ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
404
2181-3187
THE HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL PARKS OF UZBEKISTAN AND
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE NATIONAL PARKS THAT EXIST TODAY.
Samarkand State University of Architecture and Construction
Elvira Jurayeva
Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture (PhD)
jorayeva.elvira@samdaqu.edu.uz
Abstract
: Article Creating a garden, gardening is one of the greatest discoveries
in the history of human development. From primitive times, man considers the garden
a symbol of life and abundance. In all ancient religious myths, heaven is compared to
an eternal garden. For this reason, Eastern poets describe beautiful gardens and green
cities as "paradise-like", "paradise-like". The gardens created by our great grandfather
Amir Temur occupy a special place in the history of world horticulture. All the
historians who study the history of Sahibqiran recognize the potential of the Sultan of
Turan in the art of horticulture and describe and classify the gardens created by him in
their works. The owner proudly said: "I have a garden that stretches from Bukhara to
Samarkand." They also say: "Make a garden even if you are a king, make a garden
even if you are a pauper, one day you will taste its fruits."
Key words
: Garden, garden, waterfall, fruit trees, Uzbek national park, water,
history, nature, national park.
Introduction: Humanity has been improving irrigation networks since the ancient
Sumerian kingdom. This, in turn, encouraged the development of horticulture. The
ancient sages, eager to discover the secret of the distant stars, recognized nature as a
symbol of beauty, sought to derive spiritual pleasure from it, and in the end tried to
create gardens based on the exquisite creations of nature. The legends about the
hanging gardens created by Shamuramat-Semirama, the queen of Ashshura (Assyria)
in 811-781 BC, and the Garden of Eram, built by the Egyptian king Shaddad, still excite
people. Horticulture is closely related to the history of the people, its culture, science,
literature and art, history and experience of agriculture. The geographical area
inhabited by a certain nation, its cultural and scientific development, literature and art,
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
405
2181-3187
the level of agriculture and suhora industries are reflected in the gardens created in the
past. The gardens created by our great grandfather Amir Temur occupy a special place
in the history of world horticulture. All the historians who study the history of
Sahibqiran recognize the potential of the Sultan of Turan in the art of horticulture and
describe and classify the gardens created by him in their works. The soil of Samarkand,
praised as Firdavsmonand, has been considered a land of gardens since time
immemorial. Istahri, who came to this land about a thousand years ago, wrote down
the following information: "If you climb a hill and look around, in Samarkand Sogd,
as well as in Samarkand itself, you will see greenery and pleasant places. There are no
treeless mountains and dusty steppes nearby. Samarkand Sogd is the most beautiful
among the three places we have mentioned, because it continues unbroken from the
right and left sides along the Sogd (Zarafshan) river until the border of Bukhara. It's
just big, you can walk through the green fields and gardens for eight days.
These are integrated gardens surrounded by constantly flowing streams, and there
are ponds between meadows and fields. Both banks of the river are covered with blue-
green trees and fields. Green trees protect the crops, and after the fields are pastures for
livestock. Every city and village here has a fortress, which shines like a green cloth
dress among the green fields, woven with water channels and decorated with the glitter
of castles. Sogd is the most fertile land of God's lands, with the best trees and fruits,
and gardens, ponds, and running water in every inhabited place. It is rare to see a street
or a house without a flowing water ditch. " The overflowing water from the large
paradise pool or fountain in the center of the garden flows along four paradise ditches
directed towards the horizon and forms the four paradise gardens - "Charbog". And
each garden consists of 4 more chamans - "Chorchamans". If we equate the size of 1
chaman to one module, then "Charbog" turns out to be an orderly geometric garden
created on the basis of an architectural module. The green world in the meadows
includes ornamental and fruit trees, shrubs, flowers that bloom one after the other from
early spring to late autumn, as well as vineyards and orchards. Among the scenic trees
are poplars, willows, maples, cypresses, willows, alders, and shamshads. With their
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
406
2181-3187
help, open and closed alleys were formed in the garden. From fruit trees, planting
different varieties of apples, apricots, peaches, pomegranates, pears, cherries, figs,
mulberries and almonds, creating a separate vineyard, from flowers, always spring,
roses, violets, sausan, gulira'ano, lily, shabboi, gultokhoroz, argun, it was a tradition to
plant flowers such as roses and hanjarii. The architectural solution of the Uzbek
National Park should be developed in the regular composition of "Chorbog", in which
the presence of straight roads and avenues, ditches and canals, ponds, winding
fountains, in short, flowing water and shaded environment should be of great
importance.
