechanisms are detailed in the current laws. In this sense, the Law
on Gender Equality was developed in order to ensure equal rights and opportunities between the sexes,
and to regulate social relations in this regard.
Significant progress has been made in ensuring human rights in new Uzbekistan. The policy of ensuring
human rights is first of all expressed in articles 19 and 58 of our constitution, in all codes and laws
special emphasis was placed on gender equality and its maintenance.
Current issues of gender policy include: supporting women's equal participation with men in all spheres
of society's life and activities, including politics, economy, law, ideology and culture, education and
science, decision creating equal opportunities for them to take the lead in admissions; ensuring equal
rights and opportunities for women and men in the exercise of electoral rights; to encourage the
activities of political parties regarding the involvement of women and men in the electoral process on
an equal basis and the recommendation of women for leadership positions; forming a system of training
women political leaders; ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the field of
public service; to gradually increase the share of women in leadership positions by introducing the
mechanisms of appointment to leadership positions of state bodies, increasing the current 27% to 50%;
to strengthen the participation of women in solving social and political issues in the life of society and
in making decisions of urgent importance and in their implementation; development of continuous
education system to ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the field of education,
science and health, to encourage women and men opportunities for lifelong learning encourage, expand
coverage of women in need of social protection with higher education; ensuring equal rights and
opportunities for women and men in socio-economic spheres; support the development of network
gender strategies and action programs aimed at expanding the economic and financial opportunities of
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women in state bodies and organizations; development of women's entrepreneurship in the country,
expansion of women's opportunities to obtain loans; in preventing harassment and violence; ensuring
equal rights and opportunities for women and men; ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women
and men in family relations and child rearing; strengthening the family, increasing the responsibility of
all family members in family relations, improving the current mechanisms to prevent arbitrarily
interference of a person in family matters; analysis of the causes and conditions of early marriage,
marriage between close relatives, early childbirth, family divorces, support of scientific, practical and
fundamental research in this regard; gender-sensitive planning and budgeting; to reduce the inequality
between women and men by implementing an open and transparent budget policy, to provide targeted
public services to women and men, and to increase their quality and efficiency; encourage more
effective use of public funds according to pre-defined goals for the distribution of resources and services
for women and men[10].
Our country has been paying great attention to the issue of gender equality for the last ten years. In the
speech of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoev at the 46th session of the
United Nations Human Rights Council on February 22, 2021, the work aimed at radically increasing the
role of women in the socio-political life of our country and in the field of business will continue with
regard to gender policy issues. emphasized that it will be delivered[11]. For this purpose, he drew
attention to the fact that a dialogue of leading women of Central Asian countries and a regional women's
business forum are planned to be held in Uzbekistan this year. As can be seen from the above, gender
equality is one of the important issues that the United Nations pays special attention to and recognizes
the need for support.
RESULTS
The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has been focusing on women and
family issues since the first days of his work as the head of state. As a result, in the past period, a number
of regulatory legal documents were adopted to ensure gender equality and improve the social living
conditions of women. The Cabinet of Ministers adopted on April 12, 2018 "Procedure for providing
affordable housing to women in difficult social situations, women with disabilities, low-income
mothers, raising their children in single-parent families and in need of improving housing conditions
"On approval of the statute" is one of them. It is no exaggeration to say that this decision is aimed at
protecting human rights, socio-economic support of women, and ensuring gender equality in our
society in general.
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The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and
men" adopted on September 2, 2019 is a comprehensive and basic legal document aimed at ensuring
gender equality in our country. In a time when life is rapidly changing, society is also developing, and
people are trying to keep up with the times. This also applies to women. Now women are only engaged
in housework and raising children, and the idea of "either family or work" hinders gender equality. We
see that one of the most acute problems of development is achieving equality, especially gender equality
of men and women both in society and in the family is one of the most difficult issues. Unfortunately,
women are often excluded from the development process, and even if they participate in it, they achieve
it at the expense of great difficulties and even losses (family conflicts, divorces). In turn, this law is a
legal guarantee of women's place in society. This Law was developed in accordance with the decision
of the head of our state on March 7, 2019 "On measures to further strengthen guarantees of women's
labor rights and support entrepreneurship".
As stated in Article 1 of the Law "On Guarantees of Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and
Men"[12], the purpose of this Law is to regulate relations in the field of ensuring equal rights and
opportunities for women and men. The law also defines the concept of gender. Gender is a social aspect
of the relationship between women and men that is manifested in all spheres of society's life and
activity, including politics, economy, law, ideology and culture, education and science.
