Science and Technology Other Topics

This article outlines the economic benefits of increasing energy efficiency during the current reconstruction of multi-storey residential buildings.

The aim of the research work is to determine dynamic stability of underground pipelines located in water saturated soil under the action of forces in the form of rapid or cyclic longitudinal loadings and the conditions of the pipeline occurs in an unstable state which will be the cause of its destruction.
Scientific novelty of the research work consists in the following: a method for calculating the stability of underground pipelines located in the water saturated soils using the kinematic interaction model in the system “pipe - soil” is developed; a calculation method for determining the displacements depending on time and also formulas of amplitude and frequency dependencies arc developed which suitable for their direct application; a method for solving the problem of the stability of a geometrically nonlinear underground pipeline located in the water saturated soil is developed for the general case when longitudinal and transverse displacements arc taken into account together; a method for the numerical calculation of stress-strain state of the underground pipeline with the mass at the end (manhole) using the kinematic interaction model in the system "pipeline-soil is developed.

В данной работе мы рассматриваем понятие на сколько долговечны строительные конструкций, выявляем основные положения теории и оцениваем способы повышения долговечности и живучесть в сооружениях. Долговечностью или живучестью называют такое свойство строительных конструкций зданий и сооружений, которые продолжают выполнять свои функции при повреждении или обрушении какой-либо его части. Методика проверки конструктивных элементов базируется на первичных отказах, которые не должны приводить к разрушению остальных элементов.

Ushbu ishda jin mashinasining ishchi qismlaridan biri amaldagi va yangi tavsiya qilinayotgan tarkibli kolosniklar “Chust elita urug‘chilik xo‘jaligi” MChJ korxonasida mavjud bir xil bo‘lgan, DL-10 jin mashinasiga kolosnik panjaraga o‘rnatib, bir xil vaznli Namangan 34 III sanoat navida eksperimental tadqiqot ishi o‘tkazilgan. Tadqiqotdan maqsad, tarkibli kolosnik ishchi yuzasini o‘zgartirilgandan so‘ng aniqlangan natijalarni chuqur tahlil qilish, amaldagi va tavsiya qilinayotgan kolosniklardan chiqqan natijalarni solishtirish va tola hamda chigitni xususiyatlarini yaxshilashdan iborat.

Ko’rilayotgan ushbu tadqiqot “Euphorbiaceae oilasiga mansub o`simliklarning poyasi, bargi va guli tarkibida uchraydigan polifenollarning xilma xilligi” mavzusida bo’lib, bunda dissertatsiya mavzusining dolzarbliligi, tadqiqotning  maqsadi, tadqiqotning usullari va olingan natijalar va ularning tahlili qayd etilgan.
Maqolada tozalash va oqartirish vositalarining ishlab chiqarish texnologiyalarining bir necha usullari ko'rib chiqildi. Laboratoriyada kimyoviy tozalash va oqartirish vositalari tahlil qilindi. Labarotoriya jarayonida belgilangan o’simlikning poyasi, bargi va guli maydalanib tahlil sifatida olindi. Laboratoriya tahlillari natijasida olingan mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarishga tatbiq etildi. Ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasiga mos qurilmalar tanlandi. Ishlab chiqarish quvvatlarini yanada samarali qilish uchun zarur tarkibiy o'zgarishlar amalga oshirildi.

Ushbu maqolada inson shaxsining oʻz-oʻzini boshqarish tamoyillari, sezish qobiliyatiga bogʻliq boʻlgan boshqaruvchanlik konsepsiyasi. Oʻz-oʻzini boshqarish organlari faoliyatida inson asab tizimi va boshqa qator tana aʼzolarining ishi haqida ma`lumotlar berilgan.

Цель исследования заключается в выявлении и анализе незамеченного ранее противоречия эволюции мирового образования при взаимодействии тенденций цифровизации образования и образования для устойчивого развития. Цифровизация прежде всего способствует использованию уже имеющегося контента образования, существенно усиливая его воздействие на эволюцию цивилизации

This scientific paper investigates the role of digital technologies in the development of reading skills among high school students in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. With the increasing prevalence of digital devices and online content, it is crucial to explore how these technologies impact students’ reading abilities, comprehension, and critical thinking. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating surveys, classroom observations, and interviews with students and educators. The findings shed light on the benefits and challenges associated with digital reading, highlighting the potential of digital technologies to enhance reading skills while also addressing potential concerns in the context of Karakalpakstan’s high school education system.

В статье представлены результаты изучения дистанционной поддержки семей с детьми в образовательном пространстве. В контексте взаимодействия семьи и школы в интересах воспитания и обучения детей дана характеристика наиболее востребованных цифровых технологий и ресурсов; обосновываются критерии их выбора; раскрывается их педагогическая сущность в обеспечении взаимных действий родителей и профессионалов. Дистанционная поддержка определяется как механизм «мягкой» силы, который предоставляет родителям цифровой инструментарий, ориентирующий их на развитие опыта родительства как компетентностного в воспитании и обучении детей.

The work examines the use of digital educational resources in the educational
process as one of the forms of modernization of education, which constitutes the
content of a digital educational resource.

The article examines the development trends of multifunctional residential building complexes. The main stages of the development of multifunctional residential complexes are overlooked. At each stage, the main characteristic features and factors affecting the volume and planning structure of multifunctional residential complexes are revealed. In the process of analyzing the literature, the influence of the main socio-economic factors on the evolution  and formation of the complex structure has been determined. The relevance of the new structural residential education is indicated, as well as modern volumetric planning forms of the organization of the residential environment.

The article examines how the development of transport infrastructure affects the increase in the competitiveness of the economy of Uzbekistan. A detailed analysis of the current state of the transport infrastructure in the country is carried out. Possibilities of improvement and improvement of indicators of efficiency of functioning of this sphere are revealed.

Maqolada muhandislik fanlarida axborot texnologiyalari va ularning didaktik imkoniyatlari hamda ta’lim va tarbiya jarayonlarini raqamli texnologiyalar asosida takomillashtirish ko‘rsatilgan. Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalarining o‘quv-ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonlariga joriy etilishi va o‘quv ma’lumotlarini taqdim etish va AKTlarning didaktik imkoniyatlari yoritilgan.

