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Secrets of awakening love for nature
The advantages, methods and techniques of using visual technologies in teaching preschoolers are described, including the method of observation, the method of illustration, the method of demonstration (audio, video, text, graphics and animation effects).
Samarqand viloyati to‘qay sharoitida o‘suvchi yovvoyi o‘simliklar nematodalari kompleksining ekologiyasi
Mualliflarning ushbu monografiya yozishlaridan asosiy maqsad:
Zarafshon to‘qay biotoplarida o‘suvchi yovvoyi o‘simliklar nematodafaunasining taksonomik va ekologik tarqalish qonuniyatlarini o‘rganishdan iborat.
Qishloq xo‘jalik ekinlariga zarar keltiruvchi nematodalarning ko‘pchiligi avvalo yovvoyi o‘simliklarda yashab, keyin madaniy o‘simliklarga o‘tadilar. Shularning o‘zi ko‘rsatib turibtiki, O‘zbekiston mintaqalaridagi madaniy va shifobaxsh yovvoyi xolda o‘suvchi o‘simliklarining zararkunandalardan bir guruhi bo‘lgan fitogelmintlarni o‘rganish, ularga qarshi kurashish choralarini o‘z vaqtida qo‘llash
O‘zbekiston Respublikasini o‘simlik dunyosini asrash va uning ekologik ahvolini yaxshilashga qo‘shilgan amaliy xissa bo‘ladi. Shuningdek, maxsus kasallik qo‘zg‘atuvchi turlarining tabiiy manbalarini topish va ularning madaniy landshaflariga o‘tishini oldini olish kabi muammolar yechilgan.
Ushbu monografiya universitetlarning biologiya, ekologiya fakulteti bakalavr, magistr yo‘nalishlarida tahsil olayotgan talabalar hamda qishloq xo‘jaligi soxalarida o‘qiyotgan mutaxassislar uchun mo‘ljallangan va o‘simliklarning parazit nematodalardan himoya qiluvchi mutaxassislarga asos bo‘la oladi.
Reserve museums under an open sky as a method for preserving the historical and cultural heritage and tourism development
and the development of tourism by placing the appropriate infrastructure for the fruitful work of archaeological scientists and active tourists visiting the archaeological site
Research on the process of obtaining liquid bioorganomineral fertilizers from biohumus
Production of calcium and magnesium phosphate fertilizers based on Sorsuv dolomites
Problemes of development and perfection territorial structures of textile industry in Uzbekistan
Subgccts of the inquiry: territorial structures of textile industry enterprises in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Aim of the inquiry: work out scientific-practice recommendation for development and perfection territorial structures of textile industry in Uzbekistan.
Methods of inquiry: comperative-geographical, historical, system-structural, cartographical, statistical, methods of economic analysis and others.
The results achieved and their novelty: ended complex research problems development and perfection territorial structures textile industry in the Republic of Uzbekistan taking into account world practices and market relations. In the scientific work research questions territorial specialization and concentration branches textile industry, using its territorial structures raw materials and manpower in branches, problems perfection its towards development and placing branches textile industry in republic. Work out ways and perspectives joint ventures in the scietific work, defined main activites.
Practical value: the scientific-practical reccomendations can be used in the eloboration of the program development GAK. “Uzbekengilsanoat” and separate enterprises, in perfection territorial structures branches, results and statistical materials-in teaching proccess higher educational establishment.
Degree of embed and economic cffcctivity: scentific work published by the author and usage in program of the main conclusions and proposale of the thesis favour development and perfection territorial structures in the textile industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan, create new labour places and rising export porential country.
Sphere of usage: association of light industry, textile enterprises, scientific-research institutes and higher educational establishments.
On the impact of some harmful environmental and hygienic factors on the level of primary incidence in the Republic of Karakalpakstan
Molecular-biological and ecological peculiarities of species of plants in the drying bottom of the Aral Sea
The aim of research work is the identification of biochemical, molecular-biological and ecological peculiarities of plants growing on the Aral Sea dried-out bottom, and assessment of their potentials.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
220 higher plants were identified naturally occurring in the territory of the Southern Aralkum 130 of them were found for the first time; the plants widespread in the territory under study were proved to be formed on the basis of Irano-Turanian flora;
concentrations of 38 elements as constituents of plant species and of 37 elements in the soil were measured; rhenium was found in the organs of plants under study and concentrations of free amino acids as constituents of plant species widespread in the territory under study were measured; role of phenylalanine and proline in adjustment of the plants to the stress factors was proved;
total proteins and peptides were isolated from the plants widespread on the dried-out bottom of the Aral Sea were studied, their antibiotic activity to pathogens of human organism was tested;
for the first time rbcL gene of Atriplex pretovii was found to consist of 488, 537 and 811 bp; 283 and 404 bp were identified in matK gene, and 577 bp were found in psbB-psbH regions, results of sequencing were included in EMBL-EBI database;
for the first time from molecular-genetic point of view Atriplex pratovii was proved to differ from other Atriplex genus plants and Atriplex pratovii interspecific and intergeneric molecular phylogeny by rbcL and /идгК genes was developed;
plant species widespread divided into ecological groups and bioindicating properties have been established.