Our grandfather Amir Temur left a lot of wise words about the health of nature
and people, beautification of deserts and development of agriculture. "...I ordered the
construction of mosques, madrasahs, houses, and baths in every city, the construction
of bridges over the roads for foreign travelers, and the construction of bridges over
rivers. Whoever clears a desert, or makes a garden green, or improves any waste land,
they shall not take anything from it in the first year, but in the third year, the tribute
shall be collected in accordance with the law.
In the agricultural oases of Mowarunnahr, in particular, in the Zarafshan valley,
dozens of irrigation networks were built and agricultural areas were expanded.
Churches and shrines were improved. Yeski Anhor canal in Kashkadarya region was
built by Amir Temur in honor of his victory over Sultan Bayazid. According to
historian Hafiz Abro', Amir Temur saw the destruction of agriculture and development
in the Murgob Valley in Khurasan, so he dug 20 canals from the river and laid the
foundations for agriculture and development. According to his instructions, bridges
were built over Kohak-Zarafshan, Amudarya and Syrdarya. A canal was also dug from
Syrdarya and Ohangaron. According to the owner's order, irrigation works were carried
out in Bukhara, Samarkand, Shahrisabz and Fergana. Such creations were continued in
other regions of the country. He built a 42 km canal in remote Karabakh. 12 gardens
have been established in the city of Mug'an in Azerbaijan. During the time of Amir
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
407
2181-3187
Temur, unique gardens were created and unique names were given to them. The first
information about them can be found in the works of historians, poets, and tourists of
the past. Also, the gardens of Amir Temur are depicted in miniatures of medieval
artists. These parks were of two types according to their structure:Charbogs are
geometric (quadrangular) in shape, and each side is approximately 1 km long. The
ditches passing through the stage separated them into 4 equal parts. There was a minaret
at each corner of the surrounding high walls. In the center is the Palace. The gates of
such parks are built facing the city.Gardens with a non-geometric structure, built in
natural groves and thickets. Such parks were intended for the ruler to hunt, and the
main part was kept natural, untouched. Palaces and tents were built for recreation only
in a small part of them. Ponds were dug and fountains installed. The flora and fauna of
this type of gardens is extremely rich. THE GARDEN IS HIGH. The owner built it for
his granddaughter (Mironshah's daughter) near the Cho'ponota mausoleum in the North
of Samarkand (near the current airport). Gardening masters and architects from Iran,
Azerbaijan and other countries took part in its construction. In the middle of the garden
is a luxurious mansion built of Tabriz white marble, surrounded by vines, fig groves
and olive groves, giving a beautiful refreshment to the garden. THE GARDEN IS
PARADISE. In 1378, Sahibgiron married his beloved wife Khairunisa in the West of
Samarkand. In some written sources it is called "Garden of Paradise". There was a
luxurious palace built of white Tabriz marble on an artificial hill surrounded by a moat
in the middle of the garden. The palace was entered through several drawbridges. On
one side of this park is a zoo where various animals are kept. GOVERNMENT
GARDEN. This garden was 13 km south of Samarkand, on the left side of the present-
day large tract of Uzbekistan. After returning from victorious campaigns, Amir Temur
rested in this garden and received foreign soldiers. It had ditches, four ponds, and a
large palace. The palace is built on an artificial hill, surrounded by a moat. It is entered
through two drawbridges. Goodbye. (Recreational garden) was built in 1397 in honor
of Tukalkhanim, one of Amir Temur's wives. This park is located 5 km east of
Samarkand, on the right side of the Panjakent road (on the site of the ancient Khijduvan
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
408
2181-3187
village). It is surrounded on all sides by a 900-meter high straw wall. In the center of
the four gates of the garden was a luxurious palace. The palace has three floors, each
floor has a fountain. On the walls of the palace there are paintings from the wars fought
by Sahibgiron. Dilkusho village is located in the place of this garden. Bogijahannoma
(Mirror of the World). Amir Temur built seven farsakhs (42 km) from Samarkand, at
the foot of Zarafshan mountain (approximately in Urgut district). It had a palace and a
fortress. The territory of the park is very large, and the missing horse was found after
6 months.