The actuality and relevance of dissertation theme. In the world assortment of products from organic material is constantly extending and at present it is exceeding exceeds 80 thousand items. About half of the volume of rubber manufacturing industry constitute automobile tires, more than a third - rubber technical products, the range of which is particularly diverse. About one-tenth the volume of rubber industry production is the production of rubber footwear and other national consumption products (medical devices, toys, sports equipment), as well as conveyor belts, driving belts, sleeves, rubberized technical fabrics and products from them. The main consumer of rubber products is a modern transport -automobile, air, rail. So, in modern automobile is numbered about 600 details of rubber with total weight of 120 kg1.
In the Republic are introduced new industrial enterprises, using modern technologies, modernization of production is carried out raws number of new products for different filds of industries. On these enterprises are widely used products from compositional organic materials. For solving the problems, concerned with the further development of productions of compositional elastomeric materials and the creation of competitive products, using local raw resources, the improvement of technological and technical properties are developed by new organic materials and ingredients, the composition staff on their base and obtaining technology.
In the world a number of research works on the creation of rubber and ingredients, the staff composition and obtaining technology of rubber - technical materials on their products base are being carried out: the development of new organic and inorganic fillers with nanoparticles; modification technology of mineral fillers with organic oligomers; synthesis of organic accelerators; the receipts of compositional elastomeric materials of different purposes with specific properties; dispersants and plasticizers for the improvement the technological properties of compositional elastomeric materials; the formulation and components of nanomaterials on the base of elastomeric composition and obtaining technology of materials on their base is one of the important problems of industry.
The given dissertational research in a certain degree serves the completing tasks, approved by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № PP-1071 from March 11, 2009 «About measures on organization of production of conveyor straps, agricultural and automobile tires in the territory of SIZ Ang ren» and the № PD-1072 from March 12 2009 , «About the program of measures on realization the most important projects on modernization, technical and technological reequipment of production from 2009 to 2014», as well as in other normative-legal documents adopted in this sphere.
The purpose of the research is developing the technology of modification mineral filler and obtaining the rubber technical -products of different purpose on their basis.
The scientific novelty of the research are the followings: offered Scientific-proved ways of modification of functional ingredients on the base of local resources, purposeful usage of which allowed to develop the obtaining technology of elastomeric compositional materials and products with the given structure and properties were suggested;
the structural changes of mineral fillers on modification concentration of free radicals were identified of causing to the identified;
the relationship between the structural characteristics, the nature of the surface of modified mineral fillers and rubber macromolecules was observed;
the role of sizing layer on the surface of mineral fillers in the process of mixing the composition and formation of vulcanizational structures, which allowed to develop of rubber technical products with specific properties was defined;
the influence of modified mineral fillers on the elastic, rheological, technological and technical properties of compositional elastomeric materials was determined;
modification technology of mineral fillers and obtaining rubber technical -products of different purposes on thir base was worked out.
Conclusions
1. The proposed were Scientific and technological principles of creation highly elastomeric compositional materials with the usage of structural and chemical modified bentonite of Uzbekistan were proposed. The received scientific results, technological developments were the basis for the creation of elastomeric compositional materials with the given structure and properties, physical-mechanical and exploitational characteristics.
2. The technology of structural and chemical modification of bentonite was suggested, suitable as a filler for the production of composite elastomeric materials. It was shown that the heat treatment of bentonite at 673 К lead to the structural changes, in particular to the increase of oil absorption and specific geometrical surface due to the occurrence of thermal- physical processes. Besides that, it was also observed the increase the concentration of free radicals, leading to the formation of paramagnetic centers, which were the basis for the evaluation of several properties system of elastomer filler.
3. The modified bentonite (modified low-molecular polyethylene and derived from pyrolysis) resin, products by oligomers, for elastomeric compositions were characterized its physical chemical properties. It was observed, its influence on the process of structure formation of rubbers. It was noted that yhe existing important role of intermediate size layer, consisting from systems of conjugated bonds, in the formation of structure elastomeric compositional materials of high thermal and radiational resistance.
4. The features of interaction of rubber macromolecules of different nature with modified bentonite were found out. The interconnection between the structur-al adsorptional activity fillers with technological and physical mechanical properties of elastomeric compositions.
5. The features of the of mixing process of elastomers with the worked out fillers on the base of bentonite (initial thermal-calcined modified bentonite), and their combinations with other ingredients it was found out that in the case criterion the degree of completing the process of dispersion filler of modeling mixing was the dimention of difference temperature (start and end mixing), definely in two characteristical points in the dependence from the rotational moment.
6. The technological and rheological properties of filled elastomer composi-tial, thermam-calcined and modified bentonite, where it was shown their optimum content in resin mixtures were studied.
7. The influence of modified bentonite to the kinetics of vulcanization of resin mixtures on the base of rubbers of different nature. Nevertheless, it was clarified the possible mechanism of vulcanization grid formation. It was shown that due to the multifunctional nature ofmodificators the possibility of combining the modifier content of vulcanizing agents, which allowed to simplify the technological stage of.
8. Preparing the elastic-resin mixtures properties of filled vulcanizators were analyzed, and it was shown that, the initial and resistant therma-calcinid bentonite exhibit effective action in non-crystallizing rubber at the level half-efforting types of fillers and modified bentonite effecting synthetic mineral fillers BS-50 and BS-75. The inhibitory effect of modified bentonite were observed at high temperature oxidative destruction of elastomers.it was shown. To show the possibility of directional regulation of technological and technical properties of elastomeric compositions due to the changing degree of filling and ratios ingredients.
9. The formulations of compositional elastomeric materials and technologies of their obtaining with the usage of the fillers suggested by us on the basis of bentonite were worked out. Their efficiency was confirmed in the productionof different kinds of resin - technical products. The results of scientific and technological developments were tested and implemented at the enterprises of JSC «yzkimesanoat», total economic effectof more than 500 million sum per year .