Influence of sulphurous waste of the gas industry on the properties of soils and plants in the arid zone and ways to improve them
The aim of the study is to study the effect of plant emissions, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on physical, chemical, agrochemical, microbiological, meliorative properties of irrigated desert - sand, takyr soils and light gray soils on the changes in agrobiological processes taking place in fruit trees, their yield and quality of harvest.
The scientific novelty of the study is as follows:For the first time the change in the soil-ecological, genetic, chemical and meliorative properties of soils of the desert zone and irrigated light sierozems of the Kashkadarya oasis under the influence of gas industry emissions;
mechanisms of the impact of migration in soils and plants of such as technogenic emissions of the plant the connections of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in various physical states and concentrations arc determined;
correlations between the amount of sulfur in soils and humus, gross and mobile forms of nutrients
the radius of action of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere - plant - soil - soil -plant - atmosphere in arid, sharply continental climatic conditions with minimal precipitation, pronounced atmospheric and soil drought;
The following ecological series of fruit trees has been developed in terms of degree of resistance to plant emissions: quince - apple tree - apricot - cherry -almond - peach.
Geographic optimization of the ecological situation in the oasis geosystems of the Middle and Lower of Zarafshan
The aim of research work is to analyze the impact of anthropogenic load on the oasis geosystems of the Middle and Lower Zarafshan, improve the scientific and practical basis for assessing the environmental situation and optimizing them.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
developed, for the first time new methodological approach based on quantitative and qualitative parameters "anthropogenic load” under the assessment of geoecosystems situation in oases; based on this new map “Anthropogenic load and its consequences for the oasis landscapes of the Middle and Lower Zarafshan" was developed;
developed norms of “land capacity” for geosystems oases and methods of calculation area under irrigated lands of populated settlements and other construction objects were improved;
created new geoecological map oases of the Middle and Lower Zarafshan basin based on improved criteria for analysis of ecological situation of oases of geosystems;
determined qualitative changes in chemical composition groundwater of oases geosystems of the Middle and Lower Zarafshan and developed new thematic hydroecological maps (water mineralization, water hardness, distribution of anions and cations);
established a correlation between the health of the population and the ecological situation in oasis geosystems, it is proved that in the oases of the Middle and Lower Zarafshan the most powerful factor affecting the health of the population is the quality of drinking water;
proven that the optimization of the ecological situation in oasis geosystems should be carried out for each landscape separately, based on their individual characteristics.
Features of formation of South -West Tian - Shan forests, guestions of their protection and ecological adaptableness
Object of research. Mountain forests of South-West Tian-Shan.
Purpose of work. Development of theoretical positions, practical recommendations on protection, preservation, rational use of forest resources and steady development of forests of South - West Tian-Shan taking into account their ecological adaptablcness, and estimation of up-to-date condition.
Method of research: field, reconnoitered. Routing ecological inspections of mountain forests arc put in the bases of field - reconnoitered researches, also mapping, comparative, analyzing and other methods.
Received results and their novelty include detailed and all-round analysis of forest florae of South -West Tian-Shan. It was investigated features of formation and distribution, established the laws of high- altitude distribution and sectors both forest flora as a whole, and forest types. Also it was investigated degrees of depression of large forests and their reasons.
Practical importance of w ork. Results of researches arc directed on protection and multiplication of forest riches of republic, rational use of forest resources, and focused on expansion of knowledge of scientists, students and pupils.
Degree of introduction and economic efficiency. The given dissertations arc applied in the organization of forest husbandry works. It makes interest for experts in the field of forestry, forest husbandry, ecology, bio-geography, botany, also serve as a valuable material for creation of the state programs in the field of protection and rational use of objects of flora.
Fauna, population and ecology of birds in towns of Kyzylkum region
Subjects of research: birds of terrestrial and aquatic cenoses in the towns of Kyzylkum region.
Purpose of work: revealing the modem state and regularities of the formation of avian fauna in towns situated in the Kyzylkum desert.
Methods of research: zoological and ecological methods of inquiry were applied in the work.
The results achieved and their novelty: an up-to-date list of avian fauna (137 avian species of 17 orders) inhabiting key towns of the Kyzylkum region was compiled. Ecological factors providing regularities of the formation of avian fauna were for the first time identified for towns; the pattern of stay and distribution of birds in key stations of towns was established. The dynamics of the species composition and numbers of birds were revealed. Ecological peculiarities and mechanisms of adaptation of birds to urban conditions during nesting, wintering and formation of the avian fauna in towns of the arid zone, as well as interrelations of birds in urbanized territories and natural landscapes, were studied.
