Construction and Building Technology

This article describes the developments and innovations in the field of construction, in particular, issues of national construction standards, modernization of production, production of new types of high-quality construction materials, work based on new technologies, and expansion of export volume.

The article deals with the prospects and efficiency of using industrial waste in the production of building materials. And also about the prospects for the development and application of waste-free technology in the industrial and construction industries.

This scientific article provides brief information about asphaltconcrete, which currently occupies a high position in the construction materials industry, and its role and application in the field of road construction.

This article analyzes the assessment of the quality and safety of building materials, as well as the production technology of foam concrete and its structure.

There are also rhythms of a vertical (steep) direction, which are formed over time either by growing branches of Spruce, pixtas, listvenises and other Hawaiian-type trees in the form of buds in the form of buds, or by pruning trees, giving them The Shape of chandeliers, large candlesticks, freckles

In this article, the construction of tall, multi-story, complex buildings and structures based on ordinary heavy concrete, the construction use of lightweight concrete, as well as the efficiency of light and strong concrete in the field of construction. Detailed information is provide on structural solutions to reduce the labor force as much as possible in the preparation of structures, and at the same time to use lightweight strong concrete instead of heavy concrete.

The object of study: Theoretical bases thermo technical of methods and means directed on development of outside protections energy effective of inhabited buildings.
The purpose of operation: Scientific substantiation improving of term updating of panel walls of maintained inhabited buildings for climatic conditions of Republic of Uzbekistan taking into consideration of their deterioration.
Methods of studies: mathematical modeling, numerical variation methods, the theory of differential partial equations, theory of hydro thermodynamics and thermomassa exchange, methods of mathematical statistics, tools methods.
The results and their novelty: where showed the methods of mathematical modeling of interacting exterior walls with filtering cracks and outside climatic conditions; was worked out automatical method of calculation of air penetration and term areas on internal surface of the wall with the filtering cracks; was introduced the method of estimation of deterioration by means of air flow through the wall with the filtering cracks and features of term areas on the internal surface of the wall.
Scientific and practical significance: The results of researches expand and deepen the theory of thermal protection of civil buildings in the field of designing term updating of outside panel walls.
Extent of implementation: The results of the executed researches were used for estimation of residual heat-shielding properties outside wall's panels of reconstructing objects of Tashkent; the manuals "Inspection and reconstruction of structures " for the students magistrature, training on a speciality 5A580204, and " Technical operation of buildings " for the students of the bachelor, trainees on a direction 5580200 are issued.
Range of application: engineering and building.

This article discusses the main aspects of organization, planning and management in construction. History, founders of the development of science and practice of construction organization.

The article takes into account the role of roads and bridges in the national economy, their natural conditions, productivity, efficiency and safety of road and rail transport, the principles of feasibility study of the parameters of all road elements, their durability after construction.

This article provides information about the basics of developing design estimates for the construction of buildings and structures in our Republic, about some problems in this area and their solutions.

The content of this scientific research is related to the study of the positive and negative effects of water added to the composition of a concrete structure, ensuring complete hydration of cement by reducing the amount of water to a minimum and creating a new structure of high-strength concrete.

Промышленное и гражданское строительство входят в группу ключевых направлений развития государства. Данной утверждение основывается, во-первых, на значительных темпах обновления жилищного фонда (введение в действие новых жилых домов). Во вторых, на необходимости активизации промышленности, которой требуются новые высокотехнологичные здания и сооружения, отвечающие современным стандартам безопасности и требованиям заказчиков подобных строек. Такие приоритеты для государства весьма очевидны. Дело в том, что решая проблемы жилья, хотя бы в той мере, что его предложение на рынке неизменно растет, с соответствующими изменениями цен и изменением конкуренции, государство создает условия для решения и социальных проблем. В частности, новые микрорайоны в обязательном порядке должны быть снабжены детскими садами и школами, а о появлении новых магазинов общественного питания и сферы услуг вообще не вызывают сомнений. Выполняются социальные обязательства, формируются условия для развития  малого предпринимательства, происходит стимулирование процессов обмена и распределения накоплений населения, т.е. стимулирование экономики и экономического роста. Темпы строительства новых жилых многоквартирных домов на сегодняшний день одни из самых высоких за новейшую историю государства, а качество строений напрямую зависит от эффективности и соблюдения технологий строительства, а также качества и состава материала, из которого оно ведется. 