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. At the present stage of development there is a distinct steady growth in consumption of motor fuels in Uzbekistan, which necessitates the use of alternative raw material resources and efficient use of conventional oil resources for their production.
Alongside with this, the emerging worldwide trend of gradual depletion of oil stock, increase in share of heavy crude oils in hydrocarbon processing output, strengthening of requirements to operational and environmental characteristics of motor fuels dictates the need to find alternative energy resources for expansion of motor gasoline and diesel fuel production.
It should be noted that, until now, there has been no in-depth research of specific features of gasoline and diesel fuels production using plant materials, byproducts of oil refining and chemical industries as fuel additives, heavy crude oils processing for maximum extraction of motor fuel components in terms of physical-chemical mechanics of oil dispersion systems; there is virtually no experience of extraction and ways of use of oil shale tars of the republic deposits as alternative sources of fuels.
Availability of huge capacity for methanol production makes it important to conduct integrated studies on production of gasoline-methanol fuel mixtures with improved environmental characteristics. The ethanol resources available in the country and opportunities to obtain biobutanol make it relevant and actual to conduct research and development of effective gasoline additives on their basis.
The resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan «Program of action for environmental protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2008-2012» of 19.09.2008 №212 seeks rational and complex use of oil and gas condensate, including heavy oil resources, the introduction of clean and resourceefficient technologies, including technologies for use of renewable energy sources.
The tendency for increase in share of processing of composite oil-gas condensate stock necessitates the revision of the existing and development of new technological solutions for the selection of optimum composition of mixtures of heavy oil and gas condensate with a view to ensure maximum extraction of light fractions in the course of processing based on the theory of controlled phase transitions in oil dispersion systems with estimation of criteria for determination of optimum ratios of raw components in composite materials.
Uzbekistan possesses huge oil shale reserves. Similar origin of organic substances of oil shale, the similarity of their composition to that of oil stock makes it topical to study the methods for separation of organic components of oil shale and development of ways for their conversion into motor fuel components.
Demand of the subject of dissertation lies in development of scientific and technological bases for motor fuels production with involvement of local plant materials, products of secondary oil processing, optimization of joint processing of heavy crude oils and gas condensates with directional regulation of yield of light fractions, development of methods for use of non-conventional sources of raw materials for production of fuel components, improvement of operational and environmental characteristics of motor fuels
Purpose of research is development of the scientific and technological bases for gasoline and diesel fuel production on the basis of local raw material resources.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
It has been established that gasoline-methanol mixtures up to 5% methanol content make no corrosive attack on «valve-seat» sections of gasoline injectors, rubber seal rings and aluminium materials, and usage of such mixtures results in reduction of hazardous emissions - carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (CH) up to 40-45%;
It has been found that involvement of biobutanol in gasoline-methanol and gasoline-ethanol mixtures in quantity comparable to methanol and ethanol content increases the permissible quantity of residual water in the mixture to ensure the predetermined cloud point temperature by more than 60% relative and 150% relative, respectively;
there has been developed the histograms of dependence of gasoline octane number maintenance by means of replacement of monomethylaniline with methanol and ethanol, and it was found that 5% of methanol reduces monomethylaniline content in gasoline by 35% relative, 7% ethanol - by 40% relative;
there has been developed a method for diesel fuel production with involvement of by-products of secondary refining processes and proposed dependence criteria for determining their limit content in fuel composition;
there has been determined the specifics of refining of heavy oils of Surkhandarya deposits in mixture with gas condensate in terms of physicochemical mechanics of oil dispersion systems. It is found that more than 30% content of gas condensate and more in mixtures causes increase in yield of light fractions up to 4% compared to the yield, calculated according to the rule of additivity;
there has been determined the optimum condition for extraction of oil shale tars in the course of their processing: pyrolysis temperature - 550°C, pyrolysis temperature retention time - 45 minutes. It has been demonstrated that preliminary preparation of oil shale of Baysun deposits through alkaline and bacterial treatment allows for reduction of sulphur content in oil shale tars up to 40-70%, increase in depth of extraction of shale tar samples by more than 60% relative.
CONCLUSION
1. For the first time there were conducted integrated studies on production of gasoline-methanol mixtures on the basis of local raw material resources, including benchmark and field testing, acceptability of primary components was demonstrated.
It is found that gasoline-methanol mixtures with up to 5% methanol content do not make corrosive attack on «valve-seat» sections of gasoline injectors, rubber seal ring s and aluminium materials, and, when using moisture free base gasoline and methanol (99,95%), mixtures demonstrate resistance to segregation, sufficient for moderate climate conditions of the Republic.
Results of benchmark tests supported power maintenance of engine running on gasoline Al-91 with 3% and 5% methanol, reduction of specific fuel rate approximately to 2.5%, reduction of hazardous emissions - carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (CH) by 40-45% in comparison with the base gasoline.
2. There was prepared biobutanol from plant material and demonstrated efficiency of its use as a part binary oxygenates, determined its role in regulating phase stability and improvement of octane characteristics of gasoline containing methanol and ethanol.
3. There were developed methods for improvement of environmental performance of motor gasoline using additives on the basis of mixed composite combinations of oxygenates - methanol, ethanol, in combination with nitrogen- and manganese containing dopants. There were developed some histograms of dependence of octane number maintenance of commercial gasoline with different concentrations of binary additives on the basis of methanol and ethanol.
High performance characteristics of developed composition of gasoline Al-80 of Fergana Oil Refinery, with the component composition, % by weight: directly distilled gasoline fraction-55.41; stable catalyst - 33.64; gasoline of delayed coking units - 9.9; antiknock additive ADA-Super - 1.01; antiknock additive Hi-tech 3062 - 0.04 confirmed by results of qualification tests.
4. There were proposed methods for diesel fuel production with involvement of by-products of oil-refinery - light coking distillate and overhead vacuum distillate of fuel oil vacuum distillation unit, which enabled to obtain additional resources in amount up to 5-7% of the volume of commercial diesel fuel. Proposed dependence criteria for determination of limiting quantities of by-product added to diesel fuel.
5. As a result of experimental-production studies there was studied of the specifics of heavy oil processing in combination with gas condensate from the fields of the republic, and demonstrates that directional regulation of their ratio in mixture in terms of physicochemical mechanics of oil dispersion systems is a way of maximizing extraction of light fractions.
There were developed the methods of control of optimal ratio of heavy oils and gas condensate in the course of their joint processing for maximum extraction of light fractions using dependence of viscosity characteristics of mixtures.
6. There was studied the processing of oil shale with a view to obtain alternative motor fuel components, selected an optimal mode of oil shale tar extraction using the developed laboratory instrument of high-temperature processing of oil shale, optimal pyrolysis conditions determined the following parameters: pyrolysis temperature - 550°C, pyrolysis temperature holding time - 45 min.
7. Determined the role of preliminary treatment of oil shale in pyrolysis results. It is demonstrated that alkaline treatment of oil shale leads to removal of reducing forms of sulfur. The most effective removal of reducing forms of sulfur (up to 83%) occurs when the concentration of NaOH is equal to 1%. Biological treatment of oil shale causes increase in shale tar yield. It is found that tar output from treated oil shale made 18.0%, or more than 60% of relative tar yield from source oil shale. Stage of acidification of oil shale material by sulfuric acid solution leads to increase in tar yield at 21.3% R.H.
8. For the first time, there was demonstrated the possibility of use of shale tars as an alternative raw material for production of motor fuel components, substantiated the technology of shale tar processing together with oil stock with the use of conventional technologies and oil refining processes.
9. It has been established that the gradual acidification leads to development of local («native») microflora of shale material, causing significant increase in liter slurry of iron oxidizing bacteria As. Ferrooxidans, which is the main type bacteria currently used in technologies of mineral raw materials processing, since the very existence in the original shale of «inoculating material» of iron oxidizing bacteria w ill be a source of replenishment of bacteria needed for oil shale processing.
10. In industrial conditions of the Fergana Refinery there was developed a process flow diagram of preparation, introduced the technology of diesel fuel production using by-products of oil refinery - light coking distillate and overhead vacuum distillate in accordance with the requirements of the standard for summer diesel fuel, developed and implemented a temporary production technology of pilot batches of gasoline-methanol mixture, Specifications TSh 39.3-285:2012 «Automobile methanol gasoline» for motor spirits of grades AI-80-M1, 3 and 5 (with 1, 3 and 5% methanol respectively) and A1-91-M1, 3 and 5 have been developed, approved and registered in the Agency Uzstandard. There was developed and implemented the guidelines for preparing and processing of heavy oils and gas condensate mixtures in optimal ratio at JV Jarkurganneftepererabotka. Appropriate certificates confirm cost of economical efficiency of dissertation results.