Practical value: the materials of the work will be used in ornithological studies, in the sphere of optimization of biotcchnical events on conservation of avian diversity in urban conditions, educational courses of special biology and ecology, ornithological excursions and field practical work.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the results of the study arc used in the educational courses of zoology, ecology, ornithology, zoogeography, ornithological excursions and establishment of ornithological study groups at Bukhara State University. Practical recommendations were developed for townbuilding agencies, sanitary-epidemic services, municipal services, protection and management of avian numbers: "the role of birds in urban ecosystems and recommendations for prevention of biological damages associated with them" (2012).
Field of application: education, ecology, environmental protection, agriculture, town building, sanitary-epidemic service and municipal services.
Ekologik madaniyat tushunchasi va uning mohiyati
Ecological principles of diabetes disease forecasting of southern Aral Sea region population
The aim of research work is the working of ecological principles of diabetes disease forecasting of Southern Aral Sea region population
The scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
Complex research of various biosphere objects influence subjected to anthropogenous pollution on morbidity with insulin-dependent diabetes of the Southern Aral Sea region population.
Monitoring was carried out and epidemiological indicators of insulindependent diabetes (prevalence, disease, death rate) among the population of Southern Aral Sea region with the taking into account of ecological state of residing areas according to the register were studied.
Influence of high levels of anthropogenous pollution on initiation of diabetes developments among the population of Aral Sea region was defined.
For the first time ecological principles of disease forecasting of population with diabetes in the conditions of Aral Sea region in applied aspect are presented.
Ecological city of the future"Sweebgo"
In modern realities, environmental threats are not uncommon, our task is to use natural resources rationally and comprehensively respond to climate change. Green innovations will undoubtedly help in solving the problems that we face. Uzbekistan is considered one of the leaders in the implementation of such practices. As the President of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev noted, innovation is the future. We are obliged to build a great future based on innovative ideas. The transition to innovative development and the digital economy is inevitable. A document on the innovative development of Uzbekistan and the transition to a digital economy has been adopted. The world is gradually switching to green energy. This leads to the fact that cars run on batteries, and houses use more environmentally friendly options, such as solar and renewable energy. People are aware of their carbon footprints and waste. Minimizing or turning them into renewable energy sources is even more useful.
Development of Technology for Oily Soils and Earth Rehabilitation” (based of the Kashkadarya region)
Study Objects: soils polluted as a result of oil spill.
Purpose of the Work : study and development of a new technology for rehabilitation of oily soils (earth) with different initial concentration of oil in them in the Kash-kadarya region environment.
Research Methods: physical-chemical analysis, column chromatography, mathematical and statistical analysis.
Results Obtained and their Novelty': a classification of oil pollution levels of the soils for the Republic of Uzbekistan was given for the first time; dependence of hydrocarbon degradation rate on application of soil rehabilitation methods and influence of environmental factors was identified; new technologies for rehabilitation of oily soils (earth) with different initial HC concentration of oil were developed; predictive mathematical models of processes for polluted soil rehabilitation and their completion were made.
Practical Importance: a classification of oil pollution levels of soils, which may by used both for assessment of oil spills and in selection of soil rehabilitation technologies was proposed. An algorithm for work execution to restore the soils with different pollution level as well as technological scheme for rehabilitation of the soils with different pollution levels was proposed. Theoretical and practical results of the study may be used for training course “Technologies for Environmental Protection in specialty of “Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Conservation”.
Introduction Rate and Economic Efficiency: the results of the study were used to rehabilitate the soils after an accidental spill of oil in the territory of the Yuzhny Ky-zylbayrak oil field. Adoption Act of this scientific work was issued on 05.08.08. The developed “Regulation for Rehabilitation of Oily Soils (Earth) at the Yugo-Zapadny Gissar Contract site” was approved and recommended for application by the State Ecological Expertise of the State Committee for Nature Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan No 18/1623 dated 30.03.09.
Filed of application: oil-gas enterprises and environmental protection.
Development of technology for cleaner biodiesel fuel based on vegetable raw materials
Subjects of research: diesel fuel Shymkent oil refinery (LLP PetroKazahstanOylProdakts), vegetable oils: castor, cottonseed, rapeseed and their esters, the names of castor (castor oil), fatty acids and biodiesel, derived from them.
Purpose of work: To develop technology for environmentally friendly biodiesel fuels with improved physical-chemical and performance characteristics based on vegetable oils and their methyl esters.
Methods of research: a range of classic and modern research techniques and methods of state standards, as well as a number of field work on cultivation of castor oil (castor oil) and receiving castor oil.
