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SOME PECULIARITIES OF LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL HOMONYMY
Ibrohimova Durdona Sherzod Qizi
Andijan state foreign languages institute,
student of the Faculty of Andijan state
foreign languages KF Arabic 101 group
Pazilova Nasibaxon Muxammadkasimovna
Scientific supervisor,
Andijan state foreign languages institute
Annotation.
This article studies characteristic features of homonymy in
contemporary English and Uzbek. It clarifies some peculiarities of lexico-grammatical
homonymy in two languages.
Key words:
word, grammatical meaning, singular, homonymy, meaning.
Homonyms may be also classified by the type of meaning into lexical, lexico-
grammatical and grammatical homonyms.
In seal n and seal n, for example, the part-of-speech meaning of the word and the
grammatical meanings of all its forms are identical. (seal [si:l] Common Case Singular,
seal's [si:lz] Possessive Case Singular for both seal 1 and seal 2). The difference is
confined to lexical meaning only or, to be more exact, to the denotational component:
seal denotes 'a sea animal', 'the fur of this animal', etc., seal 2--'a design printed on
paper, the stamp by which the design is made', etc. So we can say that seal 2 and seal
are lexical homonyms as they differ in lexical meaning. [1]
If we compare seal --'a sea animal' and (to) seal 3--'to close tightly', we shall
observe not only a difference in the lexical meaning of their homonymous word forms,
but a difference in their grammatical meanings as well. Identical sound forms, seals
[si:lz] (Common Case Plural of the noun) and (he) seals [si:lz] (third person Singular
of the (verb) possess each of them different grammatical meanings. As both
grammatical and lexical meanings differ we describe these homonymous word-forms
as lexico-grammatical homonymy.
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Lexico-grammatical homonymy generally implies that the homonyms in question
belong to different parts of speech as the part-of-speech meaning is a blend of the
lexical and grammatical semantic components. There may be cases however when
lexico-grammatical homonymy is observed within the same part of speech as in the
verbs (to) find [faind] and (to) found [faund], where homonymic word-forms: found
[faund] – Past Tense of (to) find and found [faund] – Present Tense of (to) found differ
both grammatically and lexically. [2]
All homonyms may be described on the basis of the two criteria--homonymy of
all forms of the word or only some of the word-forms and the type of meaning in which
homonymous words or word-forms differ.
So we speak of full lexical homonymy of seen and seal 2 n, of partial lexical
homonymy of live and leave, and of partial lexico-grammatical homonymy of seen and
seal 3. It should be pointed out that in the some classification discussed above one of
Peculiarities the groups, namely lexico-grammatical of Lexico-Grammatical
homonymy, is not homogeneous. This can be seen by analyzing the relationship
between two pairs of lexico-grammatical homonyms, for example,
1. seal a sea animal'--seal 3 v--'to close tightly as with a seal;
2. seal 2 n--'a piece of wax, lead'--seal 3 v--'to close tightly as with a seal'.
We can see that seal n and seal 3 v actually differ in both grammatical and lexical
meanings. We cannot establish any semantic connection between the meaning «a sea
animal" and "to close tightly".
The lexical meanings of seal 2 n and seal 3 v are apprehended by speakers as
closely related for both the noun and the verb denote something connected with "a
piece of wax, lead, etc., a stamp by means of which a design is printed on paper and
paper envelopes are tightly closed".
Consequently, the pair seal 3 n - seal 3 v does not answer the description of
homonyms as words or word-forms that sound alike but differ in lexical meaning. This
is true of a number of other cases of lexico-grammatical homonymy, for example, work
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n-(to) work (v); paper (n)-(to) paper (v); love (n)-(to) love v and so on. As a matter of
fact all homonyms arising from conversion have related meanings. [3]
It is sometimes argued that as a rule the whole of the semantic structure of such
words is not identical. The noun paper, for example, has at least five meanings (1.
material in the form of sheets, 2. a newspaper, 3. a document, 4. an essay, 5. a set of
printed examination questions) whereas the verb paper possesses but one meaning "to
cover with wall-paper". It follows that the whole of the semantic structure of the two
words is essentially different, though individual meanings are related.
