ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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UDC: 619:636.1:617:616
ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF MYOSITIS IN HORSES
Assistant:
Bekmuratov K.R.
Assitant:
A.X.Yusupov
Master's student:
Omirzakov G.
Nukus Branch, Samarkand State Veterinary
Medicine, Livestock and Biotechnology University.
Abstract:
This article presents information on diseases affecting the distal parts of the limbs in
cattle, focusing on the polyetiological causes of hoof diseases. Hoof diseases are
widespread among cattle, making the study of their etiopathogenesis highly significant.
The research emphasizes the importance of understanding these conditions for
effective treatment and prevention strategies.
Keywords:
cattle, etiopathogenesis, distal, hoof, livestock, purulent
pododermatitis
Introduction
The raising of healthy animals and their full utilization with high-quality output
poses significant challenges for veterinary science and practitioners, as only healthy
animals meet all necessary criteria [3]. Infectious diseases of agricultural animals,
including horses, account for approximately 94-96% of all diseases in our region and
abroad. These diseases cause considerable economic losses by sharply reducing
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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productivity, deteriorating operational qualities, premature culling, and, in some cases,
death.
The modern system of training sport horses and their participation in competitions
involve substantial load on the musculoskeletal system and maximal mobilization of
all div systems. This leads to excessive strain on certain muscle groups, increasing
the likelihood and severity of injuries. Consequently, sport horses may be unable to
perform for extended periods, negatively affecting their performance.
Therefore, the development of equestrian sport demands strict requirements to
maintain the health and high performance of sport horses, as specified by the
International Federation for Equestrian Sports. Various equestrian disciplines included
in the sport program require consistent high and stable results, underlining the
importance of health maintenance.
It is well-known that various pathological processes, including muscular diseases
in horses, reduce their vital activity and exploitation qualities. These conditions
represent one of the challenges in horse breeding. Certain diseases of horses cause
serious difficulties in their maintenance and reproduction. Among these, locomotor
apparatus diseases are prevalent and lead to early disqualification of horses.
According to the decree No. PQ-5024 dated March 11, 2021, by the President of
Uzbekistan on the further development of horse breeding and equestrian sports, efforts
are directed towards enhancing horse breeding, local thoroughbred horse reproduction,
popularizing modern pentathlon and polo sports, attracting foreign investments, and
strengthening the material and technical base. The decree aims to make equestrian
sports one of the most popular sports in the country [9].
In this context, research on the prevalence of myositis in sport horses, early
diagnosis, elucidation of its etiopathogenesis, treatment, and preventive measures
remains highly relevant.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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Background and Literature Review
In both our region and foreign countries, non-infectious diseases of agricultural
animals, including horses, comprise approximately 94–96% of all diseases. Injuries in
sport horses account for 86% of total diseases, of which 37% are pathologies of
muscles, tendons, and joints. Until recently, the veterinary field has struggled to find
reliable, rapid diagnostic methods to enable prompt and effective treatment [5].
Damage to the musculoskeletal system can result from short-term exposure to
strong forces or long-term effects of weaker forces. This leads to distinctive
pathological processes in organs and tissues. When the organism’s regulatory
mechanisms are insufficient to overcome the damaging stimulus, structural changes
occur in cells of injured tissues, initiating pathological developments [1].
Sport horse injuries frequently occur when horses jump obstacles, fall, train on
inadequately prepared grounds, use faulty equipment, or wear inappropriate shoes for
the discipline. Additionally, repetitive, monotonous movements imposed on the
musculoskeletal system may cause micro-injuries to muscles and tendons [7].
Myositis primarily occurs in horses and less commonly in other animals. It arises
from trauma such as muscle strains or partial and complete ruptures, as well as various
forms of myositis. Reports suggest that ossifying myositis develops following central
nervous system damage [8].
Research Objective
The goal of this study is to investigate muscle diseases, particularly myositis,
among horses in the livestock farms of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The study
focuses on the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of myositis.
Objectives:
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1.
To study the etiology and prevalence of acute myositis in horses.
2.
To develop modern methods for treating acute myositis in horses.
Materials and Methods
To develop an effective treatment method for myositis, research was conducted
on 10 horses from farms and private owners in Karakalpakstan. The horses were
divided into two groups: 5 control and 5 experimental. The studies were performed
mainly at the animals' housing facilities. Each horse’s disease stage, pathogenesis, and
general condition were documented. Treatment methods were selected according to the
disease severity in each group.
Results and Discussion
The use of surgical methods in diagnosing and treating diseased horses enables
the selection of effective treatment approaches in early stages of myositis. These
findings can be applied in clinical veterinary education.
Muscle tissue development continues throughout an organism’s life, adapting to
changing conditions. Muscle fibers can elongate and thicken, a process known as
hypertrophy.
