Engineering

Researching objects: technological forming process, forming and wet-warm treatment of whole-cut clothes parts.
Aim of the work: working out highly effective resources saving technology for making clothing goods by directed influence on technological forming process.
Researching method: expert valuing methods, main points of materials resistance theory, designing lay out of clothes part and Chebyshev nets were bazed on machines mechanic methods, vibration theory, higher mathematics, etc.
Experimental researches were made in industrial conditions using modern equipment and certificate laboratory in TITLI, OryolNIILegmash.
Results and their novelty: new schemes of forming 2-layers whole-cut (envelope, cover), for complex flat-volume forms with curvilinear line of bend were worked, out and the conditions of their forming were defined; mechanisms of forming complex flat-volume forms of whole-cut clothes parts in technological process were offered; new methods in making whole-cut parts, providing increasing in stability of certain parts form due to improving forming quality were worked out; methodic of determining density of net fabric structure deformation in forming and molding was offered; for the first time calculation and graphic methods for formative element for pressing equipment taking into account the way of forming covers in Chebyshev nets were worked out; the method of increasing form stability of whole-cut clothes parts and analytical method in valuing form stability of whole-cut clothes parts were worked out; complex of principally new pressing equipment for realization of highly effective resources saving technology in making clothes was worked out and cinematic scheme for a driving mechanism of forming set was founded.
Practical importance: new methodic for defining form stability of whole-cut parts was worked out; taking part of physical and mechanical properties in determining tension deformation conditions and technological process of forming was determined; analytical method for defining fabric quality index characterizing their stiffness was offered; the methodic for defining tension-deformation state often fabric structure in forming were received; tenders and necessary demands for designing and industrial equipment producing using highly effective resources saving technology recommendations for industrial realization of resources saving technology in making clothing goods from whole-cut parts were worked out.
Inculcating mentioned above developments will enrich the theory of designing goods using forming and wet-wart treatment due to highly effective properties in form stability.
Inculcation degree and economical effectiveness: The results of the dissertation factories OryolNIILegmash, “Raduga”, “Tong” and “March 8”, “Uzbekengil-sanoat”, “Zobif“Afron”, ’TJmid”. Economical effectiveness due to the results of the dissertation in industrial conditions is supposed to be due to caving labor and material resources, limiting employees and make 20 million sums.
Sphere of using: light industry.

The aim of research is the development and substantiation of the method of calculating the strength (earthquake resistance) of underground utilities under dynamic (seismic) loadings using the wave theory of seismic stability of underground structures.
Scientific novelty of research consists in the following:
Experimental and theoretical method of definition of elastic viscous-plastic characteristics of soil under dynamic loading is developed;
Connection between the laws of interaction and the laws of shear deformation of soils is established on the basis of solution of nonlinear wave problem for soil half-space;
Presence of contact layer of soil is theoretically defined based on numerical solution of wave problem of shear interaction of a rigid band with nonlinear deformed soil medium;
Thickness of contact layer of soil is defined based on analysis of numerical solutions of wave problem of band-soil interaction;
Methods of calculation of strength and seismic stability of underground pipelines are developed based on wave theory of seismic stability of underground structures.

The article recommends the methods of using pedagogical technologies to improve the quality of education in the teaching of technical sciences. It is shown that these methods are implemented through the joint activity of pedagogues and students.

The introduction of a single tax account is a qualitatively new stage in tax administration, which was introduced in order to simplify and automate the fulfillment of tax obligations by individual entrepreneurs and organizations. As a result of the study, a conclusion is drawn about the underdevelopment of the single tax account, both from the point of view of the technical component and from the position of the regulatory function of taxes. It is proposed to make changes to the procedure for writing off arrears, since at the moment the write-off of funds is in fact indisputable.

Ushbu maqolada uchuvchisiz qurilmalar turlari va ular keng ishlatilayotgan soxalar bayon etilgan. Uchuvchisiz qurilmalar turli xil jixatlariga qarab taxlil qilingan.

Aloqa vositalaridan foydalanishga asoslangan zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish tufayli "axborot tizimi" atamasi keng qo'llaniladi. Ushbu tezisda transport tizimlari uchun axborot texnologiyalarining xususiyatlari ko’rib chiqilgan va tavsiyalar berib o’tilgan.

Ushbu maqolada samaradorlik tushunchasining mohiyati, xizmat ko'rsatish sohasida samaradorlikni aniqlash muammosiga turli xil uslubiy yondashuvlar, korxona faoliyati samaradorligi ko‘rsatkichlari tavsifi, axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalariga asoslangan zamonaviy xizmatlaming rivojlanib borishi, xizmat ko'rsatish sohasida ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy samaradorlikni aniqlashning asosiy mezonlari va ko‘rsatkichlari tavsifi tadqiq qilingan.