Considering this peculiarity of lexico-grammatical homonyms we may subdivide
them into two groups: A. identical in sound-form but different in their grammatical and
lexical meanings (seal n-seal v), and B. identical in sound-form but different in their
grammatical meanings and partly different in their lexical meaning, partly different in
their semantic structure (seal v; paper n-(to) paper v).
Thus the definition of homonyms as words possessing identical sound-form but
different semantic structure seems to be more exact as it allows of a better
understanding of complex cases of homonymy, for example, seal n--seal n--seal v –
seal v which can be analyzed into homonymic pairs, for example, seal n-seal n lexical
homonyms; seal n-seal v-lexico-grammatical homonyms, subgroup A; seals n—seal v
– lexico-grammatical homonyms, subgroup B; etc.
In the discussion of the problem of graphic homonymy we proceeded from the as
possessing both sound-form and meaning, and we deliberately disregarded their
graphic form. Some linguists, however, argue that the graphic form of words in Modern
English is just as important as their sound-form and should be taken into consideration
in the analysis and classification of homonyms. [4]
Consequently they proceed from the definition of homonyms as words identical
in sound-form or spelling but different in meaning. It follows that in their classification
of homonyms all the three aspects: sound-form, graphic-form and meaning are taken
into account. Accordingly they classify homonyms into homographs, homophones and
perfect homonyms.
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Homographs are words identical in spelling, but different both in their sound-form
and meaning, for example, bow n [bou] - 'a piece of wood curved by a string and used
for shooting arrows' and bow n (bail--'the bending of the head or div'; tear n [tia]--'a
drop of water that comes from the eye' and tear v [teә]--'to pull apart by force'.
Homophones are words identical in sound-form but different both in spelling and
in meaning, for example, sea n and see v; son n and sun n.
Perfect homonyms are words identical both in spelling and in sound-form but
different in meaning, case in something that has happened' and case n--'a box, a
container'. It may be readily observed that in this approach no distinction is made
between homonymous words and homonymous word-forms or between full and partial
homonymy. The description of various types of sources homonyms in Modern English
word of homonymy incomplete if we did flat give flat brief outline of the diachronic
processes that account for their appearance.
Convergent sound development is the most potent factor in the creation of
homonyms. The great majority of homonyms arise as a result of converging sound
development which leads to the coincidence of two or more words which were
phonetically distinct at an AA earlier date.
For example: Old English I can be Old English cage have become identical in
pronunciation (Modern English I [ai] and eye [ai], A number of lexico grammatical
homonyms appeared as a result of convergent sound development of the verb and the
noun (compare Modern English love--(to) love and OE. lufu- lufian). Homonymy
exists in many languages, but in English it is particularly frequent, especially among
monosyllabic words. In the list of 2540 homonyms given in the Oxford English
Dictionary 89% are monosyllabic words and only 9,1% are words of two syllables.
From the viewpoint of their morphological structure, they are mostly one-morpheme
words. [5]
Used literature
1. Abayev V.I. Homonyms T. O'qituvchi 1981 pp. 4-5, 8, 126-129
2. Adams V. Introduction to Modern English Word Formation. -L., 1973. p. 72
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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3. Akhmanova O.S. Lexicology: Theory and Method. M. 1972 pp. 59-66
4. Arakin V.D. English Russian Dictionary. -M :Russky Yazyk 1978 pp. 123–124
5. Arnold I.V. The English Word. –M: High School, 1986 pp. 123-129
6. Bankevich L. English Word-Building. -L., 1961. p. 49 9. Bloomsbury Dictionary of
New Words. M. 1996 стр. 276-278
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VOCABULARY. ResearchJet Journal of Analysis and Inventions. ISSN: 2776-0960.
Impact Factor: 7.655. VOLUME 2, ISSUE 5 , MAY-2021. Website:
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. Pazilova NO’rganilayotgan til stilistikasi fanidan elektron qo’llanma”– “Электрон
ўқув қўлланма. Ўзбекистон Республикаси Адлия вазирлиги ҳузуридаги
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