Subjects of research: lead-silicate glasses, the painted glasses with using of rare and rare-earth elements, glass-ceramic materials, microballs, road-alarm signs, cat's eyes, art details, glass and glass ceramics before and after y-irradiations.
Purpose of work: working out of structures of glasses on the basis of PbO-SiO2 system, definition of physical and chemical properties by experimental and settlement paths, research of possibility reception of the painted glasses and glass ceramics, definition of areas of their use.
Methods of research: chemical, optical, radiographic, electron-microscopic, thermographical, IR spectroscopic, standard methods of definition of physical and chemical properties, etc.
The results obtained and their novelty. For the first time in system PbO-SiO2 two structures (70% PbO + 30% SiO2 and 80% PbO + 20% SiO2) are defined as optimum from the point of view of obtaining on their basis glass balls, cat's eye, art details, y-steady materials.
For the first time experimentally confirmed that silicate-formation in charges 80% PbO + 20% SiO2 proceeds through formation of intermediate phases -2PbO-SiO2 and PbOSiO2; in charges 70% PbO + 30% SiO2 as an intermediate phase acts only PbO SiO2.
For the first time for binary lead-silicate glasses are considered all work cycle of transition from glass in microglass balls and then in road-alarm signs.
There are obtained colour glasses with application Cr2O3, Mn2O3, Fe2O3 and Ni2O3 and defined their suitability for manufacturing of stained-glass windows, a panel and etc.
There are synthesized glasses with a number of rare-earth elements and studied the possibility of their transformation in glass ceramics. It is considered the possibility of using of the obtained materials as glasses, steady to y-irradiation. Its is specified the necessity of carrying out of the further researches for this direction.
The mechanism of formation of PbO SiO2 as phase is specified at low-temperature of process of formation glass ceramics considered glasses depending on heat treatment and crystallisation conditions.
Practical value: possibility of manufacture on the basis of lead suric and natural quartz sand Dzheroj and Tozbulaksky deposits of transparent glasses suitable for manufacturing of the road-alarm signs is proved, the developed effective painted glasses have an urgency for creation import-swapping manufactures of the decorated products-stained-glass windows, panels, etc. The developed glass ceramics on preliminary data are suitable for creation of steady to y-irradiation of materials.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the developed optimum structures of glasses and glass ceramics are approved in conditions of «Olmazor TMTYICHK» and industrial enterprise "EUROSTYLE".
Economic benefit from using of oxides PbO, SiO2 with the additive oxides of pine forest and sodium as a result of quality improvement of micro-glass balls has made counting on 1 kg of glass 13920 - 14400 soums according to 2006 year.
Economic benefit from using of oxides of rare-earth elements in system PbO -SiO2 as a result of improvement of quality of colour glasses has made counting on 1 m2 glasses 11750 - 12500 soums according to 2008 year.
While in service within 6 months it is established, that reflective ability of the made signs meet the established requirements.
Field of application: - road technics;
- decoration and design;
- modern technics in the form of radiation-steady means.

Мазкур мақолада рақамли иқтисодиёт тушунчаси, рақамли иқтисодиётга хос бўлган технологик ўзгаришлар, хизмат кўрсатиш соҳасини ривожлантириш бўйича олиб рақамлаштириш соҳасидаги ўзгаришлар
масалалари ёритиб берилган, олиб борилган тадқиқот натижасида муаллифлар томонидан амалий тавсиялар илгари сурилган.