The results obtained and their novelty: the first time, worked out the basic parameters of the processes of biodiesel fuels based on the local diesel fuel with the addition of cotton, castor and rapeseed oils and their methyl esters in laboratory and experimental-industrial conditions.
Practical value: key parametres of processes of reception biodiesel топлив on the basis of local diesel fuel with the additive cotton, castor, rape butters and their methyl aethers in laboratory and trial conditions of oil refining factory with a positive effect are fulfilled.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: biodiesel were tested with a positive effect on Shymkenstkom refinery.
Calculation of expected annual ekonomicheskogoeffekta from using the results of this work is only 5% of diesel fuel.
Field of application: petroleum-refining industry.
Development of nitric acid benefication technology of phosphorite from central Kyzylkum in presence of ethanol
Actually and relevance of the subject of dissertation. Rational application of mineral fertilizer is the main factor for growing high and qualitative yield of agriculture plant. Therefore, optimal prevention of agriculture by mineral fertilizer is one of the topicality issues.
The chemical industry in the country after independence, modernization, technical and technological renovation, special attention is given to provide it with a strong base, in particular, by the government on the development of phosphate raw material reserves and local Jeroen-Sardara field step-by-step commissioning program in exploitation. As a result, Kyzylkum phosphorite complex with annual production capacity of 400 thousand tons of products was invaded to reduce import of the raw materials and after implementation of second stage with annual capacity of 716 thousand tons of phosphate concentrate can be stopped complete buy of this product form abroad.
At present, the world the special attention is given to the development of new methods of low-grade benefication, in research carried out in this regard, nitric acid and organic solvents on the basis of high-quality phosphate concentrate production technology is one of the most important tasks. When development low-grade phosphorite benefication by nitric acid in presence of organic solvents, should be based a number, including relevant scientific solutions in the following areas: development of effective ways of chemical benefication of raw phosphate; finding optimal condition process of leaching calcium nitrate, formed during the benefication of high calcareous phosphorite by nitric acid in presence of organic solvents; development of phosphoric fertilizer technology based on quality chemical benefication of phosphorite concentrate. Thesis topic is explained by the implementation of the scientific research in this area.
This dissertation research is to a certain extent the tasks provided for in the decree, and decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No PD-4707 on March 4, 2015 «On programme for measures of structural reforms, modernization and diversification of production in 2015-2019» and the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers No 8 on January 22, 2015 «On additional measures to reduce production costs and reduce production prime cost in the industry», as well as other regulatory legal instruments adopted in this area.
The research objective is study Kyzylkum phosphorite enrichment by nitric acid in the presence of ethanol, followed by the processing of phosphorite concentrate in phosphorus compound fertilizers and calcium nitrate in the liquid and solid nitrogen-calcium nitrate.
The scientific novelty of the thesis research is as follows:
for the first time there have been obtained the new data on the chemical enrichment of the CK phosphorite with nitric acid followed by leaching of the resulting calcium nitrate by ethanol solution, depending on the norm of acid and the ratio of phosphorite to ethanol;
it has been established that ammoniation of nitrogen-calcium-phosphate slurry to pH = 3 that allows to completely prevent the loss of P2O5 in the liquid phase;
solubility diagram studied 4 fourfold component system of Ca(NO3)2 -NH4NO3 - C2H5OH - H2O, consisting of 3 triple: Ca(NO3)2 - C2H5OH - H2O; NH4NO3 - C2H5OH - H2O; Ca(NO3)2 - NH4NO3 - H2O and 3 triple binary systems of Ca(NO3)2 - H2O; NH4NO3 - H2O and C2H5OH - H2O, result in which minimum amount of ethanol were defined, depending on the technological parameters of the nitric acid benefication of carbonate containing phosphorite;there have been defined the physicochemical properties nitrogen-ammonium-calcium solution and in case the addition of bentonite to the solution can be obtained a granulated calcium nitrate with improved properties;
there been found the optimum conditions of the conversion of calcium nitrate that is a by-product of the nitric acid benefication of CK phosphorite in NH4NO3 and CaCO3 using CO2 and NH3;
there been developed the technology for processing of chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate in WPA, PK- and NPK-fertilizer.
CONCLUSION
1. Solubility diagram 4 fourfold component system of Ca(NO3)2 - NH4NO3 -C2H5OH - H2O has been studied, consisting of 3-triple: Ca(NO3)2 - C2H5OH - H2O; NH4NO3 - C2H5OH - H2O; Ca(NO3)2 - NH4NO3 - H2O and 3 triple binary systems of Ca(NO3)2 - H2O; NH4NO3 - H2O and C2H5OH - H2O, justifying the process of extraction of calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate from nitrogen-calcium-phosphate slurry produced during nitric acid enrichment of phosphorite CK by ethanol in a wide temperature and concentration range. Diagram allows to define the range of variation of technological parameters of the extraction process based on CaO: P2O5 phosphate raw materials and the conditions of its nitric acid decomposition.
