International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
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Abstract
In modern society, everyone is required to know at least one foreign language. Because it
provides knowledge of the history, culture, customs, mentality of other peoples, as well as
their achievements in science and technology, the use of their experience in practice.
ARTICLE
Issues Of Phrase logical Synonymy In German
Shukhratkhon Imyaminova
1
and Nilufar Matkholikova
2
1
Professor, National University of Uzbekistan
2
Master’s Student, National University of Uzbekistan
(Received 22 November 2021; Accepted 25 November 2021; First published
O
nline 30 November
2021)
Keywords:
Culture, customs, linguistic potential, German phraseology, linguistic phenomena,
grammatical rules of language, phraseologisms, phonetic appearance.
Introduction
Language is the spiritual wealth of a nation. Language is not only a means of communication, but
also the culture, customs, way of life, history of a nation. Preservation and development of the
language means the rise of the nation. One of the tools that demonstrates the rich linguistic
potential of all languages is phraseology. The importance of phraseology in the manifestation of the
peculiarities of each language is incomparable. The greater the number of phraseologies in a
language, the greater the breadth of language possibilities.
The Main Findings And Results
Phraseology, which is one of the greatest linguistic phenomena, is the science of phraseological
units, models of variable combinations, i.e. stable word combinations with complex semantics,
which are not formed by a structural-semantic way, historically confirming the idea of the
formation of a language [1, p. 6]. At the same time, phraseologies are highly informative units of
language, so in no case should phraseologies be overlooked and considered redundant. They are
seen as one of the universals of language, because just as there is no language in the world that does
not have phraseologies, language in general is constantly evolving.
The third period: from the 60s of the XX century to the present day. This period is characterized by
the application of new methods in phraseological research, the rapid development of phraseological
theory and the emergence of many phraseologists.
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It should be noted that in the development and strengthening of the field of phraseology, which is
one of the branches of linguistics, Friedrich Zeyler conducted extensive research in German
linguistics on the semantic and structural structure of “German phraseology”. In his work, he was
also able to not only illuminate the field of phraseology, but also skillfully demonstrate the
vocabulary of the German language through proverbs and sayings. The next major work of
linguists A. Richter, R. Klappenbach and E. Agricola on the development of German phraseology
was the classification of phraseological units in terms of content and structure. It is then particularly
significant that much of the scientific and practical work done in recent years by the following
linguists, V.Flaysher, V.Friydrix, V.N.Telia, R.Ekkert, H.Burger, J.Hoyzermann, W. Schmidt, has
been done.
German linguist H. Burger considers phraseologies to be, firstly, composed of several words, and
secondly, that they are a combination of words, created not only for one-time use, but are known to
German speakers in this very harmony. Burger refers to the lexical components that make up
phraseologies as components [1, p. 6].
The lexical meaning and figurative meaning of phraseological combinations do not coincide. For
example, the phrase jemandem den Kopf waschen is literally translated as to wash someone’s head,
while the phraseological meaning is to give someone etiquette, to give an impression, and is not
equal to the sum of the literal meanings. On the contrary, when it comes to die Zähne putzen, i.e.
brushing teeth, the literal and phraseological meanings are the same. That is, the same lexical and
phraseological meaning is understood [1, p. 6].
Phraseologisms (proverbs, sayings, and idioms) vividly reflect a nation’s past, history, traditions,
customs, and culture. At the same time, the phraseologies emdiv the bright national features of
the people, which, in addition to having a deep and rich meaning, give the speech a special splendor
and impact. Modern trends in the development of society have a strong influence on the
development of language. Norms, standards change, new devices in speech, words begin to have
different meanings.
The emergence and formation of phraseology is inextricably linked with factors such as, firstly,
historical processes, social environment, socio-political life, political-spiritual views, and secondly,
linguistic, that is, the grammatical rules of language. During the period of formation, phraseology,
like lexicon, is subject to the internal laws of language - phonetic, lexical-semantic, grammatical
requirements.
Phraseology is ambiguous from a scientific point of view, the first meaning being a generalization
of all fixed expressions (phraseologisms) in a figurative sense, while the second meaning
representing a branch of linguistics in which fixed expressions are studied. Many linguists are
dealing with various problems of phraseology. Many scientific works in the German language are
devoted to topical problems of phraseology, in which one can find a detailed understanding of the
meanings of phraseologies and a lot of important information about their origin.
Phraseologism occurs when two or more lexemes are semantically and syntactically interconnected
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and generalize to discover a figurative meaning. In phraseology, a certain pattern of a compound, a
form of speech, is filled with lexemes and morphemes as a permanent component. For example:
“große Augen machen” - the phraseology is to open one's eyes wide, to be stunned. The second
member of this phraseology, which is equivalent to the complementary compound formed by the
subordination of the lexeme form “Augen” to the lexeme “machen”, is represented by the lexeme
“machen”. This phraseology is added to the speech as a whole, with or without division,
inclination, time, person-number indicator in speech. “Phraseology is used in speech in the same
way. Such a compound formed in speech itself is called a free compound, and in contrast to such a
compound is called a phrasal fixed compound.