Su’niy Intellekt bemorga tashxis qo'yish, davolashdan tortib bemorni boshqarish va ma'muriy vazifalargacha bo'lgan sog'liqni saqlashning barcha jabhalarini o'zgartirish imkoniyatiga ega. Suniy Intellekt kuchidan tog’ri foydalangan holda, tibbiyot xodimlari bemorlarning natijalarini yaxshilashlari, samaradorlikni oshirishlari va oxir-oqibat hayotni saqlab qolishlari mumkin. Bunda tibbiy tasvirlar bilan ishlashning ahamiyati yuqori va ushbu tasvir sifatini oshirish, ularga ishlov berish orqali biz diagnostika jarayonini yengillashtirishimiz va samaradorlikni oshirishimiz mumkin.

The article highlights the issues of digitalization of production at industrial enterprises, analyzes existing problems in this area, describes the directions of digitalization of production. The features of modern digital production systems are revealed.

Shell and tube heat exchangers are fundamental components in the chemical industry, responsible for efficient heat transfer processes critical for various manufacturing operations. As the chemical industry continues to evolve and strive for increased efficiency and sustainability, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has emerged as a promising avenue to optimize the operation and performance of these heat exchangers. This paper explores the current state of shell and tube heat exchangers in the chemical industry and investigates the pivotal role that AI plays in improving their efficiency, reliability, and overall effectiveness. We delve into the applications of AI in the design, monitoring, and control of heat exchangers, highlighting key benefits and challenges associated with its implementation.

The article is devoted history of land reclamation and irrigation in Ferghana valley in 1950-1970 by the helping archive sources
and historical literatures as well