Topicality and demand of the subject dissertation. One of the most topical problems in the world is the rapid development of agriculture and its needs in mineral fertilizers. Through the use of mineral fertilizers 40-50% increase in crop’s yield on average is provided.
Uzbekistan has a large chemical industry to ensure the needs of agriculture in nitrogen, phosphate and potash fertilizers. In the Republic the products range of enterprises producing phosphorus fertilizers, consists mainly of complex nitrogenphosphorus fertilizers. They are widely used for bringing in with the sowing and fertilizing. The phosphorus fertilizers are mostly effective when they are used just under autumn plowing. Therefore, the development of new technology of single concentrated phosphate fertilizers is an important task.
The complex nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers’ production requires modernization. The fact is that their manufacture is based on the decomposition of sulfuric acid to yield the phosphate raw phosphoric acid. At the same time phosphogypsum as industrial wastes is generated. Therefore, the current phosphate processing, in which instead of gypsum a calcium nitrate is formed being effective fertilizer, especially in saline soils, becomes an urgent deal. Processing of calcium nitrate into the liquid fertilizer as the cheapest form of mineral fertilizer becomes urgent too.
The development of a thermostable form of ammonium nitrate is also an urgent problem of the chemical industry. In Uzbekistan, the ammonium nitrate is produced in quantity of more than 1 million 700 thousand tones per year. Because of the explosions in violation of the safety of its production and storage of the task is stated to create on the basis of ammonium nitrate the fertilizer, preserving its agrochemical efficiency with significantly greater resistance to external influences and therefore at risk of explosion.
The present research is focused on the implementation of the resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan the №PR-1442 dated December 15, 2010 y. «On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015» and the №PR-2151 dated March 14, 2014y. «On measures to ensure agricultural fertilizers in 2014 year», aimed at accelerating the introduction to the industries of modern scientific achievements and advanced innovative technologies, the expansion of markets for products based on the diversification of production, increase of production of export-oriented, competitive industrial products based on in-depth and high-quality processing of domestic raw materials, as well as the provision of agricultural fertilizers.
On this basis, to solve the above mentioned problems it requires to carry out new researches and developments, aimed at involving into the processing of poor phosphate raw materials, to upgrade technology of complex nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, to increase the production of phosphate fertilizers, to expand their range of production, to reduce their costs, as well as to establish of export-oriented thermostable ammonium nitrate’s development.
Purpose of research is to develop technologies for the production of single phosphate fertilizers, nitrogen-phosphorus and nitrogen-calcium liquid fertilizers, thermostable ammonium nitrate by using the Central Kyzylkum low-grade phosphate raw materials.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research consist in the following:
the optimum conditions of the interaction processes of low-grade Central Kyzyl Kum phosphorites with phosphoric acid gypsum slurry are studied and the technology of the single phosphorus fertilizers was created;
the liquid nitrogen-calcium and solid nitrogen-phosphorus-calcium fertilizers are produced by mean of removing calcium nitrate from nitro-calcium phosphate pulp that obtained decomposition Central Kyzylkum phosphorites with nitric acid. The correlation between the composition and properties of liquid nitrogen-calcium fertilizers depend on the norm of nitric acid and the weight ratio of nitrate ammonium calcium solution to ammonium nitrate, urea and a solution of urea-ammonium nitrate was revealed;
it was determined that the phosphate additive does increase the temperature of modification’s transformation of ammonium nitrate IV —» 111, does decrease thermal effects of modification’s transactions, does increase decomposition temperature on 29-39°C, does reduce crystal sizes of fertilizer’s granules, as the result the thermal stability of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer does increase;
the technology of novel fertilizers containing of assimilable forms of P2O5 and CaO on the basis of introduction of various types of high calcareous Central Kyzylkum phosphorites into ammonium nitrate melt was created.
Conclusion
The thesis contains the solution of very relevant scientific and technical problems in the field of chemistry and chemical technology of mineral fertilizers, laying a theoretical and applied research, ensuring development of resource-saving technology for new types of single phosphorus, nitrogen-phosphorus and liquid nitrogen-calcium fertilizers based on complex processing of the Central Kyzylkum phosphorites.
The main scientific and practical results obtained in the performance of the thesis are as follows:
1. The study of graphoanalitical analysis of CaO^Os-SOs-fTO and CaO-P2O5-N2O5-H2O systems has theoretically proved the process of interaction between the Central Kyzylkum phosphorites with phosphoric acid-gypsum pulp and nitric acid with reduced norm. New scientific evidence obtained allows to justify and to predict the flow conditions and processes of single nitrogen-phosphorus-calcium fertilizers during the processing of Kyzylkum phosphorites and to find optimal compositions.
2. The interaction between different types of the Central Kyzylkum phosphorites and a phosphoric acid gypsum pulp obtained by the decomposition of washed calcined concentrate with sulfuric acid, in the range of mass ratios PAGS:PR = 100 : (25-70) was investigated. Ratios and concentrations limits of the reactants involved in the process were established. It is shown that the optimal ratio of PAGS:PR is 100 : (25-30), in which single fertilizer with a maximum content of digestible and water-soluble form of P2O5 and CaO can be obtained. To improve the marketable properties of the product in sulfo-calcium phosphate slurry it is recommended to add the sour runoff - absorption solution of EPA production.
3. The advanced technology of nitrogen-phosphorus-calcium containing and liquid nitrogen-calcium fertilizer production by partial release of calcium nitrate from ammoniated nitrogen-calcium phosphate slurry by various options was developed. Il is shown that in the proposed NPCa fertilizers content of P2O5 is 7-10% higher than in NCPF (nitrofos), which is produced at JSC «Samarkandkimyo».
The studies have been conducted on the processing of NACS, which is the liquid phase of nitrogen-calcium phosphate slurry, in various marks of LNCF. The different composition of LNCF was obtained with evaporation method of NACS and neutralization with ammonia depending on the norm of nitric acid. And by adding ammonium nitrate, urea and CAN solution to NACS a wide range of LNCF with high nitrogen content was obtained.
4. The possibility of obtaining of NPF on the basis of interaction of different types of the Central Kyzylkum phosphorites with a melt or concentrated solution of AN was studied. The kinetics of decarbonization and activation of ordinary phosphorite flour in AN melt were studied. It is shown that a high degree of decarbonization and activation of phosphate raw materials in NPF observed after 20 minutes of initial regents’ interaction. It was found out that the introduction of phosphate additives into ammonium nitrate significantly increases the hardness of granules, i.e. on average for 2.0-5.5 times. Adding phosphorite powder to an amount of 5% in terms of P2O5 to AN melt reduces porosity of its granules from 9.15 to 7.08%. Caking of NPF containing 3.0-5.04% P2O5 is 1.71-1.87 kg/cm2 that 2.5-2.7 times less than the net AN caking.
5. The effect of phosphate additives on the modificational conversions of ammonium nitrate was studied. Determined that for AN transformation temperature IV—>111 is 44.8°C, and with the addition of phosphate raw materials in the amount of 1.05-5.04% P2O5 to AN the temperature of this transformation increases from 53.7 to 56.6°C. This reduces the melting temperature and crystallization of AN. Rising the transition temperature IV —> 111 contribute to the preservation of high strength and to reduction of NPF granules caking during transport and storage in hot climates.
Thermal effects of modificational transitions of NPF were defined. It is shown that their values are much lower than the initial AN’s heat of transition. Consequently, they occur with minimal thermal effects and the additive has an inhibitory effect on modificational transformation and at the transition points of transformation does not proceed until the end, and that helps to reduce the level of granules’ destruction, sealing their structure and thus the preservation of increased strength.
6. It was shown that when AN is heated the phosphate additives have beneficial buffering action and stabilize its pH value. The temperatures of the beginning of their decomposition and energy of their activation process were determined. It was found out that the onset temperature of thermal decomposition of the AN as part of NPF compared to net AN depending on the amount of phosphorite additives, increased from 29 to 39°C. It is shown that the activation energy of NPF decomposition, containing from 1 to 5% P2O5 varies between 46.6-51.6 kcal/mol, which is 4.7-9.7 kcal/mol higher than the activation energy of pure AN decomposition. This indicates a significant increase in thermal stability of phosphatized AN.
Conducted electron-microscopic study of micro-structures of NPF granules shows that the phosphate additive reduces the size of ammonium nitrate crystals. Phosphorite settles into the pores and microcracks, filling them, forming a more perfect surface and internal structure of the NPF granules.
By conducting of pilot tests in the workshop number 3 at JSC «Navoiazot», the losses of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen at release of developed nitrogenphosphorus fertilizer were identified. Losses per 1 t of NPF were: in the form of NIL - 0.52 kg/t, and in the form of NH4NO3 - 0.41 kg/t, i.e. overall loss at the mixing and granulation stage of NPF in terms of nitrogen amounted to 0.572 kg/t which is the allowable value.
7. Physicochemical and rheological properties of solutions, pulps and melts which were formed at various stages of technological process of the Central Kyzylkum phosphorites processing were determined. With the use of X-ray methods and 1R spectroscopic analysis the salt composition of the products was established, also the physicochemical and product properties of single, nitrogenphosphorus and NPCa fertilizers were studied.
8. Based on the results of the laboratory experiments, data of tests carried out at the model installation and at a pilot works the technological scheme was designed and material balance of production of singles, nitrogen-phosphorus, NPCa and liquid nitrogen-calcium fertilizers was composed. The results of the physical, chemical and applied researches on the decomposition of the Central Kyzylkum phosphorites with phosphoric acid-gypsum pulp formed the basis for the development of technology for single-phosphorus fertilizer, which has been successfully tested at JSC «Ammofos-Maxam» with the release in 2009 of 60 tons, and in 201 1, 100 tons of a new type of fertilizer. Production technology of NPF based on ammonium nitrate melt and the Central Kyzylkum phosphorite flour is implemented at JSC «Navoiazot». Since the beginning of 2009 to the present time more than 300 thousand tons of new type of NPF in the amount of 165 billion soums were produced.
9. Technical and economic calculations were fulfilled for the single, NPCa and liquid nitrogen-calcium fertilizers. In organizing the production of single phosphorus fertilizer the norm of sulfuric acid per 1 ton of 100% P2O5 compared to the production of suprefos reduced to 30-35%. Wholesale price of granular NPCa fertilizer is 565511 soums compared to NCPF on 118643 soums cheaper. Wholesale price of LNCF, which is obtained with the addition to NACS ammonium nitrate and urea is 192722 and 285548 soums respectively. With the release of 100 thousand tons of NPF per year only due to the absence of special protection and support more than 2 billion soums are saved.
10. Agrochemical tests of derived fertilizers at cotton plants’ fields in the microlysimetric, pushed plot and field conditions were held. These results indicate that the efficiency of the developed agrochemical fertilizers is close to the efficiency of mixtures of traditional fertilizers with an equivalent amount of nutrients.

The article discusses the increase in wear resistance, adhesive strength and physical and mechanical properties of composite thermosetting epoxy polymer materials and coatings based on them for use on working surfaces that form the equipment of architectural and artistic reinforced concrete products

This article is devoted to the current problem of developing innovative activities in the building materials industry. The country's building materials industry has a significant resource potential, the use of which requires innovative development of the industry. With this in mind, the article proposes innovative directions for the development of the industry under consideration in order to better meet the needs of the economy in modern building materials.