Garden. It is located at the foot of Cho'ponota hill, in the north of Samarkand.
According to historical sources, there was a luxurious porch (koshk) and a throne made
of precious stones in the garden. Amir Temur's grandson Mirzo Ulug'bek improved
this garden. This garden place is still called Bogi Maidan. Garden type (meaning
garden). This garden was built by Amir Temur in the South of Samarkand in 1404. It
is located in the village of Lolazor. This garden is rectangular in shape, surrounded by
a high thatched wall, and a minaret stands at each corner. In the center, there was a
larger palace than in other gardens, and a large pond in front of it.
Maple garden. Amir Temur built it in the East of Samarkand (on the southwest
side of Konigil, in the place of the present Koshtamgalik hill). There were many
wonderful sycamores in it. The palace is located in the center of the park. Garden Wind.
Amir Temur built it in 1397 for his granddaughter (Mironshah's daughter). This garden
was in the West of Samarkand. The palace in it was rectangular in shape, and each side
was 1500 steps. The walls are covered with marble, and the floor is made of ebony and
ivory. The area where this garden is located and the stream there is still called Bogi
Shamol. Our grandfather Amir Temur built many other gardens and palaces around
Samarkand. For example, Boghibuldu, Boghizogan, Boghinakshijahan, Boghi
Amirzada Shokhrukh, Bogcha, Boghidilafroz, Boghiisheroi, Gulbog, Lolazor,
Bedanakurgu, Chumchuklik, Gozkhana and others The architectural solution of the
Uzbek National Park is made in the regular composition of "Chorbig", in which the
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
409
2181-3187
presence of straight roads and avenues, ditches and canals, ponds, winding fountains,
in short, running water and shaded environment is of great importance. Garden design
should be square or rectangular (1.5-2 squares or 2x2; 2x3; 3x3; 3x4; 4x4, etc.) creating
gardens with symmetrical composition; and on the slopes, divide the garden area into
flat steps made in regular planning solutions. The length of the garden should be greater
than its width, so that the eyes of those who walk in it fall on the beautiful scenery in
the distance, lawns and flower beds.
The garden is bordered by green walls and isolated from the environment, i.e.
giving it the symbol of "paradise". The garden gate is designed in a unique and elegant
manner. The garden has a multi-functional palace where cultural and educational
events and concerts are held. In the center of the garden is a "heavenly pool" with clear
water, the palace is located in the middle of it and it is connected to the surrounding
area by bridges. Placing a garden shed on a natural or artificial base, platform or
stylobate. The building of the palace is higher than the level of the garden, i.e. above
the level of the "paradise pond". side avenues are transverse to each other, i.e.
perpendicular to each other..
An important novelty of the park is the construction of the "second sky" above
the side streets. The Uzbek national park should have the above functions and
architectural qualities, or rather, these qualities should be among its most important
architectural and landscape principles. These qualities should be among the important
features of the national Uzbek park, as well as the various architectural forms of the
water world in the garden (flowing water in ditches, water gushing from fountains,
quiet pond water, if the garden is located on a slope and the field is divided into flat
steps, water flowing from waterfalls).
Summary
Modern Landscape Parks The world is an example of conscious interaction with
nature. The unconscious desire for nature has always felt itself. will be comfortable and
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
410
2181-3187
safe. In such parks, artificial green trees are designed to implement special design
solutions. These landscape-architecture spaces should not resemble urban culture.
Historical architectural objects located in the territory of such a complex It has a
positive effect on the formation of a new consciousness of the religious significance
and the modern foundation. Plants can be used to create large-scale patterns, not colors
and textures. It has been proven that modern gardens can be created even in tall
buildings.
References:
1.
Nurmuradova, Y., Jurayeva, E., & Muxlisa, Y. (2025). ANALYSIS OF
PROTECTED AREAS OF HISTORICAL CITIES. Web of Teachers: Inderscience
Research, 3(2), 127-134.