2. The process of enrichment of various kinds of carbonate phosphorite from CK in HNO3 at a norm of 30 to 60% of the stoichiometry on the decomposition of CaO in the raw material and a weight ratio of PR: EA = 1: (3-10). The overall picture of the results of enrichment of different types of phosphate rock in HNO3 is similar. Thus, the enrichment of relatively high concentrated OPF with the content (wt.%) P2O5 18.70; CaO 47.8; CO2 15.3; SO3 2.05 and CaO: P2O5 = 2.56 at a norm of HNO3 is 40% on the decomposition of CaO (100% for CaCO3) and the ratio of PR: EA = 1: 5 is obtained phosphorite concentrate containing 26.19% of P2O5, and calcium module 1.52. This concentrate is quite suitable for the production of concentrated phosphate fertilizers. To prevent the transition of P2O5 into a liquid phase before divide nitrogen-calcium-phosphate alcoholic suspension (NCPAS) into liquid and solid phases, it was ammoniated to pH = 3. This made possibility to use for enrichment much higher norm of HNO3 and thus reduce the value of CaO: P2O5 in the raw material. Norm acid is ranged from 40-80% stoichiometry for CaO in the raw material. Taking into account the cost savings of HNO3 its optimal norm for the enrichment of various types of Kyzylkum phosphorite can be considered 50% and the weight ratio of PR: EA =1:5. And for MM acceptable norm is of 60%. So, when RPF enrichment, containing 17.52% of P2O5; 47.53% of CaO; 15.23% of CO2 and CaO: P2O5 = 2.71 with a 50% norm of HNO3, pH of the slurry and the ratio of PR 3: EA =1:5 obtained concentrate composition (wt.%): P2O5tot. - 26.20; CaOtot. -38.25; CO2 - 2.80; CaO: P2O5 = 1.46. The yield of P2O5 in the concentrate is 100%.
3. The theoretical analysis of the regeneration of the NACS with the use of solubility diagrams of 4 fourfold component system of Ca(NO3)2 - NH4NO3 -C2H5OH - H2O, the result it was calculated alcohol recovery process and determined the interval of variation of process parameters, taking into account the composition of the starting water-alcohol solutions and final products. The kinetics of the distillation EA from NACS depending on the temperature and pressure has been studied. Applying a vacuum pressure of 0.3 atm. provides EA distillation for a short time (60 minutes at 80°C). When the regeneration EA from calcium nitrate solution, which is a by-product of the nitric acid concentration of CK phosphorite, degree EA return to the cycle reaches 98-99%. After distilling off the NACS has been obtained containing 50% Ca(NO3)2 and 3% NH4NO3.
4. Physicochemical properties of the initial and productional NACS depending on the concentration of Ca(NO3)2 and NH4NO3. It is shown that in the concentration range of 53.02-65.71% of NACS the crystallization temperature is in the range of (-75) + 12.0°C that allows to be used them in the spring and summer, as a liquid nitrogen-calcium fertilizer. NACS has good rheological properties. However, more concentrated NACS (67.83-84.77% of Ca(NO3)2, 3.83-4.77% of NH4NO3) before use should be diluted with water, as the crystallization temperature is 29-60°C. It was found that with increasing concentration NACS increases its the boiling point. NACS was processed in granular calcium nitrate. To improve the properties of the latter various bentonite clay deposits are used as additives. The products obtained with a ratio of Ca(NO3)2: Betonies = 100 : 6 nitrogen content is in a range of 14.49-14.69%. Physical and chemical properties of the resulting products have been defined. Optimal conditions for the conversion of calcium nitrate of NACS in NH4NO3 and CaCO3 using ammonium carbonate. Based on the results of studies recommended the following conditions conducting the conversion process: concentration of calcium nitrate solution is 37%, the norm of ammonium carbonate is 120% of the stoichiometry, conversion of temperature is 70°C, mixing time is 120 minutes. The degree of conversion of calcium nitrate is maximum 99.94%, and the concentration of ammonium nitrate solution is 45%.
5. Developed technology of Kyzylkum phosphorite enrichment by nitric acid in presence of ethanol has been tested in the model laboratory plant and pilot plant of JSC «Samarkandkimyo» with the output of an experimental batch of chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate. Material balance for enrichment process of phosphorite flour containing 17.52% of P2O5 has been complied. The circuit includes a step of decomposing the raw material by nitric acid repulping nitrogen-calcium-phosphate slurry with circulating alcoholic solution of calcium nitrate, neutralization with ammonia suspension two fold washing wet phosphoconcentrate by circulating calcium nitrate solution, and ethanol, as well as drying the final product.
