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III
SHO‘BA
AHOLINING MOLIYAVIY SAVODXONLIGINI OSHIRISH
–
AHOLI
TURMUSH DARAJASINI OSHIRISH VA HUDUDLARNI IQTISODIY
RIVOJLANTIRISH OMILI
CORRUPTION IS A WORLDWIDE PHENOMENON
Nazarbayev Orinbay -
Professor of the Department of Economics,
Philosophy Doctor Karakalpak State
University named after Berdakh
Corruption refers to the hidden distribution of income by circumventing the rules of the
open market, which leads to social injustice. Although the amount of income does not change,
it is redistributed and transferred from one hand to another. The decision of injustice leads to
the moral violation of people, the appearance of distrust in them. Corruption now undermines
economic development, undermines democratic institutions and the rule of law, undermines
public order, and undermines public trust, allowing organized crime, terrorism, and other
threats to human security to flourish.
Some researchers believe that the main reason for the existence of corruption is the
imperfection of laws that allow abuse of official positions. New areas of activity related to
private entrepreneurship and market infrastructure have appeared in countries with
transitional economies. The fact that these areas are not strictly regulated by law creates a
fertile ground for corruption. The imperfection of the laws can be manifested both in their bad
quality and in the failure of the implementation system. In practice, this is often reflected in
the existence of blanket legislation that is not directly applicable and refers to norms
regulated by many conflicting by-laws.
However, all researchers agree that corruption causes enormous damage to the
economy. Corruption allows a large portion of private sector income to be hidden from
taxation. The use of incentives (tax, credit, etc.) by some enterprises distorts the competitive
environment. Since corruption is a kind of illegal tax, this score increases the economic costs
of entrepreneurs and reduces the incentive to invest.
In practice, a bribe creates an expense that is not covered by the sale of goods, that is, an
expense that is transferred to a loss. It does not create a fixed or variable, fixed or opportunity
cost. It is not directly related to production and commercial activities; therefore, it creates a
cost of the description of the premium for the business, which is covered by the profit. A bribe
is essentially an informal tax. When a firm's profits are distributed, sending a portion of them
to cover bribes reduces retained earnings, thereby reducing the investment resource that
provides expanded reproduction. This undermines the market principle of self-financing.
Currently, 40 percent of the investments of enterprises are financed by loans, 40 percent by
depreciation and 20 percent by profit. Allocating part of the profit to bribes reduces the
company's development opportunities.
Harvard University experts estimate that losses from corruption in the field of
government orders and procurement make up about 30 percent of all budget expenditures in
this field. In some industries (oil, gas, rare metals), almost 50 percent of profits are used to
buy officials. Small and medium-sized businesses suffer more from corruption than anyone
else. There is a close connection between the development of the underground economy and
the spread of corruption.
On the one hand, these two phenomena have common roots consisting of administrative
barriers. On the other hand, they create each other: the more administrative obstacles the
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commercial sector faces, the stronger the desire to bypass them, including by "greasing the
mouths" of officials. According to some estimates, the simplification and liberalization of
business activity reports, including tax calculation documents (especially in areas where
licensing is required, and over-certification is carried out) may allow to remove at least one-
third of the enterprises operating in the underground from the underground economy. At the
same time, today the underground economy produces, for example, 42% of GDP in Russia,
49% in Ukraine, and more than 40% in Uzbekistan. The State Financial Control Department of
the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan and its regional departments)
announced the cases of embezzlement identified in budget organizations in the 1st half of this
year was done
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.
According to him, 2020 will be 81.8 billion. 372.7 billion soums were appropriated this
year. soums or 4.5 times more funds than last year.
1. The Ministry of Public Education 65.2 billion soums (in comparison to 2020, the cases
of violation of the law increased by 3 times);
2. 59.3 billion soums in the system of the Road Committee under the Ministry of
Transport (compared to 2020, the number of violations increased 60 times);
3. 59.2 billion soums in the system of the Ministry of Pre-School Education (compared to
2020, the number of violations increased 8.5 times);
4. 41.7 billion soums in the system of the Ministry of Health (compared to 2020, the
number of violations increased by 2.9 times);
5. 24.1 billion soums in the system of the Ministry of Housing, Housing and Communal
Services (in comparison to 2020, the number of violations increased by 26.6 times).