Natural light shapes spatial perception and emotional response in architecture. Light and shadow enhance both form and atmosphere of architectural space. Case studies reveal light as a compositional and symbolic design tool. Regional analysis shows the underutilization of sunlight in Uzbek architecture. Daylight can improve design quality and reduce energy dependence.

In this article, classification of composite materials, current methods of production of composite materials, their advantages, materials for them, and development of production of composite materials in our country.

The scientific state of the art provides for optimal use in research to reduce  the energy consumption of industrial buildings. A method of reducing energy costs for lighting buildings by providing natural lighting to industrial buildings through the use of a natural lighting system on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis of the building's natural lighting indicators was carried out on the basis of the regulatory document ҚМҚ 2.01.05-19 “Табиий ва сунъий ёритилиш” .

Minora tipidagi binolarning konstruksiyalarini muhandislik tekshiruvi amalga oshirsh nazariy va amaliy masalalarini, arxitektura yodgorliklarida qo 'llaniladigan antiseysmik tadbirlarni, yangi innovatsion texnologiyalarni, ularni kelajakda yanada takomillashtirish va rivojlantirish hamda amalda qo ‘llaniladi.
Yurtimiz seysmik xududlarini hisobga olib, yodgorliklarni seysmik kuchlarga hisoblashlarni taxli! qilishdan iboratdir.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Design engineering of high quality structures and reliability while saving materials and other financial and human resources, as well as shortening the design terms are impossible without the use of modem methods of optimization and design automation based on the use of modem computer technology. Development of new mathematical models of efficient algorithms, software packages and systems for solving various classes of problems, is one of the central areas in modem science.
The market strategy of social development in a competitive environment imposes severe restrictions demanded of the design period. In such circumstances, the use of CAD is becoming a necessity.Dcvelopmcnt of the national economy and the increasing role of science in this sector more acutely pose scientific and technical personnel problems to improve production efficiency, saving materials, improve the quality of the final product, reducing design time and putting it into operation. The task of providing theoretical, methodological and applied bases efforts to the successful solution of these problems by experts faces in front of the Science. The complexity of the problem requires the use of sound and practically proven mathematical models and methods to provide a solution to control applications process of building design in market conditions, including through the use of CAD technology and automated control systems (ACS). The practical significance of the problem lies in the use of guidelines and recommendations of the study in practice in the production of design and technological documentation for tasks aimed at the efficiency of the design process, including the use of CAD and ACS for different purposes.
Comprehensive measures taken by the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the development of CAD, on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PP-1730 "On measures to further the implementation and development of modem information and communication technologies" on 21 March 2012, aimed at wide dissemination and implementation of software products developed based on modem information technology. In this regard, the creation of complex software tools for analysis and optimization of engineering structures is of particular relevance and, at the same time is a topical theoretical and applied problem of great national economic significance.
CAD arc now one of the most effective means of improving the performance of engineering work and scientific activity, reduce the time and improve the quality of technical developments. The modem approach to design automation is not limited to the use of the computer during the time-consuming calculations, information retrieval and production of technical documentation. Today we arc talking about the creation of so-called intelligent human-machine systems, in which is possible to perform the entire cycle of design work, ranging from scientific research to manufacturing design and technological documentation, and in some cases - models or prototypes.
Demand is characterized by the thesis that the entire cycle of design work, ranging from scientific research to manufacturing design and technological documentation, and the need for the widespread introduction of methods and algorithms for computer-aided design into production, determine necessary and appropriate for automation of process of designing the optimum engineering designs.
The purpose of the study is to develop a scientific and methodological foundations, mathematical models, algorithms, methods and practices for the implementation of computer-aided design engineering structures, integrating the stages of design and technological design based on unified principles of information exchange.
In order to achieve the intended objectives formulated the following research objectives:
development of the concepts and principles of CAD optimum engineering designs;
analysis of scientific and applied research in the field of the variant and optimal design of engineering structures;
development of the mathematical models, the creation of efficient algorithms and a set of software tools for solving optimization problems of thin-walled structures;
research of convergence algorithms design of engineering structures and their parametric optimization;
development of algorithmic optimization system simulation analysis, synthesis and optimization of design and technological solutions in the CAD engineering designs;
carrying out of computational experiments to study the models and algorithms for optimization of engineering structures;
realization of a neural network approach to solve the problems of the dynamics of plates;
application of the development specific recommendations of the thesis to the practice aided variant design of engineering structures.
Conclusion