Zamonaviy texnologiyalar asosida boʻlajak muhandislarning grafik kompetentsiyasini 3D modellashtrishlar asosida rivojlantirishning asosiy pedagogik shartlari muhokama qilinadi. Zamonaviy ishlab chiqarishda uch o‘lchovli modellashtirish asosida kasbiy faoliyat ob’ektlarini loyihalash texnologiyalari alohida o‘rin tutadi. Shunday qilib, grafik kompetentlik kasbiy kompetentlikning muhim tarkibiy qismiga aylanadi, uning shakllanish darajasi maxsus fanlarga tayyorgarlik jarayonida bilimlarni o‘zlashtirishning muvaffaqiyatini va muhandislik sohasidagi mutaxassislarning grafik kompetentligini rivojlantirish va texnik universitetlarida grafik kompetensiyalar boʻlajak mutaxassislarning fundamental va kasbiy ahamiyatga ega fazilatlarini maqsadli shakllantirishning uslubiy tizimi taklif qilindi.

Actuality and relevance of the subject of dissertation. Nowadays solutions of technological issues related with raw material resources and their treatment is considered to be extremely important due to increasing of demands of world population to the goods made of natural fibers. At this point improving properties of protein fibers, especially wool and silk fibers is considered to be one of the basic tasks. That is why in order to improve the properties of natural fibers is paid special attention.
During the independence years in our country is established production of high quality goods of existing raw materials, i.e protein fibers, especially wool and silk fibers, also their treatment industry branches, there was drawn attention to modifying with different composites in order to get high quality wool and silk fibers and there were achieved considerable progresses in the industry and as a result light industry took special place in the economy of the country. Nowadays in modern equipped factories of our country are produced yarns, fabrics, different garment-knitting goods, uniforms. Such types of light industry are providing not only local market but also European, American, Asian and African countries as well.
In the world scale the targeted research on increasing the quality of textile fiber and production of good-quality fabrics is extremely important, that is why to the following tasks are given special attention: receiving natural fibers from existing complex functional properties and develop new technologies; receiving compositional textile materials from fibers with new properties on the basement of biomodifyers; development of new type of fibers with special bioprotective properties that consigned for children clothes’ assortment; receiving fibers with new properties for the materials (filmy cover of wound, medical dressing bandages) consigned for medical use; creating modernized technologies of modifying textile fibers based on usage nanoparticles, biotechnological achievements and new dyers.
The following dissertation work considerably serves to implement the tasks given in the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8 from January 22, 2015 «About additional measures on reduction in expenditure in industry and reducing prime cost of production» and No. 66 from August 27, 2016 «About measures of perfection of development of light industry in the republic and organizing the management» also other normative documents related with the branch.
The research objective is considered development of polymer compositions based on water-soluble quarternary ammonium salts for modification of natural protein fibers and technologies of receiving them.
The scientific novelty of the thesis research lies in the following:
there was identified acceptable conditions of polymerization in presence of initiator of monomeric quaternary ammonium salt PS DMAMAOE AB based on free-radical polymerization kinetics and revealed acceptable condition of creating compositions for modifying protein fibers on their basement;
there were shown influence of functionalized groups of water-soluble polymer compositions and its separate components on the structure, physical-mechanical properties and technological indicators of protein fibers, particularly woolen and silk fibers;
there was defined that improvement of mechanical properties of protein fiber is due to as with fault clearing, existing on the surface of the fiber, so with relaxation with strain of separate macromolecules of keratin and its supramolecular formations;
there were defined conditions of conducting passing of grafted co-polimerization of MEMKAI with natural silk and developed technological system of chemical modification of silk fiber through grafted co-polimerization with MEMKAI by the method of oxidation-reduction initiating system;
CONCLUSION
While conducting dissertation work on creating water-soluble polymer compositions on the basis of PS DMAMAOE AB with glycerin, and main scientific and practical results on usage them in modifying wool fibers we can make the following conclusions:
1. On dissertation there was developed scientific basement of creating watersoluble polymer compositions based on PS DMAMAOE AB in accordance with glycerin and was established scientific regularity of free-radical polymerization of monomer quaternary ammonium salts of DMAMAOE AB in presence of initiator, at temperature 343 К in environment of known organic solvent.
2. Developed water-soluble compositions, first of all, were used for ennoblement of protein fibers. There was set that existence of compositions of different poly-functional groups in chemical structure rarely decreases fiber breakage and improves physical-mechanical properties. By electronic -microscopic and sorption researches of wool fibers there was shown surface smoothing of fiber layer and density of their microstructure which is very important in their following processing as well, i.e durability to fiber breakage increases to 45% and variation coefficients decrease from 33,7% to 26,1%. There was observed decreasing rove breakage while knitting from 207 pc per 1000 rotating/hour till 96, 28% and improvement of yarn quality on variation coefficient on explosive load.
3. There was observed alignment of supramolecular surface of woolen keratin due to formation of complexes between fiber and macromolecules and improving physical-mechanical properties, also was approved that fiber becomes more stable and less tight based on the experiment.
4. Experimental tests conducted in the conditions of LLE «Khorazm gilamlari», there were established that using polymer compositions which was developed by us for processing protein fibers and yarns, resulted in perfection of their physical-mechanical and also technological properties and in accordance with requirements GOST as well. Based on conducted researches there was developed technological order on modification of protein fibers with water-soluble polymer composition solutions based on PS DMAMAOE AB with economically effect for the amount 156 million soums in 2016.
5. There was also proved that grafting MEMKAI to raw-silk unit opens huge opportunities for improving dyeability of natural silk, and for widening intervals of dyebility of widely used dyers that extremely is important for increasing range of fabrics for national clothes, especially in Central Asian region and there was developed grafting MEMKAI link to raw-silk opens big opportunities to improve dyeability of natural silk, widening dyeing interval of used dyers which is very important for increasing range of fabrics for national clothes, especially in Central Asian region. There was developed technological order for silk fiber based on scientific-practical researches results on modifying protein fibers with watersoluble HM CSAS substances polymer compositional solutions and in it was implemented in 2016 in LLE «Nurli tong silk» with annual economic efficiency for 252 million soums also at the same time developed regime of dyeing and grafting the basements of silk fabrics from natural silk.