K. Palm interprets phraseology as a science of stable word combinations of language that can
assume the function and meaning of individual words (lexemes) [2] in sentences, interpreting
phraseologies as a means of expanding vocabulary and naming and processing beings through
people’s speech activities [3].
Jurg Hoyzerman describes, on the other hand, describes phraseology as a set of phraseologies in
any language [4].
To clarify the difference between these two interpretations, K.D. Pilz [5, p. 784] uses phraseology
(research) in the primary sense and phraseology in the secondary sense.
H. Burger calls the period of historical development of word combinations from a free compound
form to a stable compound a phraseologization [6, p. 15]. Hoyzerman, in addition to Burger's view,
distinguishes between linguistic, logical-syntactic, and extralinguistic phraseology [7, pp. 49-51].
H. Burger, A. Buhofer, and G. Sialm define the subject of phraseological research as fixed or
phraseological expressions, as opposed to free expressions [8, p. 12]. Hoyzerman uses the term
phrase as a synonym [9, p. 28], while Pilts uses the phrase, a lexeme [5, p. 784]. The terms
phraseological unit, phraseological lexeme, phrase, fixed syntagma, or fixed word complex are also
common in the scientific literature - but these synonyms differ in their application [8, p. 12].
One of the Russian linguists, N.N. Amosova, describes phraseological units as “a lexically
indivisible, structurally and structurally stable, coherent expression, created in the form of a ready-
made speech unit” [10, p. 121].
Ch. Balli, a student of F. de Saussure, was one of the first Western linguists to use the term
phraseology in 1905 and interpreted phraseology as a unit of expression of language from a stylistic
point of view. His work “Introduction to French Stylistics”, published in 1909, first served as a
conceptual basis for the study of phraseological phenomena.
In German linguistics, phraseology became an important research topic in the 1970s and 1980s. In
1982, Annelies Buhofer, Ambros Sialm, and Harald Burgers published a book, The Phraseology
Guide, in Zurich, and in the same year, Wolfgang Flaysher's Modern German Phraseology was
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published in Leipzig. Interest in phraseology has grown significantly over the past few years. In
1973, Slavic linguists Harald Yakshe and Harald Burger co-authored a book on linguistics, German
Idiomatics, in which the field of phraseology was already studied among Slavic languages. serves
effectively for German linguistics. In 1995, Kristin Palm presented Introduction to Phraseology,
and in 1997, a supplemented second edition of this manual was published, and this book provides
an initial understanding of the various issues of today’s phraseological research with illustrative
sample material. Elke Donalies created a textbook called “Hauptwissen” [11, p. 56] in 2009 based
on some aspects of phraseology, and in 1998 Harald Burger published a book entitled Introduction
to Phraseology on the Example of German.
Researchers in the field of linguistics V.Flaysher, V.V.Vinogradov, E.D.Polivanov, B.A.Larin,
A.V.Kunin, N.M.Shansky, L.P.Smith and Sh.Bally they have done commendable work on
phraseology and its issues, and their contribution to the development of this field has been
invaluable.
Phraseology includes phrases, expressions, proverbs and sayings, and to study the grammatical
features of these phrases and expressions, refer to the syntax section.
The word in phraseology has a specific phonetic appearance, but it can change this appearance
during development. In order to determine these cases, of course, we turn to the field of phonetics
of linguistics.
Phraseologisms, idioms and idiophrases have a strong coloring and affective power, in their sense
the connotative (lexical) aspect is high. The field that studies the stylistic features of phraseology is
phraseological stylistics, which of course relies on lexical stylistics. Language history and
etymology, on the other hand, help in the etymological analysis of phraseologies. In analyzing the
relevance of phraseology in speech, one can rely on the theory of textual linguistics.
Each language has its own rich synonymous means. Lexical, grammatical, phraseological and
lexical-phraseological synonyms are invaluable resources of language. Appropriate and purposeful
use of this wealth leads to effective and expressive speech. That is why poets and writers, famous
masters of words have always paid special attention to the rational use of the synonymous richness
of language.
Synonymy is one of the semantic microsystems between language units and is also common among
phrases. The great phraseologist linguist A. B. Kunin described phraseological synonyms as
follows: “Phraseological synonyms are correlated phraseologisms that belong to the same
grammatical class, have common and differential semantic components, and are stylistically similar
and dissimilar” [1, pp. 23-24].
According to M.Vafoeva's dissertation, the first works on phraseology in Uzbek linguistics
appeared in the early 50s of the XX century, while the study of phraseological synonyms began in
the 60s.
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Synonymy is one of the semantic microsystems between language units, with lexemes, morphemes
as well as phrases. In order for two expressions to be synonymous, they must have the same
meaning. We can't talk about synonymy without it. The same meaning is not the same, of course.
Each synonym may have a specific semantic edge in addition to the general meaning core for that
synonym series.