For the further improving the efficiency of production, material savings, improving the quality of designed objects, shortening design of engineering structures it is necessary to improve the existing computer-aided design and creation of complex algorithms, the operation of which is mainly based on the use of optimization techniques, systems analysis and mathematical modeling.
The object structure-attribute models arc developed which at the level of information thumbnail representations include design and technological aspects of engineering design that allows formalizing the description of the tasks at the level of technological design sketch coordinates, and provides a high degree of automation of operations during the transition to executive coordinates. Conception of concomitance has been substantiated modeling of interconnected set of heterogeneous design information that allows for the integration of computer-aided design and control systems design work.
The main results of the thesis dedicated to solving one of the most important and urgent problems of optimal design of engineering structures are as follows:
1. On the basis of a systematic approach, taking into account the specificity of the optimal design of engineering structures has been formulated the basic conceptual approaches and positions to address scientific problems implementing methods and algorithms for analysis and synthesis of design and technological solutions in the CAD engineering structures based on common principles of unified information exchange.
2. It is proved that for effective solution of a broad class of optimization problems it is advisable to use optimizing systems, including a set of search algorithms.
3. Theoretical bases of optimization of engineering structures based on mathematical models for optimization in terms of the efficiency criterion as the weight of the object of the study. The construction of such models required of both theoretical and computational experiments. Great amount of material on models and algorithms widely used in the project business, allowed for the first time in the design practice to develop the most reliable (adequate) systems of optimization algorithms engineering designs.
4. The algorithms of local and global search (GP-3) arc proposed, which allow solving multiextrcmal problems, and providing time reduction of the computational process. On the basis of the algorithm GP-3 there is created its modification, problem-solving abilities in the presence of integer variables.
5. The method of determining the optimal sequence of application of optimization algorithms, that have a top speed of convergence arc offered. A method for parametric identification of models and the actual identification problem is reduced to an extreme and then applying the algorithm GP-3.
6. A system for solving algorithmic classes of optimization problems, based on the work of algorithmic banks (B), is proposed and each of which has a well-defined function. Algorithmic system works automatically and statements of: unification productions optimization problems; control of the correct formulation of a specific task; research and identification of models; selection algorithms of the conditions of admissibility to solve this problem and optimality; conduct parametric identification in order to achieve the desired convergence rate for the class of problems in this subject area: A method of optimal sequence of application of the developed algorithms is offered.
7. The results of the calculation to optimize the type of underground facilities. Existing design vaults vault stations arc not rational in the sense of the materials flow. The possibility of designing sets of constant curvature with a more rational use of material than existing plants arc also shown. The feasibility of the design of arch design methods of mathematical programming and computer capable to find the optimal, the chosen criterion, arch design has been proved.
8. On the proposal of recommendations for the design of optimal engineering designs for weight optimization and algorithmic algorithmization there is created a system protected by the copyright certificate and implemented in the design practice.
9. The method of approximation and the simulation algorithm for neural networks systems of equations of the dynamics of a plate freely supported or rigidly fixed on the edges is developed, and the results of numerical computational experiments confirmed a better convergence of the iterative process for solving systems of equations of biharmonic vibrations homogeneous plates of constant thickness with an indefinite matrix using the principle polutransformatsii Gaussian transformation compared with the original system of equations actual vibration structures.
10. The results of the research can be successfully applied by research institutes, research and design centers and institutions associated with the solution of various optimization problems in the design and construction of engineering structures.
The economic effect from the implementation of the results of research consists of the following components:
computing from the results of the experiment arc defined structure, having a similar safety margin differ in weight by almost 20 times, structures of membranes of varying thickness can, in some cases, reduce the weight by 14% (for cylindrical shells) and 27% (for the conical shells) compared with the structures of the shells of constant thickness.
as a result of structural optimization by weight considered identical design margin of safety, the values were significantly different weights blocked almost 20 times, to realize structures of variable thickness shells reduce weight by 14% (for cylindrical shells) and 27% (for the conical shells) in comparison with the structures of the shells of constant thickness, made in such a way to save material and labor resources.
Thus, on the basis of theoretical generalization and implementation set out in the provisions of the new scientific resolved a major problem of development of methods and algorithms for analysis and synthesis of design and technological solutions in CAD engineering structures and facilities, as well as a result of optimization of engineering structures and constructions by weight , saving materials, improve the quality of the final product, shortening the design and putting into operation has an important national economic significance.