Subject of the inquiry: Steering system of the front wheel drive passenger car.
Aim of the inquiry: The research of the load formation process in the steering system of the front wheel drive passenger car during the different exploitation rates and the issue of the recommendations for the problem solving of the steering system’s strength and durability forecasting on the stage of its designing.
Methods of inquiry: The methods of mathematic modelling, static dynamic, programming and experiment methods were used.
The results achieved and their novelty: The mathematic model was elaborated for vehicle exploitation, including such motion regimes as entrance into the turn, overtaking, braking while one of the brake system contours is failure, motion on the road with given spectral density of the micro profile;
- the coefficient of the dynamics for the steering system computation for durability is proved;
- the load formation processes in the steering system, which occasioned (caused) by the tolerances for making and assembling of the wheel unit (assemble) and front wheel suspension are researched;
- the formulas for the definition of the resistant moment to wheel turning on its place in combined tilt of pivot shaft (suspension strut) are precised.
Practical value: the elaborated mathematic model of the vehicle, the algorithms and the programs for its realization on IBM allow to forecast on the design stage and to determine rational (efficient) strength and durability characteristics of the steering system. The coefficients of the steering system’s dynamic load are proved on the example of В-class passenger car.
The formulas for the definition of the resistant moment to wheels turning are precised which are caused by combine tilt of pivot shaft (suspension strut).
Degree of embed and economic effectiveness: The results of work are given to the Vehicle Production Association of the Uzbekistan for practical using while development work on new model modernization of passenger car is carried out, also the results of work are given to use during the training process when preparing of masters of degree on specialty “Automobile construction” in Tashkent automobile Road Institute.
Sphere of usage: Automobile construction and auto transport.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Currently, one of the important physical and technical problems in dynamically developing directions of electronic computing and information technology is developing temperature sensors with improved functional characteristics on the basis of modified semiconductors, in particular with nanoclusters used for diagnosing various parameters and processes in industry, nuclear reactors, scientific researches and other areas of the national economy.
The study of the interrelationship of electro-physical parameters of the active region of silicon thermistors containing nanocluster inclusions of different atoms with their operational parameters allows revealing their previously unknown new technical solutions. Improving the active region, increasing the sensitivity and solving the problem of reducing the spread of the parameters, as well as developing the technology of producing a new generation of temperature sensors on the basis of materials with nanoclusters, which provide temperature measurement at different control conditions, are an important direction of researches.
The use of temperature sensors belonging to the class of semiconductor devices based on materials with nanoclusters in devices and systems of control of parameters of industrial facilities requires researching the ways to improve their sensitivity and switch schemes. Therefore, the studies conducted on the diffusion processes of various nanoinclusions, as well as the effects on the features of thermistors of nanocluster inclusions aimed at optimizing the functional parameters of thermistors are urgent.
This research is aimed at developing a new method of diffusion that provides the formation of nanoinclusions, as well as the choice of parameters of the material of a base, and developing the ways of obtaining contacts with improved adhesion, which are directed to the manufacture of temperature sensors with stable parameters. The need for the improvement of the functional characteristics of such temperature sensors, development of cost-effective technologies for their manufacturing and creation of a route of this technology has great scientific and practical importance.
This dissertation in the certain degree serves to perform the tasks assigned for the improvement of the competitiveness of the electronic products mentioned in the Decree PD-1442 of the President of Uzbekistan “On the priorities of industrial development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2011 - 2015” of 15 December 2010, as well as in other regulatory documents adopted in this field.
The aim of the research is to develop methods for obtaining a new diffusion technology for highly sensitive temperature sensors with nickel nanoclusters and develop on their basis a set of temperature sensors and devices with stable parameters and are resistant to different types of effects for temperature control systems of objects.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
A method of nickel diffusion with embedded nanoinclusions in silicon was worked out, which consists of three steps, That is in each stage the temperature ranges (300600; 600^-900; 900-И200 °C) within which the temperature is risen consistently at a speed of 5 degrees/min, is maintained for 10 minutes and then is cooled at a speed of 100 degrees/sec.
A technology was created for obtaining a highly-doped layer for ohmic contacts to silicon structure doped with nickel, which means that a metal layer of nickel is deposited on the surface of the silicon structure by chemical means and is subjected to thermal treatment at 650°C for 10 minutes.
For the first time, a temperature sensor with high sensitivity (7800 K.) and stability of output characteristics was developed on the basis of silicon nanoclusters and a technological route of its production was proposed.
It was experimentally shown that the introduction of the correction feedback with the help of the operational amplifier leads to the reduction of the transient time of the temperature sensor by one time;
It was experimentally shown that the specific resistance of silicon temperature sensors doped with nickel with a carrier concentration of more than 1016 cm'3 changes slightly when exposed to gamma radiation dose of 106
roentgens, i.e. remains stable at radiation influence, and in samples with a carrier concentration of less than 1014 cm'3 at doses (5-^10)-106 roentgens, conductivity type inversion (n —> p) occurs.
A method of optimal structural parametrical designing of a measuring transducer based on the temperature sensor was proposed by computer simulation that allows to choose the form, output contacts, protective layer and parameters of the measuring system, in accordance with the required parameters (sensitivity, linearity of static characteristics, speed, etc.).
By choosing the required boundary interval of temperature, the possibility of reducing the errors of temperature sensors was determined, which are characterized by thermal inertia and nonlinearity of static natures.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the conducted researches on the theme of the doctoral dissertation “Development of a silicon-based temperature sensor with the nanoclusters of nickel atoms and its manufacturing technology”, the following conclusions are presented:
1. A new method of nickel diffusion in silicon was proposed, consisting in carrying out a diffusion in an increasing temperature mode at a speed of 5-^10 degrees/minute in the temperature intervals of 600-1250 °C, which provides obtaining nickel nanoclusters in bulk silicon.
2. In order to obtain an ohmic contact with improved adhesion to the silicon surface, on which a diffusion of nickel was performed, we propose to make the deposition of a thin layer (3 microns) of nickel metal with a chemical process followed by heat treatment at 650 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes.
3. For the first time the principles of creating a silicon-based temperature sensor with nickel nanoclusters having a high sensitivity (7800 K) and stability of output characteristics, and a technological route of its manufacturing were proposed.
4. It was proved that when exposed to gamma radiation with a dose of 106 roentgens, the specific resistivity of the silicon temperature sensors doped with nickel remains unchanged, and with the increase of the radiation dose up to 10x roentgens, the coefficient of the temperature sensitivity increases by 10%.
5. By means of computer modeling, depending on the desired factor (sensitivity, cost, accuracy, reliability, etc.), methods of structural parametric design of the measuring transducer allowing to select the proper form of the sensor, contact terminals, a protective layer of the sensor and parameters of the measuring system were proposed.
6. The relationship was established between the corrective (linearized measurement parameter) resistances and the sensitivity of the temperature sensor, which allowed revealing the area of maximal sensitivity of the sensor in the electronic circuit.
7. By selecting the corrective resistances and a temperature interval in the required vicinity, the possibility of reducing the errors of temperature sensors arom 10% up to 2%, was revealed, which is conditioned by the nonlinearity of their static characteristics and thermal inertia.