"Who is the strongest" by region (Local budget total 290 billion soums have been
appropriated):
1. Syrdaryo (52.8 billion soums);
2. Andijan (33.2 billion soums);
3. Karakalpakstan (29.1 billion soums);
4. Jizzakh (28.3 billion soums);
5. Tashkent (24.1 billion soums);
6. Tashkent city (21.1 billion soums);
7. Ferghana (19.6 billion soums);
8. Surkhandarya (18.6 billion soums);
9. Kashkadarya (15.6 billion soums);
10. Samarkand (15.5 billion soums);
11. Bukhara (11 billion soums);
12. Namangan (10.4 billion soums);
13. Khorezm (8.7 billion soums);
14. Significant (2.1 billion soums) cases of financial violations and other errors and
deficiencies have been identified.
Based on the numbers determined by our auditors (because it is only detected, it can be
several times different from the numbers in combination with undetected cases), one can
conclude that we are strengthening the fight against corruption only on paper.
Analysis of the state of law enforcement and ethics in the economic sector and the
analysis of concrete evidence suggests that we should pay special attention to the fight against
corruption. Because corruption directly discredits the implemented reforms and tarnishes
their essence. In particular, it is necessary to strictly put an end to self-interest, bribery,
corruption, patronage of the guilty, criminal cold-heartedness in the law-enforcement bodies,
which, being guardians of the law, must protect the interests of entrepreneurs, figuratively
speaking, have clean hands., he noted.
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https://www.mf.uz/
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Currently, the fight against corruption is in the center of attention of the public of all
countries because illegal relations in society are becoming a very dangerous area. According
to scientists, corruption is a manifestation of the hidden economy. According to research
conducted at the William Davidson Institute, it is shown that widespread corruption causes
businesses to turn to the underground economy. The report "World Development Report"
prepared by the World Bank emphasizes that corruption is characterized by a decrease in
economic growth rates and a low level of income per capita. Therefore, when international
financial organizations allocate loans to developing countries, the government of these
countries is required to create a special structure to fight corruption. However, according to
the research of Transparency International, it is noted that less results are obtained. John
Gitongo, the chairman of Transparency, notes that many of these structures have become
"orphans" due to conflicts with the parliament or the judiciary on the issue of corruption, and
there are cases of non-partisanship of this structure.
The Convention clearly states that states themselves are responsible for eliminating
corruption. The convention offers them a comprehensive package of standards that all
countries can use to strengthen their governance regimes and anti-corruption institutions.
According to it, governments are obliged to return funds under their jurisdiction and illegally
obtained through corruption to the countries from which they were stolen. It allows solving
the pressing problems facing many developing countries whose corrupt elites have
misappropriated billions of dollars badly needed by the new governments to repair the socio-
economic damage inflicted on their countries.
Electronic resources
1. www.stat.uz official website of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
2. www.mf.uz is the official website of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
3. www.cbu.uz - the official website of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
4. http://banks.eu/news/info/708/
5. www.worldtax.org,
6. www.worldwidetax. com
МОЛИЯ СЕКТОРИДА ҚИММАТЛИ ҚОҒОЗЛАР БОЗОРИНИНГ
ЗАМОНАВИЙ ҲОЛАТИ
Саидов Расулбек Болтабаевич
-
Тошкент Молия институти доценти, и.ф.н.
Молиявий секторнинг тараққий этишида қимматли қоғозлар бозори муҳим
аҳамият касб этади. Қимматли қоғозлар бозори савдо капиталининг ривожланиши
билан пайдо бўлиб, давлатнинг миллий анъаналари ва удумлари билан уйғунлашиб
уларнинг ташкилий моделларининг вужудга келишига шароит яратди. Миллий
қимматли
қоғозлар бозорининг ривожланиши даражаси эса қимматли қоғозлар
савдосининг
оммавий тан олиниши билан изоҳлаш мумкин. Республикамиз молиявий
секторида қимматли қоғозлар бозори инструментлари турларининг камлиги
инвесторлар томонидан уларни танлаш имкониятини чеклаб қўймоқда. Шунингдек,
бугунги кунда иқтисодиётнинг молиявий секторида эмитентлар ўртасида тижорат
банкларнинг яққол монопол ҳолатда эканлигини инобатга олсак, улар ўртасида
рақобатнинг мавжуд эмаслигини кузатишимиз мумкин. Улар акцияларига эгалик
қилаётган
акциядорлик жамиятлари ўртасида эркин бозор механизмининг етарли
даражада ишламаётганлиги молиявий секторда қимматли қоғозлар бозорининг талаб
даражасида ривожланишига тўсқинлик қилмоқда.