Ushbu tesizda ijodiy tafakkurni insonlarda rivojlantirishning psixologik jihatlari, shaxslarda o‘z-o‘zini rivojlantrishning ijtimoiy jihatlari, qobilyatlar va istedodlarni shakllantrish masalalari yoritilgan.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. According to a number of the international Associations textile and light industry because of growth of the population and reduction of the irrigated ground areas in the world rates of increase of manufacture of natural fibers therefore their specific volume in World balance of textile raw materials decreases every year arc limited, but substantial growth of rates manufacture of synthetic fibers is thus observed. Therefore in world practice of such countries, as America, England, Germany, China, Japan, India and others. For the purpose of regional enclosing of hygienic properties of synthetic fibers develop theoretical bases, techniques and the production technology of textile materials in mixes with the natural.
The State in front of textile and light industry as one of the main factors of increasing economic effectiveness of the branch, there has been put a task of implementing achievements of modem science, technique and technology on this field providing processing of the local raw of cotton and silk and leading it to the finished product being used by consumer demand in internal market as well as external market as a significant factor of raising economical effectiveness of the branch.
Every year there arc prepared more than 25 thousand tons of silk cocoons in the Republic. Processing of this expensive raw material enables to improve the production of wool-silken yam, fabrics and ready modem garment which possess unique natural features as: pleasant gloss, softness, drape able, short stretched, high water absorption and moisture returnees, high strength and stability for washing. For producing modem types of upper garments of class lux there has been appeared a neediness for creating of a complex technology of its production from woolen and blended fabrics.
The present work is focused on performance of the problems followed from the resolution of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan № PP-1442 from December, 15th, 2010 "About priorities of development of the industry of Republic Uzbckistnan in 2011-2015" and Cabinet of Ministers of the Rcspublic of Uzbekistan from August, 2nd, 2012 №234 "About additional measures on expansion of assortment of m to increase in volume manufacture non foodproducing in 2012-2015" the volumes directed on expansion and assortment export-oriented, a competitive industrial output, and also decrease in their cost price by introduction of progressive innovative technologies of processing of domestic local raw materials.
Purpose of research is the development of integrated technology of women’s garment manufacture from wool and blended fabrics.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research is in the following:
The expediency of the systematic approach “raw stock-matcrial-garmcnt” for designing the assortment of women’s outwear from wool and blended fabric is justified;
the scheme of structural logical information model of the process of integrated production of clothing from the new range of wool - silk fabric is justified;
developed the method of blending the raw materials and method of production of wool - silk yam, which allows to increase twice the relative tensile characteristics of wool - silk yams in comparison to pure wool;
determined the rational content of chemical fiber, which promotes increase of tensile characteristics of woollen, consisting of 2 % of polyester fiber and lycra thread; further increase of the share of chemical fibers in the blend leads to sharp deterioration of breathability of the fabrics;
the formula for the calculation of the porosity of the material is theoretically based and recommended, which determines its moulding characteristic for women’s clothing;
justified the limit of the clastic part of the deformation component in the clothing from 64-70 % of wool and blended fabrics, that creates and ensures the comfort;
developed the principles of making the multi-range set of women’s clothing from wool and blended materials and method of their formation, produced the industrial sample;
formed the structure and content of the organizational-technological scheme for the production of multi-range set of clothing from wool and blended materials on the basis of optimisation of the parametres of multi-range line;
Conclusion
1. With the consideration of multifunctional women’s garment from wool and blended fabric, developed the systematic approach in designing the product, conceptual model and functional decomposition of designing process and production manufacture.
2. On the basis of theoretical and experimental research and assessment of fibers’ quality in the blend, developed the methods of blending and methods of manufacture of wool-silk yam. The novelty of the method is proved by the issued patent №IAP 04949.
3. Manufactured the experimental batch of wool (70%)- silk (30%) yam with linear density 30 tex, of relative breaking load 19,0 cN/tex, in 100% silk yarn this indicator equals to 7,5 cN/tex. Wool-silk fabric is created in the conditions of production by the existing technology, with the improved operational features.
4. Experimental researches showed that up to 25% content of polyester or 2% of lycra thread, in significant level, increase the breaking characteristics of woolen fabrics, however with the increase of the share of chemical fibers air permeability of the material sharply deteriorates, consequently the air permeability of clothing as well.
5. The formula is based and recommended for calculation of material porosity, on the basis of research of moulded characteristics.
6. The limit elastic part of component of distortion up to 64-70% is theoretically justified and experimentally proved by the research of tensely-distorted condition of the material for wool-silk garment.
7. Conducted the marketing research of regional market of women’s outfit, that allowed structuring within it the group of business women, who differ by social-dcmographical characteristics, by the peculiarity of lifestyle and preferences in clothing. The results of research allowed to improve the methodology of formation of rational structure of multi-range set of clothing on the basis of record of consumer preferences by art-constructive features to wool and blended clothing.
8. The sewing needles № 85, 90 and silk thread of linear density 21 tex are recommended for sewing of products from wool-silk fabric through experimental research of trenchability of the fabric .
9. Determined the tendencies for development of consumption of wool and blended products and developed by the method of a priori ranging of the factors for the set of assortment, allowed to determine the concept by the basic art-constructive features of designing with the consideration of new features of woolsilk fabric, to create information background for development of the collection of modem clothing.
10. The multi-range industrial collection of products from wool and blended fabric arc formed with the usage of methods and means of morphological transformation.
11. "Specification" on the complete set of the top lady's wear is developed, the approved sample on which novelty the patent № SAP 01350 is received is prepared.
12. Cost efficiency of implementing of the results of the thesis arc the following:
- at the production of one ton of blended wool-silk yarn in LLC “Kosonsoy toqimachi”, the expected cost efficiency will makes 4,5 million sums (ACT from 03.06.2015).
-implementation of production technology of products from wool and blended fabric in the terms of LLC «Istiqlol Dizayn Markazi» (Namangan city) allowed to develop the collections of new sets of women’s outwear with high consumer demand. At the issue of 500 sets, the expected cost-efficiency will be 26,5 million sums (ACT from 19.06. 2015).
-at implementing of the results of scientific research on the development of the method of design of women’s outfit from new range of wool-silk fabric in the terms of LLC “Ziyoda Art Textile” (Tashkent city), at sewing and implementation of 300 sets of products from new fabric, the cost-efficiency, that is profit, will makes 16,0 million sums (ACT from 24.06. 2015).