Objects of the inquiry: an inorganic polymeric resistive composition with use of local raw material on the basis of GCFK+RuCh, GCFK+CrfO, polymeric composition F-42+RuO2, F-42+CdO, F-42+SnC>2. Modified mineral filler on the base of kaolin and heat-treated poliarilonitrile.
Aim of the inquiry: in development of scientific bases for creation resistive composite materials with use of a local source of raw materials, establishment of laws of physic-chemical and electric properties depending on their formation, structure of components and development on their base of effective technology for producing new generation of resistive products for electronic industry.
Methods of inquiry: physic-chcmical, technological, physic-mcchanical, thermodynamic, operational.
The results achieved and their novelty: concludes, new structures and technologies of low-temperature sintering developed for creation of resistive compositions on the basis of a local and secondary source of raw materials, laws of variation of electric properties of resistive compositions depending on their formation and structure arc established, presumed mechanism of conductivity is been offered, received modified mineral fillers.
Practical value. Structure of compositions and technology of creation resistors arc developed at 450 °C (against 850°C) on the basis of glass-cement GCFK-77-2 + oxides of metal’s, a polymeric resistive composition on the basis of fluorine layer F-42 oxides of metal’s; technology of manufacturing of binary and modified fillers.
Degree of embed and economic efficiency: developed resistive compositions were implemented on an industrial base of institute "Microelectronics" Uzeltehsanoat, and NTTS “Kompozit”. Expected economic benefit is 132 million sum each year, (under tariff rates on raw material and products for January, 2006).
Sphere of usage: Electro-technical industry for production of thick-film resistors, Graduate schools for educational purposes.

The relevance and demanding of the dissertation the theme. Today, the world's countries with different level of provision of electric power, the average power consumption is 37% in the industry, including mining and metals industry accounted for 12 In connection with the depletion of easily recoverable reserves of mineral resources and the involvement in the exploitation reserves localized in more difficult geological conditions, energy consumption for mining industry is constantly growing. According to statistics, the annual consumption of electrical energy in the mining industry in the world is 913.2 TWh. By results of researches by 2030 the growth of electrical energy consumption will be average 1.8% per year. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of measures to ensure the needs and requirements of industry, energy saving and efficiency of the process, optimization of electric energy consumption.
Mining and metallurgical industry is one of the largest energy consumers in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in which special attention is focused on the organization of effective measures for the implementation of high-performance technologies. In this regard, notable progress has been made in creating high-performance process control systems, standardization of electric energy consumption, improvement of management systems of technological process on the based of intelligent systems.
Acquired issues of particular importance to reduce energy intensity of process ore beneficiation process and energy efficiency technologies for processing mineral resources in view of its inherent characteristics. In this area, the implementation of targeted research is a priority, while highly relevant research in the following areas: the development of a rational law of variable frequency drive, identifying energy-saving modes of operation of the induction motor with static and dynamic processes and the creation of its mathematical model, the development of the wear pattern of the pump unit, the development of a mathematical model of the process and electricity rationing electricity consumption, taking into account the definition of the significant factors influencing the process, to develop an algorithm of forecasting of electric energy consumption. Ongoing scientific research on research areas above indicated is the actuality of the dissertation topic.
This dissertation research is to a certain degree perform tasks provided for in the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the rational use of energy" (1997), Decree of the of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PD No. 2343 on May 5, 2015 "On the program to reduce energy consumption measures, the introduction of energy saving technologies in the fields of economy and social sphere for 2015-2019 " and the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 333 on November 28, 2012 "On additional measures to reduce manufacturing costs and reduce production costs in the industry", as well as in other regulatory documents adopted in this area.
The aim of the research is to develop technical solutions based on the variable speed drive with electricity rationing parameters that provide energy efficiency enrichment processes.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
identified the most important factors affecting the wear of pump components, developed a mathematical model of wear as a function of the main factors influencing it in the course of operation;
developed energy- and resource-saving operation of variable frequency drive system, "asynchronous motor - pump pumping pulp";
depending on the efficiency of installed electric power consumption of the degree of loading of the balls of the mill second-stage grinding the orc;
developed a comprehensive method of valuation and modeling of energy consumption parameters for the evaluation of energy saving efficiency;
developed a model for predicting the electrical energy consumption of the basic technological parameters of the function.