Gender is a social aspect of relations between men and women that manifests itself in all spheres of
social life and activities, including politics, economy, law, ideology and culture, education, and science.
Therefore, the concept of gender does not represent only the interests of women. Perhaps the bold steps
of both sexes towards their dreams and goals provide a legal guarantee to give them the same
opportunity to improve their quality of life. Therefore, one of the important requirements of any
developed democratic society is the provision of equal rights of women and men.
Gender is derived from the English word "gender" and means "breed" in Uzbek. However, the concept
of "gender equality" cannot be explained through its dictionary meaning. It is logical to understand
gender equality not in the sense of gender equality, but in the sense of equal rights. It can be said that
gender equality occurs when individuals can enjoy human rights equally regardless of their social
status, gender, and other social indicators. According to the general rule, men are entitled to political,
social, personal, and other rights granted to citizens by law. a woman should use it in the same way. But
if a woman cannot enjoy these rights "just because she is a woman", this is where the gender balance is
broken. The existence of such violations can create the concept that men are superior and women are
inferior in society. In fact, the rights are equal, but the possibility of using this right is reduced by various
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obstacles. Here, as the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev
rightly stated, “I am
very concerned about the stereotype that has appeared in the minds of our people. Usually, we respect
a woman first of all as a mother, a guardian of the family fortress. This is certainly true. But today, every
woman should be not just an observer, but also an active and proactive participant in the democratic
changes taking place in the country”[13].
In the Law "On guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men", the main principles
of guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities for women and men include legality, democracy,
discrimination based on gender. Inaccessibility, openness, and transparency are defined. Now it is
important to form, improve and develop the regulatory legal framework in this direction, and the most
important tasks are the development and implementation of state programs, national action plans and
strategies in this area. Because the creation of these documents, the development of specific
enforcement mechanisms, the formation of a legal culture on equal rights and opportunities for women
and men, ensuring their equal participation in the management of society and state affairs, and the
formation of responsible motherhood and fatherhood activities are organized in the directions.
Concepts such as
“gender equality”, “domestic violence”, "protection order" have been frequently used
in Uzbekistan recently. Their similarity is that these concepts are mainly applied to women who are in
a difficult life situation and are subjected to domestic violence. According to statistics, Uzbekistan ranks
57th in the "Gender Inequality Index Ranking". In fact, today in our country, provision of all conditions
for women to fully realize their potential has risen to the level of state policy. In Uzbekistan, a number
of laws, decrees and decisions of the President on ensuring women's rights, in particular, on gender
equality and protecting women from violence and oppression, strengthening the status of women's
entrepreneurship development, have been adopted. In recent years, efforts to ensure gender equality
and increase the role of women in social and political life have been carried out in several directions:
improvement of legislation on women's rights; improvement of the institutional framework for the
protection of women; raising awareness of the population about gender equality and women's rights;
to train the responsible officials on the basis of relevant legal norms to ensure their compliance in the
practice of law enforcement. Uzbekistan has adopted a number of legal documents, including
presidential decrees and decisions on ensuring women's rights, in particular, on gender equality and
protecting women from violence and oppression, and strengthening the status of women's
entrepreneurship development. In this sense, both international legal and constitutional legal
foundations of gender equality are guaranteed in Uzbekistan. Gender equality also means social
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equality. In order to ensure such equality, it is not enough to include the necessary provisions in the
Constitution and laws. For this reason, special attention is paid to raising the legal culture in the society.
CONCLUSION
To sum up, today a number of things are being done in our republic to ensure gender equality. In order
to further improve these works, in our opinion, the following should be done:
First, to assess the legal documents of the Republic of Uzbekistan on gender equality and to determine
the prospects for their further improvement;
Secondly, comparison of models of legal support for gender equality, their implementation in modern
conditions;
Thirdly, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the causes of existing problems in ensuring real gender
equality in practice.
Thus, the issue of strengthening the position of women in society in order to achieve gender equality in
modernizing Uzbekistan is in the constant focus of the state and society. After all, this important factor
is the main foundation for strengthening the family, raising the young generation with a high intellectual
level, and ensuring the stability of the society. As society progresses, people try to keep up with the
times. This also applies to us women. Now, women are not only busy with housework and raising
children, but also in managing family and community affairs, calling on them to contribute to the
development of society, abandoning the dogmatic concepts and stereotypes that “it is a man's work or
a woman's work”.
In today's modern globalization process, family, society, renewal, new modern outlook and spirituality,
increasing the activity of women in the economic, social and international process, in the
implementation of major progressive changes in all spheres of society.
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