The topicality and relevance of the subject of the dissertation. It is well-known fact that the area of lands tillable world-wide is 3 billions 278 million hectares or 22% of total dry land area. Almost 2 billion hectares of soil arc degraded (wind and water erosion, salinization, etc.), whereof 12.2% arc the saline soils. The area under crop in region is in total 4306.7 thous. hectares, whereof the total area of saline soils is 2045.1 thous. hectares.
For plant cultivation on saline soils due to necessity of salts washing depending on salinization level the washing irrigation is conducted at rate 900-1500 m3/hectarc. Herewith the important part is the physical evaporation of available water and increase of topsoil density due to washing irrigation and effect of tillage’s. From this perspective in the republic are conducted the complex activities on prevention of possible physical evaporation of available water and increase of topsoil density owing to improvement of technology and equipment for secondary tillage of salinizcd soils decreasing herewith the energy and material and technical resources consumption and increase of operational efficiency.
Overview of equipment and technologies of secondary tillage showed that development of a system, based on researches into the system of the “Combined machine - soil - technological process of preparing of soil for sowing”, of resource-saving combined machine that prepares the seed fund by one pass of a unit is promising direction in developing the equipment and technology of prcplant tillage. Usage of rotational operative parts in constructions of such machines due to their advantages is of priority significance.
In this connection, topical arc the researches aimed at improving the soil prcplant tillage, reduction in consumption of energy and materials and technical resources, raising the labor productivity, improving the processes of soil prcplant tillage and creating equipment to implement them.
Present thesis research to some extent serves for implementation of tasks formulated in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-1758 dated May 21, 2012, re: “The Program of Further Modernization, Retooling and Updating the Processes of Agricultural Production for 2012-2016”.
The research objective is to develop technologies and equipment of prcplant tillage of saline soils within the framework of the system “Combined machine -soil - technological process of preparing of soil for sowing”.
The scientific novelty of the dissertation consists in elaboration:
have been developed the process layouts and constructions of combined machines performing the improved processes of prcplant soil tillage within the framework of the system “Combined machine - soil - technological process of preparing of soil for sowing”;
for the first time the mechanical-mathematical model have been developed correlating parameters and modes of operation of rotational, provided with equidistant trajectory movement cutters and passive installed in one range with deckopcrative parts of combined machine with the quality indices and these operative parts interaction with soil.
for the first time ever have been developed the structural schemes and constructions of new operative parts for lumps breaking based on use of directional stress concentration;
for the first time ever have been determined the analytical dependencies setting the rational parameters values of combined machine and its operative parts performing the tillage with equidistant removal of deformation zone top;
have been determined the regularities of quality and energy indices variations of combined machines depending of the motion speed and parameters of operative parts thereof.
CONCLUSION
Development of advanced technologies and prcplant soil tillage increasing productivity of lab our, improving quantitative and qualitative indicators and decreasing energy and material intensity of technological processes for treatment of soil is an urgent scientific problem. The developed mechanical and technological bases and mathematical models that reflect the relation of quantitative and qualitative indicators of prcplant soil tillage to the rational technological schemes of combined machines and shapes, parameters and operation modes of their operative parts have laid down the scientific foundations of the problem and allowed to solve practical problems of the latter.
The conducted researches have produced the following scientific results:
1. Based on the analysis of the prcplant soil tillage processes, the scientific-technological basics have been developed which allow to address the problem issues of the system "Combined machine - soil - the technological process of preparing the soil for sowing" with a system approach considering all the factors affecting the design-engineering and opcrational/technological indicators of the combined machines being developed and their operative parts. Their practical use allowed, on the one part, to determine the rational process chart of prcplant combined machines, and, on the other, to produce mechanical-mathematic models and design models that correlate the operative part operation parameters and operation modes with the indicators of their operation.
2. The research into the influence of the type of the operative part and their relative positions in the process chain as well as of the type of the rotor drive on the operation efficiency of the process diagram of the combined machines provided with rotary operative parts have enabled to develop diagrams and designs of combined machines that perform moisture-, energy- and resource saving operations of saline soil tillage. Whereas, the rational process chain of operating elements positioning for machines with driven rotor is as follows: passive operative part => rotor => housing and leveling apron => compacting roller; and for free rotors: driving rotor => passive operative part => secondary rotor - levelingcompacting roller.
3. Based on the research into the process of deformation of saline soils with surface cracks developing after leaching irrigations, the following has been established. When the depth and distance between the cracks arc less than the tillage depth, soil is deformed with minimum energy consumption while the lumps formed as a result of this have minimum sizes. Meanwhile, in order to raise the deformation efficiency of soil with cracks on the surface, it will be necessary to:
- perform deformation of soil blocks limited by cracks by using the operative parts, preventing their separation or shift on the base;
- elimination of any possibility of falling any soil blocks during tillage outside the limits of operative part contact area.
4. The calculation-experimental models of the process of destruction of soil lumps developed on the basis of methods of analytic mechanics, materials mechanics and law of similarity have enabled to identify the main factors affecting the soil lump destruction degree: the value and speed of load application, contact area size and stress direction configuration. Whereas, effective soil lump destruction takes place at their frontal contact with the operative part that creates concentration of stress on two and more intersecting planes.
5. The research into the process of interaction of soil through away by the rotor with the housing has enabled to determine the condition of effectively preventing the repeat action of the rotor knives on the tilled soil which is achieved by the angle between the direction of the velocity vector of the soil flow thrown away by the rotor and the tangent drawn to the housing through the point of intersection with it of the direction of the mentioned speed vector at more than 90°. This condition is most fully met by the developed for of the housing surface profile of which the curvature center lies on the circle of its description, while the curvature radius vector on any point: perpendicularly to the tangent drawn through the said point.
6. The developed scientific/engineering basics of the system "Combined machine - soil - the technological process of preparing the soil for sowing" and the methodology structure of conducting such research have enabled to scientifically substantiate and develop the technological and engineering solutions performing new techniques of soil tillage and the operation principles of the operative parts, including:
the passive operative part performing semi-released soil loosening and featuring installation in one row with overlapping. The separate and consistent impact of the chisel, stem as well as of the asymmetrical sweep blades made by the passive operative part as well as semi-released soil loosening increases soil destruction rate by 10.8-16.8% and reduces energy consumption by 23.3-26.5%;
The rotor with knives with equidistant trajectory of movement. The new rotavation technique with equidistant movement of the soil deformation area top reduces moisture loss by 1.1-3.0%, improves soil pulverization rate by 7.6-8.1% and uniformity of its tillage;
The leveling-apron running jointly with the rotor housing in valve mode that gets activated in case of formation of a dragging prism with the volume of more than optimal. The operation principle included in the design of the leveling apron and rotor housing enables to prevent soil buildup by optimization of the volume of the dragging prism, therefore, repeated action of the rotor knives on the soil buildup thus reducing energy consumption and improving soil tillage quality;
the engineering solutions that improve the roller performance efficiency:
- by balancing the roller section load on soil;
- by installing a tie-rod connecting the roller to the machine frame in horizontal position or in a position inclined downwards rather than in a position with upward gradient;
- by a shift of the point of application of the force created by the loading mechanism to the side opposite from the tie-rod suspension point.
7. The developed mathematical models, as well as the regression equation produced for designated values of the main levels and intervals of variation of the factors adequately describe the researched factor space and enable to find the rational values of the parameters meeting the performance criteria developed during the research into the operative parts of the combined machines, viz.:
- for the passive operative part provided with an asymmetric sweep: Ьк(л) = 235 mm and bK(n) = 175 mm; y(pn) = 48°; /J7) = 34°; ad = 38°; 0O = 25°; /?- = 23°36’;/d =210 mm; Vn= 1.7-2.2 m/s;
- for the rotor equipped with sweeps of equidistant trajectory: rp = 180 mm; Lcd = 200 mm; Z„ = 3 pieces; <7| = 6°38’; <2,= 24<)15’ and a3 = 38°4’; d)p = 51.49 rad/s; Vn= 1.7-2.3 m/s;
- for the rotor housing and the leveling apron: rn = 370-380 mm; 1кф = 200-220 mm; r, = 130-150 mm and Pva = 350-375 N/m;
- for the roller: rKI„ = 180 mm; «„= 0°- (-5°); <2ЯХ. = 0°.
8. Introduction of developed as a result of the research technological and engineering solutions significantly contributes towards acceleration of the scientific and technological progress in the sphere of mechanization of agriculture and promotes reduction in labour costs by 2.54 man-h/ha, saving fuel by 4.68 kg/ha and energy by 112.73 MJ/ha, reduction in metal intensity by 7.66 kg/ha.
So, major scientific problem of development of technological and technical means of the improved system "Combined machine - soil - the technological process of preparing the soil for sowing," aimed at ensuring energy-, resourceefficient preparation of sowing fields on saline lands in a single pass of the unit and having a great agricultural economic significance has been addressed based on theoretical summarization and practical implementation set out in the thesis of new scientific positions.