The aim of the of research work is the creation of effective wash liquid on the basis of the fibrous polymer to eliminate complications during drilling.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as following:
developed an effective composition and technology of producing drilling fluids to combat the complications during the drilling of oil and gas wells on the basis of local raw materials, which is efficient and accessible;
defined area and the contour of the deposition of cuttings particles and the equations of the speed of deposition of the rock particles on the basis of rheological properties of drilling fluid;
defined physico-chemical bases of creation of stable drilling fluids using composite polymeric reagents of definite composition and structure, based on the corrosive environment, providing drilling oil and gas wells in complicated geological-technical conditions without complications;
proven structure formation drilling fluids with improved technical and operational characteristics of polymeric reagents, as well as the critical flow velocity the motion of a viscoelastic fluid in the drill pipe and the annular space;
improved standard technical fundamentals of drilling fluids on the basis of new polymeric reagents, which allow to realize a successful transaction wells in the fields in difficult geological conditions of Ustyurt and Bukhara oil and gas fields.

The aim of the research work the aim of the research work is to work out the technology of getting details on the basis of the content of anti-frictional composite wood-polymeric materials for machine-building from the local raw materials.
Scientific novelty of the research work. The scientific novelty of the study consists of the following items:
change of physic mechanical properties of compositions from the content and type of thermoplastic polymers, carbon graphite fillers and various additives and also level of consolidation of wood by the modified polymeric compositions arc elicited; composition wood-polymeric materials on the basis of local wood - a poplar, willow and the modified polymers and production engineering of their reception by a preliminary dispersion mineral carbon graphite fillers arc developed; on the basis of complex researches on study influence carbon graphite fillers on physic mechanical and anti-frictional properties of thermoplastic polymers the optimal maintenance of fillers providing creation of is antifriction-wear proof composition wood-polymeric materials for machine-building arc elicited;
by researches of UR-spcctroscopy and microscopic structure of composition wood-polymeric materials it is proved that, the densely-grown together structure of all components of a composition wood-polymeric material, which is formed because of the chemical bond of corpuscles polyethylene and initial ingredients is observed;
as a result of studying of physic mechanical and anti-frictional properties of the developed composition wood-polymeric materials on the basis of local wood and the inoculated polymers it is installed that composition of wood-polymeric materials possess high toughness characteristics, low coefficient of friction, high wear proof and the raised reliability while in service in various environmental conditions of Uzbekistan;
influence of technological and operational factors on properties of composition wood-polymeric materials arc installed. also concrete recommendations for intelligent use of these potential opportunities of the materials in knots of a friction of tools of cotton machines and the mechanisms working in the conditions of a high dustiness of the environment is developed.

Subject of the inquiry: steering wheel of self-driven energetic vehicle means.
Aim of the inquiry: the aim of this inquiry is to rise the stability of the motion and conducting of self-driven means by rational choice of transmission ratio of the steering wheel.
Methods of inquiry : the analytical and experimental research methods are used in the work based on methods of automatic regulation theory.
The results achieved and their novelty: the character of the influence of the transmission ratio quantity on the sensitiveness of the machines the control and stability of the motion are used
The mathematical models for calculation of parameters of the motion of selfdriven energetic means with hydro-huged characters of the steering wheel and the choice of mounting coordinates of carried out hydrocylinders are worked out.
Practical value: the recommendations on the choice of transmission ratio of steering wheel and mounting coordinates of carried-out hydrocylinders rising stability of the motion and improving conduction of self-driven energetic means are worked out.
Mathematical models allowing to realize rational choice of parameters of steering wheel on the stage of project are created.
Degree of embed and economic effectiveness: recommendations on the choice of the quantity of transmission ratio of steering wheel and calculated definition of rational parameters of mounting hydrocylinders of the wheel implement are accepted for the usage in SSC (GAO) "Tashkent Tractor Plant".
Sphere of usage: tractor and agricultural machine-building.

The aim of the research work is development of technology of obtaining thermally activated and composite coal adsorbents based on local brown Angren coals, their application for cleaning industrial effluents from organic and inorganic substances, with acid treatment of Baysun and Shargun coals of reception sulfonated coal adsorbents for extraction of non-ferrous and precious metals from technological solutions of mining and metallurgical industries.
Scientific novelty of the research work. The scientific novelty of the study consists of the following items:
the technology of obtaining of sulfonated adsorbents by acid activation of the Baysun coals with use oleum - FbSO^SCh) - 10-12% in the replacement of the used oleum - H2SO4(SOs) - 19-20% with a sorption capacity on ions Cu2+ and Ag+ in 1.3-1.5 times more, than that used in industry imported activated coal was developed;
the highly effective method of wastewater treatment from oil products with use of the selective thermally activated adsorbent received by pyrolysis was created (at a temperature of 5OO-55O°C for 1-1.5 hours without air access) from low-ash Angren coal;
the conditions for cleaning industrial effluents from organic substances (polyphenols, chloride compounds, etc.) using a thermally activated carbon adsorbent activated by the vapor-gas method at 800°C in a current of 1 hour arc grounded;
a method for softening the rigidityof industrial wastewater, using a carbon adsorbent of modified СаСОз is developed;
the technology of complex multistage clearing of industrial effluents and ways of secondary application of the fulfilled adsorbents in various sectors of the national economy of the Republic is developed.