2.
Nurmuradova, Y., Jurayeva, E., & Muxlisa, Y. (2025). ANALYSIS OF
PROTECTED AREAS OF HISTORICAL CITIES. Web of Teachers: Inderscience
Research, 3(2), 127-134.
3.
Jurayeva, E., & Nurmuradova, Y. (2023). Architecture of Historical
Monuments of Shahrisabz. Central Asian Journal of Arts and Design, 4(10), 6-10.
7.Jurayeva, E., & Nurmuradova, Y. (2023). Analysis Of Decorations on Historical
Monuments of Uzbekistan. Journal Of Architecture, Engineering and Modern
Technology, 2(10), 1-4.
4.
Bazarovna, N. Y. (2023). The Early Formation and Rise of Miraculous
Landscape Compositions. Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Modern
Architecture, 2(3), 18-22.
5.
Bazarovna, N. Y. (2023). Historical Formation of Residential
Architecture in Uzbekistan. Central Asian Journal of Arts and Design, 358-362.
6.
Bazarovna, N. Y., & Son of Farhad, O. F. (2023). Conservation of our
Historical and Cultural Assets And Bringing It To The Future Generation. Central
Asian Journal of Arts and Design, 176-180.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
411
2181-3187
7.
Bazarovna, N. Y., & Dzhakhongirovna, A. P. (2023). History of Garden
Art and Landscape Architecture. Central Asian Journal of Arts and Design, 343-347.
8.
Nematullaeva, M., & Normurodova, Y. (2023). Fundamentals Of
Architectural Design. The Role of Exact Sciences in the Era of Modern
Development, 1(1), 43-46.
9.
Elmuradovna, J. E. (2023). Historical City Centers and Their signaling.
Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Modern Architecture, 2(3), 28-32.
10.
Bazarovna, N. Y., & Dzhakhongirovna, A. P. (2023). History of garden
art and landscape architecture. Central Asian Journal of Arts and Design, 343-347.
11.
Jurayeva, E., & Nurmuradova, Y. (2024). Evolution of Timurid Tile Art.
American Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637), 2(1), 45-
48.
12.
Nurmuradova, Y., Jurayeva, E., & Odilova, F. (2024). Organization of
Protection Gods in Historical Cities. Synergy: Cross-Disciplinary Journal of Digital
Investigation (2995-4827), 2(4), 69-76.
13.
Jurayeva, E., & Nurmuradova, Y. (2023). Analysis of Decorations on
Historical Monuments of Uzbekistan. Journal of Architecture, Engineering and
Modern Technology, 2(10), 1-4.
14.
Jurayeva, E., & Nurmuradova, Y. (2023). Architecture of Historical
Monuments of Shahrisabz. Central Asian Journal of Arts and Design, 4(10), 6-10.
15.
Elmuradovna, J. E. (2023). Analysis Of the Architecture of Chetel
Squares in Historical Cities. Journal Of Architecture, Engineering and Modern
Technology, 2(1), 20-26.
16.
Nurmuradova, Y., Jurayeva, E., & Odilova, F. (2024). Organization of
Protection Gods in Historical Cities. Synergy: Cross-Disciplinary Journal of Digital
Investigation (2995-4827), 2(4), 69-76.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
https://scientific-jl.org/obr
Выпуск журнала №-70
Часть–6_ июня –2025
412
2181-3187
17.
Jurayeva, E., & Nurmuradova, Y. (2024). Evolution of Timurid Tile Art.
American Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Architecture (2993-2637
18.
Bazarovna, N. Y. (2023). Analysis of the architecture of historical
markets and commercial buildings of Central Asia. Journal of Architecture,
Engineering ind Modern Technology, 2(1), 46-50.
19.
Nurmuradova, Y., & Odilova, F. (2024). ORGANIZATION OF
PROTECTION GODS IN HISTORICAL CITIES. Journal of Digital
Investigation, 2(04), 2024.
20.
Elvira, J., Yulduz, N., & Muxlisa, J. (2025). WAYS TO REVIVE THE
ATMOSPHERE, ARCHITECTURE OF THE HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOOD OF
THE CITY OF SAMARKAND. Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Modern
Architecture, 4(2), 42-46.
