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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
28-36
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
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METADATA
IF
–
7.356
A
BSTRACT
The problem of natural geographical zoning is one of the most ancient problems, and it is still a topical
issue that has not lost its essence. This direction in natural geography and landscape is improving from
year to year and serves as a basis for the emergence of various aspects of zoning and their solution.
K
EYWORDS
Natural geographical zoning, geoecological zoning, Kyzylkum desert, geoecological situations, natural
resources.
I
NTRODUCTION
The nature of the Kyzylkum Desert, its richness in
natural resources, extremely low population
density, and the fact that it has been poorly
studied in relation to river valleys, foothills, and
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Research Article
THE GEOECOLOGICAL ZONING OF THE KYZYLKUM DESERT
Submission Date:
February 22, 2022,
Accepted Date:
March 10, 2022,
Published Date:
March 22, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-03-05
Norboyeva Umida Toshtemirovna
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Isoyeva Madina Nu'mon qizi
Master’s degree student, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Kholliyev Askar Ergashovich
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Volume 02 Issue 03-2022
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intermountain basins under the influence of
human activities require a more thorough
geographical and ecological study [1-3].
A
IM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
. Natural
geographic zoning is the final stage of landscape
research conducted in any region and at a
selected site. The main task of geo-ecological
zoning of the Kyzylkum desert is to divide the
area into separate parts based on similar and
different features. In the study of any area from a
landscape perspective, the main task is to pay
close attention to the geo-ecological condition of
the environment and to study it thoroughly,
which is a topical geo-ecological problem arising
from the requirements of the time. In particular,
the geo-ecological situation in the Kyzylkum
Desert requires comprehensive analysis. It
requires the collection of reliable data on the
positive and negative changes in landscape
complexes under the influence of human
production and economic activities, the
assessment of the current ecological status of geo-
complexes, the consistent implementation and
implementation of mapping and geo-ecological
zoning [4-7].
R
ESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Kyzylkum Desert is located in the arid indoor
basin of the Eurasian continent, in the central part
of the natural lowlands of the Turan Plain,
between the Amudarya and Syrdarya, the largest
rivers in Central Asia. Its territory is bounded on
the north and northeast by the Syrdarya Valley,
on the east and southeast by the Nurata
Mountains and the Zarafshan Valley, and on the
southwest by the Aral Sea. The widest part of the
Kyzylkum Desert stretches 650 km from north to
south along the Jusali-Farob meridian, and from
west to east the Sultan Uvays Mountains and the
Chordara Reservoir 600 km wide [8-11]. The total
area is 300 thousand sq. Km. This figure is 3 times
smaller than the area of the Gobi Desert in Central
Asia and 20 times smaller than the Sahara Desert
in northern Africa. A large part of the Kyzylkum
Desert administratively belongs to the Navoi,
Bukhara, Khorezm regions of the Republic of
Uzbekistan and the Republic of Karakalpakstan
and the rest of the north-eastern part to the
Republic of Kazakhstan. The surface of the
Kyzylkum desert has a generally flat relief
character, with an average altitude of 200-300 m
above sea level. The total slope of the land surface
decreases from 300-350 m in the southeast to 70-
100 m in the northwest and 53 m on the shores of
the Aral Sea. However, the flat relief shape and
structure of the desert landscapes of the
Kyzylkum are markedly different from the
Karakum desert landscapes, where the arid
subsurface landscapes are much more complex
with the sandy eroded lowland and foothill
proluvial plain landscapes. Among the sandy and
saline landscapes, which occupy a large area of
the Kyzylkum, there are low Paleozoic low
mountains, which are not very high and separate
from each other [12-15]. Their absolute height
ranges from 473m to 922 m. Most of the low
mountains are located in the central part of the
Kyzylkum Desert. These are: Tomditogh (922m),
Kuljuqtogh
(785m),
Bokantogh
(764m),
Aristontogh (698m), Ovminzatogh (695m),
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Etimtogh (565m), Kazaktogh (613m) and others.
Only Sultan Uvays Mountain (473m) is located on
the right bank of the Lower Amudarya. These
mountains were twisted in the Paleozoic era, and
they later became solitary low-lying massifs. In
the Kyzylkum desert, closed low-lying landscapes
separating lowlands, foothills and sand massifs
are also common. The largest of them are
Mingbulak, Ayoqogitma, Karakhotin, Mullali. The
surface of the Mingbulak basin is -12 m below sea
level.
Figure 1. The object of research - the Kyzylkum desert.