Actuality and demand of the subject of dissertation. The modem mechanical engineering plays the leading part in scientific and technical progress and is base for successful development of all industries and agriculture. In our republic the President of the Republic Uzbekistan Islam Karimov noted that still in machine building by the most important direction in branch specialization must be the development of agricultural machine building, based on producting of the machines and mechanism for cotton complex of the republic: «... Cotton for Uzbekistan is political and economic power, guaranteeing independence of the republic».
The primary goal of cotton-cleaning industries is maintenance of competitiveness of producting at global level in modem conditions of market economy industry by resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of third of april 2007 year №70 «On the program of modernization and reconstruction of ginneries in the period 2007-2011». The major component in the decision of the given problem belongs to the process equipment - to machines of primary cotton-ginning (cleaners of large rubbish, gins, linters, fibre cleaners) which working capacity is substantially defined by durability of the mass itself and main details of their working body - saw disk, and also grid-irons.
Therefore loss by a detail of the service purpose and its destruction in most eases begins in a superficial layer, for example, occurrence and development of fatigue cracks, deterioration, corrosion, etc.
The teeth of sawing disks while in service test variable pressure at significant number of cycles stressing, for example, at frequency of rotation of sawing cylinder n=730 already in current of 48 hours the quantity of cycles makes rev/min more than 2,1 • IO6. Such conditions of stressing the teeth at contact to a variable on weight and density of raw platen promotes development of fatigue cracks in them, the plastic shift and contortion, and presence in a cotton-raw of firm inclusions (a granite, corundum, limestone) causes abrasive deterioration. The grid-irons making the same lattice in gins and linters should have high wear resistance too.
According to the technical rules time of operation and the subsequent full replacement saw disks on the worker to a shaft makes depending on a grade of a processed cotton-raw of 72 - 96 hours for ginning saws, 48 hours - for lintcr saws. In view of that restoration saw disks is carried out crossing (ginning saws - 2, linting saws - 5 times) them for the new size, and also their quantity, for example, in gins from 90 up to 130 depending on updating, the total requirement of saw disks for 98 cotton-cleaning factories of republic is estimated more than 1 mln. for one cottonharvest season. Position is complicated that expensive carbonaceous tool steel U8G is completely delivered from Russian Federation. Reduction of importing this material due to sharp increasing durability of saw disks, certainly, will increase economic efficiency of cotton-conversion because of decreasing cost price of producting - the cotton fibre.
Even through the gained up great experience in development of new ways of increasing reliability of details has appeared not to be demanded in a whole on referencing to sawing disks and for responsible details of cotton-ginning machines the research were extremely insufficient. Such circumstances make necessary and very important choice from the big arsenal of modem means of hardening the optimum kind for the given concrete ease. Well known methods of hardening the teeth of saw disks (electrocontact heating and laser processing) do not solve one a problem of increasing of their durability as as the result of powerful thermal influence on top of a tooth occcrcd a volumetric training and the effect of thermalhardening arc shown. Volumetric training docs not save a core of details viscous and it is undesirable at rcpcatcdly-variablc loadings at a bend because of decreasing the working capacity and resistibility to fatigue failure in operational conditions.
The most progressive and effective method of hardening is superficial plastic deformation (SPD), in particular, shot processing concerning dynamic methods SPD details of machines. Technological opportunities of shot hardenings extends first of all for hard thin details, differing sharp edges. To these constructive scaturcs completely correspond teeth of saw disks that has formed the basis for new scientific and technical decision with the purpose of increasing of working capacity of cottonginning machines.
The given decision of the specified problems provides development of new scientific approaches in the theory and practice of technological maintenance of quality and opportunity forecasting of durability of details on condition of their superficial layer after strengthening mechanical processing.
Purpose of the research is to work out of technological methods of increasing the working capacity of cotton-ginning machines by maintenance of demanded quality of superficial layer of details of working bodies and forecasting of their durability in operational conditions.
Scientific novelty of the research is consisted of the following:
it is worked out the structure-energetic model of formation and algorithm of calculation of technological residual pressure at superficial deformation hardening details of machines of primary cotton processing based on the modem concept, of physics, plastic deformation of metal;
it is developed the method of superficial dynamic hardening in teeth’s fraction of saws in cotton-ginning machines (patent useful for model “Shot installation method of superficial dynamic hardening in fraction for hardening details” FAP 00513, 31/12/2009);
it is established optimum technological parameters of shot processings in sawing disks on the base of experimental researches;
it is solved analytically the problem by definition the factor of restoration of speed к at impact, contact interaction of firm bodies used for thermodynamic analysis in processes of dynamic hardening;