6. Studies on preparation of WPA from chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate containing 26.2% of P2O5 in the dihydrate mode depending on the norms of H2SO4 103%; the concentration of circulating WPA is 15% P2O5, and the ratio of L: S = 3: 1. In this KeXp. = 98.73%; Kwas. = 98.57%, Kyej. = 92.87%, a filtration rate is 1312 kg / m2 • hour, and the concentration of phosphoric acid is 20.19% of P2O5. Content CaOtot.; SO3lot.; P2O5tot. and P2O5wat. is 31.21; 43.23; 1.43 and 0.27%, respectively in the dried phosphogypsum. Material balance of the process of obtaining one ton of P2O5 in the form of WPA has been estimated.
The process obtaining compound-mixed PK- and NPK- fertilizer in a wide range of ratios of nutrients has been studied by mixing wet phosphoconcentrate crystalline potassium chloride and ammonium nitrate. A block diagram of the complex processing of phosphorite of CK by HNO3 has been developed.
7. For the approximate determination of the economic efficiency of the organization of production of chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate made economic calculation productions of WCPC and chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate and ammophos based on them on the basis of processing of one thousand ton of phosphate ore averaged of Kyzylkum. It has been shown that the overall manufacturing cost of one ton of WCPC is 206155 sums and chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate is 149657 sums that 56498 sums cheaper. Thermal enrichment of 1,000 ton of phosphate rock 433.94 ton of WCPC is obtained, and when chemical processing is 668 ton of phosphoconcentrate. Of these, it is made 235.1 and 361.8 ton of ammophos to the amount of 258 255 469 and 397 434 406 sums, respectively. That is additionally produced the product in the amount of 139 million 179 thousand sums.
Complex hydrometeorological estimation of the condition of mountainous dangerous lakes and arrangements on reducing their risk (on the pattern of the Kurbankul lake)
Subjects of research: natural dammed lakes in Uzbekistan and neighboring mountainous areas, the system of Kurbankul dammed lakes.
Purpose of work: complex hydrometeorological estimation of conditions of mountainous dammed lakes in Uzbekistan and surrounding areas, developing of scientifically well-founded proposals for reducing of their outburst risks.
Methods of research: hydrometeorological analysis, hydrological and hydrogeological calculations, topographic and cartographic methods, geographical similarity and comparisons, mathematic statistics.
The results obtained and their novelty: mountainous dammed lakes were investigated on the basis of hydrometeorological approach, the regularity of their geographical distribution was founded; morphometric indicators of the dammed lake were defined, parameters of landslide dam of the Kurbankul lake were researched; the bottom sediment of the lake was calculated and it’s dynamics was researched; safety extreme water level was defined; factors controlling stability of main dam of the Kurbankul lakes system were characterized, which define the stability of main dam of lake system Kurbankul, the stability of the dam was defined; scientifically well-founded recommendations were worked out and the offers for reducing risk of the main dam failure.
Practical value: the results of dissertation, scientific-methodical recommendations and offers may be used in academic process, on working out the measures on prevention of catastrophic floods, which are possible after dammed lakes outburst, the recommendations can be used by Government committee of hydrometeorology, by organizations of civil protection and for organization of monitoring of dangerous lakes.
Degree of embed and economic effectiveness: the results of dissertation arc included into academic process of Fergana State University and National University of Uzbekistan named by after Mirzo Ulugbek. The results of the research arc used by Fergana regional office of the Ministry to extraordinary situations of Republic of Uzbekistan.
Field of application: hydrological calculations and forecasts, protection of economic structures and inhabited places.
Bioecological features of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in the case of its introduction in Surkhandarya region conditions
Subjects of research: Stevia rebaudiana Bcrtoni is a perennial tropical short-day plant belonged to Asteraceae family on introduction of Surkhandarya region.
Purpose of work: study of bioecological features of Stevia rebaudiana Bcrtoni in Surkhandarya region conditions.
Methods of the research: laboratory tests and field studies, phonological, morphological, biometric and statistical methods, introduction assessment.
The results obtained and their novelty: bioecological features of the tropical plant Stevia rebaudiana were studied for the first time during ontogenesis phases in the climatic conditions of Surkhandarya region. Data on flowering, harvesting and seed regeneration were obtained. Resistance to low winter temperatures, ability to propagate by seeds and natural regeneration for perennial plants, ability to provide large quantities of phytomass with high concentration of stevioside in the leaves were revealed.
Practical value: information on possibility of seed propagation for Stevia rebaudiana and extraction of stevioside from the leaves was obtained. Recommendations on planting terms, mowing of the green mass, seeds gathering and cultivation activities for the conditions of Surkhandarya region were developed. The obtained results can be used at higher educational institutions.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: developed recommendations are being used by experimental farm «Ollohiyor-oxun» in Shurchi district of Surkhandarya region (certificate № 1, dated by 25.01.2011) and in curriculum at the Botany Department of Termez State University (certificate № 1, dated by 15.03.2011).