The terms DONEN (Linguistics) in the German dictionary define the terms synonym, synonymous,
synonymous, synonymous as follows:
Synonym, das – synonymous word, figurative word, e.g.: Antlitz ва Visage сўзлари Gesicht
synonyms of the word.
synonym – synonym (in the sense of quality); which has the same or similar meaning; can be
interchanged with each other in a specific context.
Synonymik, die – 1. the field of linguistics dealing with synonyms; 2. Dictionary of synonyms; 3.
In very rare cases it is used synonymously with the word synonymy [13].
While absolute synonymy is a rare occurrence in lexicology (a topic of debate among linguists),
phraseology is rich in phraseological synonyms that are several absolute or almost absolute in this
regard. For example, in Sheman's Dictionary of Synonyms of German Phrases, absolute synonyms
can be grasped at a glance [11, p. 77]. In it, we can see as an example some of the largest number of
synonyms related to the mental state of a person, such as “mentally retarded, mentally limited”:
einen Knall haben – leicht verrückt sein, nicht ganz dicht sein – leicht verrückt sein, du hast wohl
einen Stich – leicht verrückt sein, nicht alle tassen im Schrank haben – geistig nicht ganz
zurechnungsfähig sein, einen (kleinen) Dachschaden haben – nicht ganz bei Verstand sein, (sie)
nicht alle auf dem Christbaum haben –leicht verrückt sein, (sie) nicht alle beisammen haben –
unvernunftig sein, (sie) nicht alle zusammen haben – unvernunftig sein, (sie) nicht alle auf der
Latte haben – nicht recht bei Verstand haben, bei jemandem ist ein Schräubchen locker nicht
normal sein, geistig nicht, ganz zurechnungsfähig sein, bei jemandem ist eine Schraube locker –
nicht normal sein, geistig nicht, ganz zurechnungsfähig sein, bei jemandem ist ein Rädchen locker
– j-d ist leicht verrückt, einen Sparren zuviel im Kopf haben – geistig nicht normal, verrückt sein.
As can be seen from the above examples, some of the phrases in this list are not synonymous but
are an option, for example: bei jemandem ist ein Schräubchen/ eine Schraube/ ein Rädchen locker,
(sie) nicht alle beisammen/ zusammen haben.
Phraseological synonyms play an important role in the field of phraseology. While it is possible to
express any idea using phraseology, with the help of phraseological synonyms it is possible to
apply them in different contexts according to different stylistic styles.
Conclusion
To conclude, it should be noted that the study of synonymous phenomena serves as a basis for a
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broader understanding of German phraseology and a broader understanding of their mutual
semantic-stylistic relationship. Synonymous relationships are characteristic of phraseological
expressions. It is precisely because of these semantic relations that we can form the spiritual
paradigms of phraseological units, as well as their semantic interpretation, expressing their
methodological peculiarities.
References
1.
A. V. Kunin. (1986) English phraseology. – Moscow: Higher school. – p. 6.
2.
[A lexical unit of meaning. https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Lexem
3.
Palm Christine. Phraseologie: eine Einführung. - Tübingen, Narr-Verlag, 1995. - S. 11.
4.
Häusermann Jürg. Phraseologie. Hauptprobleme der deutschen Phraseologie auf der Basis
russischen Forschungsergebnisse. -Tübingen, Narr-Verlag, 1977. -S. 31.
5.
Pilz
Klaus
Dieter.
Phraseologie.
Versuch
einer
interdisziplinären
Abgrenzung,
Begriffsbestimmung und Systematisierung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen
Gegenwartssprache. - Göppingen, De Gruyter, 1978. - S. 784.
6.
Burger Harald, Buhofer Annelies, Greciano Gertrud. Flut von Texten-Vielfalt der Kulturen.
Ascona 2001 zur Methodologie und Kulturspezifik der Phraseologie. - Baltmannsweiler,
Hohengehren, 2003. - S. 15.
7.
Häusermann, Jürg. Phraseologie. Hauptprobleme der deutschen Phraseologie auf der Basis
russischen Forschungsergebnisse. - Tübingen, Narr-Verlag, 1977. - S. 49-51.
8.
Burger Harald, Buhofer Annelies, Greciano Gertrud. Flut von Texten-Vielfalt der Kulturen.
Ascona 2001 zur Methodologie und Kulturspezifik der Phraseologie. - Baltmannsweiler,
Hohengehren, 2003. - S. 12.
9.
Häusermann Jürg. Phraseologie. Hauptprobleme der deutschen Phraseologie auf der Basis
sowjetischer Forschungsergebnisse. - Tübingen, Narr-Verlag, 1977. - S. 28.
10.
Amosova N.N. (1963) Fundamentals of English phraseology. – Leningrad. Publishing house of
Leningrad State University. - p. 121.
11.
Burger Harald. (1998) Phraseologie. Eine Einführung am Beispiel des Deutschen. - Berlin,
Erich Schmidt Verlag. – p. 56.
12.
A. V. Kunin. (1986) A course of phraseology of modern English. – Moscow: Higher School. –
pp. 23-24.
13.
https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/Synonym