it is offered the method of cstimational of depth of deformation hardening at shot processing disks of the gins, based on the differential equation movement of firm spherical particle in its clastic - the plastic environment;
it is developed the mechanism of formation of high-altitude parameter of a roughness of the strengthened surface at shock deformation processing in fraction of saws;
it is developed the methods of calculation on multicyclic weariness and forecasting of durability disks in the operational conditions, problems based on the analytical decision by definition of intensity of residual pressure.
Conclusion
1. It is worked out the structural-energy model of formation and algorithm of calculation of technological residual pressure o0St in the superficial layer of details of working bodies of machines after mechanical processing.
2. It is established the interrelation of technological residual pressure o0St with a level of reserved (latent) energy Us of deformations which can be defined on one of three developed methods: on the basis of the first law of thermodynamics; on the basis of dislocational representations and corresponding power parities (the theory of dispositions); by means of the schematized diagrams of deformation Oi=f(£j) constructional materials.
3. It is analytically identified the major parameter of contact interaction at impact of firm bodies - factor of restoration of speed к at impact on the basis of a schematization of contact of fraction with a processable material: one-act impact of a rigid spherical firm particle with average speed of a stream u0 under a right angle a=90° with elastic semi-space (a deformable body, including its homogeneous and isotropic).
4. It is received the main correlation on the basis of structural-power model the parities, allowing to define the specific reserved energy Us equal to change of internal energy AU of a superficial layer, and defined on one of three developed methods: thermodynamic, dislocations and a method of the diagram of deformation of a processable material.
5. In work the basic parities for the latent energy of deformation Us on the basis of the thermodynamic analysis of power balance arc received at deformation of a cut off bladed layer by the tool and static methods SPD (running by balls and diamond smoothing). Methods of calculation of the latent energy of deformation arc developed at cutting materials with various physicomcchanical properties and on the basis of the schematized diagrams of deformation of constructional materials.
6. It is worked out the algorithm of calculation of technological residual pressure on structurally-powcr model at shot hardening of details of machines. Theoretical values of the residual pressure calculated on SEM on the basis of the first law of thermodynamics (Oj ost=1095 N/mm2) and theories of dispositions (Oj ost=1061 N/mm2) arc in good comparability to data of experimental researches (o, ost=l080 N/mm2) since difference of the resulted data makes accordingly 1.4 and-1,7 % it is a reliable substantiation for use of theoretical values of residual pressure in forecasting to an estimation of durability and fatigue durability of details of machines.
7. For the first time it is proved, that for a residual field of pressure the first invariant of tensor in pressures is carried out, being linear, i.c. having values axial ox ost and tangential oy ost residual pressure and their intensity o, ost, it is possible to calculate the main residual pressure o, ost and o2 ost- These pressures arc used at calculation on durability in conditions static and cyclic stressing.
8. It is executed the estimation of influence of technological residual pressure on durability (bearing ability) designs at multicyclic stressing and the algorithm of calculation on multicyclic weariness and a resource of work saw disks of cotton-ginning machines is developed. Calculation of fatigue durability is made by means of the theoretical decision of a problem of formation the technological residual pressure at the flat intense condition.
9. From the equation of movement of absolutely rigid sphere (ball) in the processable environment (semi-infinite firm body) at an assumption about a constancy of average pressure of resistance to introduction or average pressure of current (a limit of fluidity oT) the formula for theoretical definition of peening’s depth hn is received. Reliability of settlement values hn is confirmed also by experimental data of other researchers. The basic laws of influence of parameters shot processings of teeth on saw disks on depth and a degree of deformation hardening arc received. Optimum modes of processing arc certain: speed split up o=30m/s; diameter split up d=0,6 mm; time of processing t=4 minutes. This mode provides hH depth of peening up to 0,23 mm with maximal superficial microhardness Hu =4560 MPa and a degree of peening U=33,4 %.
10. It is received satisfactory concurrence for practical use (8 ... 12 %) experimental conditions of manufacture and theoretical values of durability saw disks with strengthened teeth. Industrial tests have confirmed high efficiency ginning saws with strengthened teeth of shot processing. Tests arc spent at processing cotton-raw of manual gathering of a grade of 5/3 selections S - 6524 of humidity of 13,1 %. The increase in durability (up to two and more times) saw disks is connected with the raised superficial microhardness and preservation of a viscous core of teeth. As experiments testify, shot processing practically excludes operation of processing a saw cylinder in a sand bath since under action of a stream of fraction agnails smooth out and transitive surfaces with radius 0,2 ... 0,3 mm between sides of teeth arc formed.
11. It is established, that ginning a cotton-raw with saw disks with strengthened teeth saves well quality of a fibre and cotton seeds. Economic benefit of introduction in manufacture ginning saws on two cotton-ginning factories Tashkent and Andijan regions were made with 80 992.3 thousands sum.