The aim of the research is to create a light-optical methodology and the introduction of a multi-segmented light-optical sensor for diagnostics of monitoring the properties of building materials.
Scientific novelty of the research:
a new method was developed of diagnostics for the study of structures and the distribution of the pore radius of the building material, the measurement of which lies on the basis of the light transmission through the pores of the material;
a new light-optical method for determining the optical-optical characteristics of the building material was developed and new light-optical parameters such as the light absorption coefficient, specific light-optical volume, specific light-optical length, frontal and saturated water velocity in the capillaries were determined;
a light-optical method was created for the selection of the types of water binding in building materials such as gypsum-estrich and cement mortar. The method is based on the basis of a second transmission through the pores of the material, which allows for the first time to select the types of water binding;
the time of transition of mobile capillary water to chemically bound water in building materials such as gypsum-estrich and cement slurry is determined. As a result, with the help of a light-optical sensor, the course of the chemical process was determined with high accuracy, up to a minute, during hydration;
a multi-segment light-optical sensor for moisture measurement in building materials was invented and created. On the basis of the light-optical principle of operation, the moisture test is measured regardless of the temperature and salt water in the pores and correlates with the gravimetric method of measuring moisture.

Maqolada kimyo sanoatini iqtisodiyotga tasiri va ishlab chiqarish bilan iqtisodiy samaradorlikga erishishda laboratoriya qurilmasini o’rni haqida yozilgan

В данной статье рассказывается о мероприятиях, в жилищно-строительном секторе Республики Узбекистан вопросы адаптации к изменению климата и смягчения его последствий, а также вопросы охраны окружающей среды и энергоэффективности.

Maqolada sement xamirining va issiqlik elektr stansiyasi kullari asosida tayyorlanadigan gazkulbeton qorishmasining reologik xossalariga va qotish muddatiga “SDj-1 ” superplastifikator kimyoviy qo ‘shimchasining ta 'sirqilish mexanizmi haqida bayon etilgan.

The article presents data on the synthesis of a new super plasticizer based on recycled materials. Data on the effect of superplasticizer on the properties of cement compositions (concrete compositions) are given. Revealed of optimal amounts of superplasticizer in mortars sharply increases the mobility of the solution. Reduces the water consumption of mortar and increases the strength of the composition by 15-20%. The paper also presents data on the cost effectiveness of superplasticizer application.

The article provides information on the use of lightweight structural and heat-insulating building materials and products based on them for the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Data on physical and technical characteristics and comparative characteristics of wall building materials are presented. The article also discusses research by a number of authors on the need to use existing highly efficient thermal insulation materials to meet the requirements for energy saving buildings used in new and reconstructed residential and public buildings.

В данной статье рассматриваются способы повышения энергоэффективности на крупнопанельных жилых зданиях, сосредоточиваясь на вопросах, таких как оболочка здания, системы отопления, вентиляция и естественное освещение. Рекомендации включают установку высокоэффективного остекления, модернизацию систем отопления, реализацию естественных решений вентиляции и использование отражающих покрытий на поверхностях зданий. Результаты показывают, что повышение энергоэффективности может значительно улучшить экологическую производительность крупнопанельных жилых зданий.

This article presents the results of research on increasing the strength of asphalt concrete pavements used on highways. In order to increase the strength of the asphalt concrete coating, the results of tests conducted in laboratory conditions with the addition of various surface-active additives are presented.