Field of application: introduction, medical plant industry, pharmaceutics, food production.
Bio-ccological features of Crambe orientalis L. in South Near Aral sea conditions
Subjects of research: Crambe orientalis L. - mczoserophyte type perennial polycarpic grassy plant of family Brassicaceae.
Purpose of work: investigation of the biological features of eastern spurdog and estimation of the possibilities their cultivation in the condition of South Near Aral sea region.
Methods of research: traditional methods of ontogenesis, morphogenesis, flowering specifics, seed efficiency and introduction successfulness evaluation study were used in the dissertation.
The results obtained and their novelty: firstly, the characteristics of eastern spurdog growing in Karakalpakstan conditions were determined. I was marked, that it has relatively high (38-40%) index of ground germination at autumn seeding. It was established, that in the plant culture full cycle of ontogenesis development is being passed and begins generative period at 2-nd and 3-rd year of vegetation. Features of phenology, anthccology, fructification, seed efficiency and chemical composition at South Near Aral sea region conditions were determined.
Practical value: the obtained results have importance at creation of artificial eastern spurdog agrophytoccnoses at arid conditions of Karakalpakstan. Eastern spurdog may be successfully used as feed, medicinal, melliferous and decorative plant.
The obtained results may be also applied at lecture on botanical disciplines for students of high educational institutions and during writing of textbooks and monography.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the results arc used at lectures on “Botany”, “Geobotany”, “Ecology and protection of nature”, “Ecology of plants” at the Nukus State pedagogical institute (act №1, 25.01.2010), at Nukus municipal administration of rehabilitation and verdurization (act from 14.02.2010), at Association of Republic of Karakalpakstan farmers (act №1, 25.02.2010), at Mahpakul farmer association of Tahtakupir region (act №4, 5.03.2010).
Field of application: introduction, ecology, biology.
Assessment of possibilities of water saving in agriculture of arid zones
The aim of the research work is improving of water saving methods in arid regions and use of atmospheric moisture, based on local agrometeorological data.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
experimentally determined the accumulation of moisture due to condensation in the soil during mulching;
the possibility of harvesting crops without irrigation based on mulching in arid conditions, where evaporation exceeds the average annual rainfall, is defined;
the method of obtaining a crop of vegetables without irrigation in areas with limited water resources is proved;
it is established that the amount of moisture accumulated in the soil at the beginning of the growing season is greater than the amount of precipitation during the autumn-winter period.
Agroecological basis of the sustainable use of land and water resources»
Subject of the inquiry: Irrigated meadow alluvial soil with sandy, clayey and light, average and heavy loamy texture, soil fauna 1, a cotton plant, trees, groundl water.
Aim of the inquiry: Analysis and modeling with application of new methods, properties and biological activity of Khorazm soil, efficiency of irrigation waters, the development of agro-ccological bases of steady use of soil, ground and water resources by means of increasing the fertility of the soil on the basis of selection of tree breeds adapted to the condition of degraded areas.
Method of inquiry: Field and laboratory works were carried out with the use of methodical manuals of the scientific -research institute of cotton of Uzbekistan (1973) geostatistieal analyses were carried out on programs Arcmap 8-3, SPSS VI 1.0, Kiging Isaaks and Srivastaval (1989), weighted (IDW), spline and triangulated, statistical programs ArcGIS, geostatistieal methods Warrick and others (1986), Blcqu and Hortgc (1986), Klute (1986), gravimctrically Level and Whalley (2001), Chemishov and Shirokova (1999), tensiometers Eijkclkamp (2002) Abrol and others (1988), model HYDRUS -ID 2.02 Simunek and others (1998), Vitro Menke (1986), Batt and Todaria method (1992), GIS programs.
The results achieved and their novelty: new data on properties of the soil in Khorazm region, about kinds and distribution of soil fauna in different agrofones about their influence on fertility of the soil are received -scientifically -methodical aspects of agro -ecological bases of steady use of ground and water resources;
-By means of modelling, distribution of salt in soil layers on geographical breadths and propensity of the soil to types of salinity arc identified. Also, the analysis of forecasts is carried out;
-dynamics of changes of a level and mineralization of subsoil water, is analyzed, optimum for the depth of subsoil water for plants in accordance with their mineralization is identified;
-“hot” points of soil inclined to salination depending on the level and mineralization of subsoil water arc identified and maps arc created on the bases of GIS programs;
-the irrigation of cotton and modeling the dynamics of salt and water under the conditions of light level of subsoil water is scientifically proved;
-The potential, stability to salination, efficiency of transpiration and biodrainagc properties of trees planted on degraded soil arc studied;
-effective kinds of trees raising fertility of soil and serving as a forage for cattle arc found;
Practical value: On the basis of researches the following elaborations arc carried out;
-scientifically -methodical aspects of agro -ecological basis for steady use of ground and water resources arc worked out;
-By the help of modeling distribution of salt in soil layers on geographical breadths and propensity of soil to kinds of salination, also by carrying out analyses of forecasts opportunities for preventing salination and degradation of soil arc worked out.