The process of generating and consuming electrical energy requires proper organization of its transmission and distribution between consumers. By choosing the optimal options for operating energy systems, it is possible to obtain additional electricity or significant savings in resources. One of the important problems of interaction between adjacent energy systems is the development of rational principles for setting tariffs for the flow of electricity within each energy system as part of an energy interconnection, as well as the purchase of electricity from local sources and renewable energy sources. Currently, an important problem for the Belarusian energy system is the determination of rational operating modes of the electric power system in terms of interaction with the energy systems of the Russian Federation.

Tasvimi segmentlash texnologiyasi tibbiy tasvirlarga ishlov berish, yuzni tanib olish, piyodalami aniqlash. qo‘riqlash tizimlari kabilarda keng qo’llaniladi. Bugungi kunda tasvimi segmentlashni bo‘sag‘ali, konturliva grafli, shuningdek, Watershed, Markov tasodifiy maydonlari, Mean-Shift, GrabCut, chuqur o'qitishli. Fuzzy C-Means kabi usullari mavjud. Mazkur maqola tasvirlarni segmentlashning ayrim algoritmlari tadqiqiga bag‘ishlangan bo'lib, unda ulami yutuq va kamchiliklarini bayon etilgan.

Mazkur ish tasvirlardagi obyektlar sifatini oshirish algoritmlarini tadqiq qilishga bag’ishlangan bo'lib, unda tasvir yorqinligini tekislash, kontrastni kuchaytirish, shovqin bostirish algoritmlari va ulami tavsiflari keltirilgan. Shuningdck, ishda tasvirdagi obycktlami aniqlash algoritmlari uchun zarur bo'lgan dastlabki ma’lumotlar formati va ulardan tasvir sifatini oshirish algoritmlarini formulalar orqali ifodalashda foydalanilgan. Tasvirlarga dastlabki ishlov bcrishni ishda keltirilgan algoritmlarini qo'llash bo'yicha batafsil ma’lumotlar bcrilgan.

Hozirgi vaqtda turli xil tasvirga olish qurilmalaridan olingan raqamli tasvirlar soni keskin oshib bormoqda. Ayrim hollarda ushbu tasvirlar tasvirga olish, qayta ishlash, siqish, saqlash, uzatish va ko’paytirish jarayonida turli shovqinlardan ta’sirlanib, sifatsiz holatga kelishi mumkin. Shovqin tasvirdagi ma’lumotlarning sifatini buzadigan tasodifiy o’zgarishlarni ifodalaydi va tasvirdan muhim ma’lumotlarni olishga to’sqinlik qiladi. Bu o’z navbatida, tasvirda uchraydigan asosiy shovqin turlarini o’rganish tasvirlash sohasida dolzarb ekanligini ko’rsatadi. Mazkur tadqiqot ishi Gauss, tuz va qalampir, uniform, Puasson, spekl, rayleigh va risian kabi shovqin turlarini o’rganishga bag’ishlangan.

Axborotni qabul qilish va uzatishda tasvirlarning ahamiyati, ayniqsa tibbiyot va qishloq xo’jaligi kabi sohalarda tengsizdir. Ayrim hollarda, turli omillar sabab olingan tasvirlar sifat talablariga javob bermasligi mumkin. Kontrast, tiniqlik, yorqinlik va shovqin tasvir sifatiga ta’sir qiluvchi muhim parametrlar hisoblanadi. Mazkur tadqiqot ishida tasvirlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo’lgan kontrast muhokama qilingan. Ya’ni, tasvir kontrastini etalonsiz baholovchi mezonlar o’rganilgan.