Second-type cells of myotomes differentiate into myosatellite cells. These cells
adhere to the surface of myofibers and their plasma membranes contact each other. A
single myofiber surface may host many such cells. Myosatellite cells lack fibrils,
possess a single nucleus surrounded by organelles, and represent the cambial elements
of muscle tissue [5].
During regeneration, inflammation, degeneration, and other causes often prevent
full restoration. The defect is filled with connective tissue. However, under certain
conditions, full regeneration may occur. Following injury, muscle buds containing
sarcoplasm and numerous nuclei grow from the damaged muscle fiber, with nuclei
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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dividing by amitotic division. Myoblasts separate from muscle buds. Damaged fibers
are phagocytosed by macrophages. Subsequent regenerative phases resemble normal
histogenesis [2].
Myositis is muscle inflammation caused by trauma, rupture, rheumatism, or
certain infectious diseases. It manifests in various forms, including serous, purulent,
and fibrinous. Myopathies are non-inflammatory muscle diseases accompanied by pain
and functional impairment. Causes include prolonged repetitive work or standing in a
stable, leading to excessive fatigue or strain of specific muscle groups, exterior defects,
and others. Injuries in sport horses may constitute up to 86% of all diseases, with 37%
involving muscles, tendons, and joints [6].
In sport horses, acute aseptic myositis develops from injuries under multiple
etiological factors such as the use of inadequate racetracks, inconsistent training, poor
care and nutrition, feeding imbalances (lack of digestible protein, raw fiber,
phosphorus, copper, zinc, iodine, vitamins A, B, E, B6, B12), and simultaneously
excessive calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B4, and
nicotinic acid [4].
Myositis causes muscle swelling. Palpation elicits severe pain; muscles become
tense and dense; the skin over the affected area is warm and swollen. Depending on the
muscle function affected, different types of lameness develop. In myopathy, limbs
weaken, forward placement and support become unsteady, and affected muscles
become flaccid and painless [6].
Treatment includes warming compresses, physiotherapy, abscess drainage, and
administration of antibiotics and sulfonamides. Myopathy is treated with heat therapy,
massage, ultrasound, and iontophoresis of iodine salts on the affected area [7].
Experimental Study
Ten horses with acute aseptic myositis were divided into two groups (Table 1):
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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No
Group
Number
of
Animals
Treatment Procedures
1
Control group
5
1. Dimexide
2. Gentamicin 10 ml
3. Camphor spirit
2
Experimental
5
1. Dimexide
2. Gentamicin 10 ml
3. Camphor spirit
4. Hemobalance 10 ml/450
kg
Control group horses were treated by first eliminating the cause, improving
keeping conditions, and normalizing the diet.
Treatment included 5-6 days of rest for horses with acute aseptic myositis,
followed by 30 minutes of daily walking. Initially, Dimexide was applied, then
camphor spirit massage with warm dressing. Gentamicin 10 ml was injected
intramuscularly.
The experimental group received the same treatment with the addition of
Hemobalance injections (10 ml per 450 kg) intramuscularly.
Conclusion
1.
Myositis in the studied horses primarily occurred due to mechanical injuries
during traditional equestrian games, poor horse preparation, rider inexperience, as well
as allergic and rheumatic effects.
2.
Clinical signs included muscle swelling, severe palpation pain, complete refusal
to move, tachycardia, and profuse sweating.
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3.
In horses treated with Hemobalance injections, lymphocyte counts increased by
30.7%, hemoglobin by 42.5%, indicating improved morphological parameters
throughout the experiment.
References
1.
Ibragimov Sh.I. et al., "Cytology, Histology, and Embryology." Tashkent,
2006.
2.
Kaveshnikov B.S. Fundamentals of Horse Breeding Economy / V.V.
Kalashnikov et al. Practical Horse Breeding. Moscow: Kolos, 2000.
3.
Bgantseva Yu.S. Complex Ultrasound and Radiographic Diagnostics in
Diseases of the Third Interosseous Muscle in Horses. Bulletin of Altai Agrarian
University, 2018.
4.
Sergienko G.F. Laser Radiation in Diseases of the Locomotor Apparatus in
Horses. Veterinary, 2002.
5.
Stekolnikov A.A. Orthopedics and Horse Shoeing. Moscow: Koloss, 2009.
6.
Timofeev S.V. Diagnostics of Limb Diseases. Content, Feeding, and Diseases
of Horses. St. Petersburg: Lan, 2007.
7.
Trudova L.N. Physiotherapy in Veterinary Practice. Modern Problems of
Veterinary Surgery. 2004.
8.
Shakalov K.I. Diseases of Agricultural Animals: Prevention and Treatment.
All-Union Veterinary Surgery Conference Materials, Leningrad, 1981.
9.
http://www.horsesandpeople.svoi.info/vetK-M.html