It should be noted that the geographical location
of the Kyzylkum Desert within the Eurasian
continent is between 39 and 64 degrees north
latitude. The fact that its territory, which has a
complex relief shape, is located inside the
mainland, away from the seas and oceans, has
created a direct opportunity for the emergence,
formation and dynamic development of typical
desert ecosystems with arid climates. The nature
of the Kyzylkum Desert, its richness in natural
resources, extremely low population density, and
an extremely little study of river valleys, foothills,
and intermountain basins under the influence of
human activities have long attracted the attention
of naturalists and tourists. Our current
perceptions of its natural conditions and
resources have been formed, shaped, and
perfected through the hard work of several
generations of research geographers. The
problem of natural geographical zoning is one of
the most ancient problems, and it is still a topical
issue that has not lost its essence [16-19]. This
direction in natural geography and landscape is
improving from year to year and serves as a basis
for the emergence of various aspects of zoning
and finding solutions to them. For example,
landscape-ecological or geo-ecological method,
landscape-reclamation,
landscape-reaction,
landscape-construction, zoning for agricultural
purposes. Natural geographic zoning is the final
stage of landscape research conducted in any
region and at a selected site. It is a process of
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identification, separation and delimitation of
territorial natural geographical units that exist
objectively in nature and acquires important
practical and scientific significance in modern
natural geography and landscape. The main task
of natural geographical zoning is to divide the
regions into independent parts, depending on
their similarities and differences.
L.S.Berg (1913, 1958), R.I.Abolin (1929),
V.M.Chetirkin (1947, 1960), E.M.Murzaev (1953,
1958), P.S.Makeev (1956) , N.L.Korzhenevskiy
(1960), L.N.Babushkin, N.A.kogay (1963,1964),
N.A.Gvozdevskiy (1965), P.V.Zvonkova (1965),
F.N.Milkov
(1977),
A.A.Abdulqosimov,
S.B.Abbasov (1997) and others dealt with the
problem of natural geographical zoning of the
desert regions of Central Asia, including the
Kyzylkum [20-27].
The importance of the principle of dividing
territories based on the landscape was
recognized in 1913 by L.S. Berg. In his
"Experience in the division of Siberia and
Turkestan into the landscape and morphological
regions" he emphasizes the possibility of zoning
each natural geographical area, which aims to
divide the landforms, based on the following two
principles:
1. To be based on the principle of the landscape;
2. To be based on the principle of relief forms;
Based on the first principle, L.S. Berg considers
the Turkestan (Turan) plain as a desert landscape
zone. Based on the second principle, the
Turkestan lowlands divide the Caspian Karakum,
Kyzylkum, Amudarya delta, Aral Karakum,
Moyinkum and other regions.
In natural geographical and geo-ecological
zoning, changes in geosystems under the
influence of human economic activity and
adherence to the emerging anthropogenic
principle are of great scientific and practical
importance. The essence of the anthropogenic
principle and its importance in natural
geographical zoning is widely covered in the
scientific works of AA Abdulkasimov (1982), VI
Fedotov (1972, 1985) and others. They admit that
the anthropogenic principle can be applied both
in natural geographical and geoecological zoning
and in landscape-typological mapping.
This principle requires a comprehensive account
of anthropogenic changes in the landscape but
also serves to reveal the differences between
natural complexes and anthropogenic complexes
and anthropogenic complexes. Adherence to the
anthropogenic principle in natural geographical
and geoecological zoning is the recognition of
anthropogenic complexes that exist objectively in
the landscape and have their genetic range. This
is because, along with natural resources,
anthropogenic resources also play an important
role in the development of the landscape sphere.
The problem of geo-ecological zoning of the
territory of Uzbekistan, including the Kyzylkum
desert understudy, is still given little attention by
geographers.
The work done in this direction is also limited to
some regions of the country.
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For example, A.A. Abdulkasimov and S.B. Abbasov
(1997, 2001) conducted landscape ecological
research in the Central Kyzylkum and identified
landscape-ecological regions such as Bukantov-
Etimtov, Mingbulak-Yamonkum and Tomdi-
Kuljuqtog in its territory [28-33].
A.A. Abdulkasimov, D. Jurakulova and Q.
Yarashevs (2004) analyzed the geo-ecological
situation in the landscape complexes of the
Surkhandarya basin under the influence of
anthropogenic factors and divided its territory
into 4 geo-ecological regions:
1.
Weakly polluted and degraded Termez-
Surkhan valley geoecological region;
2.