-Optimum quantities of water and salt in the root zone of plants necessary for normal growth and development of plants arc found, dynamics of changes of level and mineralization of subsoil water is analyzed, optimum for the depth of subsoil water for plants depending on their mineralization is identified;
-Sites of soil with high propensity to salination connected with mineralization and the level of subsoil water is found, maps were created on the basis of GIS programs;
Scientific basis arc developed: on creation of woods in degraded, salinated soil with high level of subsoil water, on ecological their biodrainagc role in improvement of irrigational -ecological condition of this soil.
Degree of embed and economic effictivity:
Results of researches arc used at drawing up “Тсрмитларга карши профилактика ва кураш тадбирий чоралари” (Национальный университет Узбекистана, 2001. 15.5 п.л.) text book “Экология асослари” (Тошкент «Зар калам» 2004. 15.5 п.л), «Тсрмитларга карши уйгунлаштирилган кураш тизимига оид тавсиялар» (Тошкент 2007. 1.7 б.т)
Practical recommendations on dissertation work arc introduced in various regions of the republic on a total area of 120 thousand hectares. Economic efficiency of elaborations make up 316312 soums per hectare and from 600 thousand to 40-45 million soums per hectare in the woods.
Sphere of usage: For the farms located in irrigated meadow alluvial soil with sandy, clayey, average and heavy loamy mechanical structure, growing cotton, wheat and other agricultural structure, growing up cotton, wheat and other agricultural crops.
Agroecological and biotechnological properties of cultivation of Indigoferra tinctoriya L. on degraded soils (at the example of the Khorezm region)
Subject of the research: plant Indigo, degraded meadow alluvial soil of the Khorezm region, manure and nitrogen fertilizer.
Purpose of the research: to study efficacy of soil tillage practices, organic and nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and development, biomass accumulation and yield of Indigo plant cultivated either as a main crop or a summer crop after winter wheat in conditions of degraded meadow alluvial soils of the Khorezm region.
Research methods: field experiments were carried out according to the methodology by B.A. Dospexov (1985) and the Uzbek Cotton Research Institute (2007), biometric measurements were conducted and soil agrophysical and agrochemical properties were determined in accordance with the manuals “State variety testing of agricultural crops”, «Methods of agrophysica, agrochemical and microbiological analyses of soil and plants» (1963). Data were subjected to analysis of variance in SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute 2008).
Achieved results and their novelty: Agrotechnological elements of the tropical plant Indigoferra cultivation in conditions of the degraded meadow alluvial soils of the Khorezm region and extracting the natural pigment from the crop green biomass were studied for the first time. The influence of Indigoferra planted on flat field or ridge sowing with and without manure use and application of different nitrogen rates on plant growth and development, biomass accumulation and yield as well as selected properties of soil fertility were studied. Based on the experiments results achieved the practical recommendations for farmers and others related were developed.
Practical value: In the conditions of the Khorezm region for achieving high yield of above ground biomass it is recommended to plant Indigoferra as a main crop using ridge sowing with application of 10 t ha'1 manure or as a summer crop after winter wheat using N120P100K30 kg ha'1.
Degree of implementation and economic efficiency: The research results were implemented on 0.7 ha area at the experimental station of Urgench State University when grown as a main crop, and on 0.9 ha area in the “Yangi Er” farmer unit, Bagar district, Khorezm Province. Net benefit would lead respectively to 4.0-4.5 mln sum ha'1 when cropped as a main crop and 2.0-2.5 mln. sum ha'1 when grown as a summer crop after winter wheat.
Field of application: Agriculture, textile and pharmacy industries, handicraft.
Study of foaming in clay suspensions depending on the content and nature of the surfactant
The article presents the results of an experiment to study the effect of surfactant concentration and type on foam formation in clay suspensions. As a result of the study, it was found that the addition of surfactants to the system leads to an increase in the volume of foam, and the most significant effect is observed when using surfactants of the type OP-10. With an increase in the concentration of surfactants to a specific value (0.3%), a sharp increase in the height of the foam is observed; however, a further increase in the concentration does not have a significant effect on the
amount of the formed foam. The study also showed that the height of the foam in the system with surfactant type OP-10 is higher than in the system with surfactant type GKJ-11, which indicates greater foam adsorption at the liquid-air interface. The study of the surface tension of surfactant solutions showed that the surfactant type OP-10 has more significant properties of the surfactant than the surfactant type GKJ-11. These results may be useful to improve the foaming in slurry drilling fluids using various types and concentrations of surfactants.