Lower
Surkhandarya
oasis-desert
geoecological region, strongly degraded due
to deflation and salinization,
3.
Middle
Surkhandarya
oasis-desert
geoecological region contaminated with
chemical compounds;
4.
Upper Surkhan oasis-steppe geoecological
region contaminated with metallogenic dust.
Following the basic principles and methods of
natural geographical zoning in the geo-ecological
zoning of the Kyzylkum desert, based on factual
materials collected as a result of many years of
research, landscape-typological and landscape-
ecological maps and taking into account the
ecological situation in recent years under natural
and anthropogenic factors it is appropriate to
distinguish the following geoecological regions.
These are: North Kyzylkum, Bokan-Etimtog,
Mingbulak-Yamonkum, Tomdi-Kuljuqtag, Gazli,
South-West Kyzylkum, Sultan Uvays, Aral Sea
West Kyzylkum, East Kyzylkum, Bukhara-Karakul
oasis geoecological regions.
The North Kyzylkum geoecological region
.
This geoecological region is located between the
northern foothill proluvial plains of the Bokan-
Etimtog lowlands and the Syrdarya valley, and
most of its territory consists of plateaus plains
consisting
of
Pliocene-Lower
Quaternary
deposits. These ancient deposits served as the
main source in the formation of sand massifs
occupying large areas.
The Bokan-Etimtog geoecological region
. The
territory of the geoecological region consists of
Paleozoic low mountains such as Bokantog,
Etimtog, Tokhtatog, Oyimtog, Kokpatas and the
foothill proluvial plains that surround them in the
form of a ring. The district stretches 340 km from
west to east. Its width decreases from 150 km to
15 km from west to east. The area is 12800 km
2
.
The main part of the region is occupied by the
array of Bokantog.
The Mingbulak-Yomonkum geoecological
region
. The region is located in the lower part of
the Central Kyzylkum. It is bordered on the north
by the Bokantog, Etimtog, and Tokhtatog massifs,
and on the south by the Tomditog, Ovminzatag,
and Kazakhtag massifs. The territory of the region
consists mainly of Mingbulak and Mollali streams
and the Yamonkum plain. The total area is 13,800
km
2
.
The Gazli geoecological region
. This region
includes the alluvial-delta plain of ancient
Zarafshan in the south-western Kyzylkum region.
It is bordered on the north by the foothill
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proluvial plains of Kuljuktag, on the east by the
Bukhara and Karakul oases, and on the southwest
by the Amudarya valley.
The Sultan-Uvays geoecological region. The
region covers the Sultan Uvays mountain range
on the right bank of the Amudarya Valley and the
adjacent foothill proluvial plains. Territorially, it
is an integral part of the Kyzylkum natural
geographical district.
C
ONCLUSION
Analysis and mapping of the interdependence of
geographical components, their zonal, regional
and vertical stratification in space on the basis of
a
systematic
approach,
the
study
of
desertification and dynamic changes in the
geological process of desertification under the
influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. As
a result of research on issues such as zoning and
environmental optimization, some theoretical
cases have been developed, based on which the
following scientific conclusions have been made
and practical recommendations have been made:
Structural analysis of the Kyzylkum desert
landscapes shows that its territory is very
complex compared to the territory of
morphologically adjacent regions, large-scale
mapping of its colourful arid landscape
complexes is of scientific and practical
importance.
The group of mainly natural and
anthropogenic factors plays a leading role in
the desertification and dynamic change of
modern arid landscape complexes.
The fragile nature of desert geosystems, the
degree of interdependence of geographical
components and the emptiness of the linkage
mechanism, the growing influence of natural
and anthropogenic factors do not allow them
to develop more efficiently. This results in
geoecological situations of varying severity.
Based on the law of zonal stratification of
desert landscape complexes of the Kyzylkum,
its territory is divided into three zones:
northern desert, typical desert and southern
desert zones. On the basis of landscape-
typological mapping, 8 types of places were
identified, including 10 geo-ecological zones
as a result of hundreds of settlements and geo-
ecological
zoning.
A
comprehensive
description of all land types, their
characteristic features and geoecological
areas was given.
Kyzylkum landscape complexes are stratified
not only in the horizontal direction but also in
the vertical direction. Here the vertical
stratification of landscapes is manifested in
two different variants.
In the geo-ecological optimization of desert
landscapes and the application of measures
developed on a scientific basis, in particular, in
the implementation of phytomeliorative
work, it is necessary to approach each type of
landscape differently. Because each landscape
type has its character, historically formed
local geo-ecological conditions and unique
features.
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