Volume 02 Issue 04-2022
59
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
59-63
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
A
BSTRACT
This article deals with the history and construction of one of the Uzbek folk instruments, the dutor.
K
EYWORDS
National, culture, art, music, instrument, musician, ensemble, ornament, mulberry, master, reconstruction
I
NTRODUCTION
“If you listen to me with pleasure, you can play the
dutar,
Let the dust of the heart wash away from Dutor's
joyful melody.
Dutor's two strings are like the pearl of life,
All the melodies in the dutar are played from the
heart”
Dutor is one of the most popular musical
instruments of Uzbek people. It is wrong to call
the dutor only the Uzbek folk instrument, because
Journal
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Copyright:
Original
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4.0 licence.
Research Article
STRINGS OF MY DUTAR
Submission Date:
April 10, 2022,
Accepted Date:
April 17, 2022,
Published Date:
April 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-04-11
Khurshid Beknazarov
Head teacher, Tashkent State Pedagogical University Independent researcher (PhD), Department of
“Instrumental Performance” Uzbek State Institute of Arts and Culture, Uzbekistan
Volume 02 Issue 04-2022
60
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
59-63
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
it is the national instrument not only of
Uzbekistan, but also of the whole of Central Asia
and many Eastern countries.
Of course, they differ from each other in
appearance, sozi, strings and style of execution.
For example, the handle and bowl of the Uyghur
dutar are larger than those of the Uzbek dutar, the
Afghan dutar is larger than the Uzbek dutar, but
the Turkmen and Iranian dutars are made of
metal wire. Uzbek and Tajik dutars are close to
each other and their strings are made of silk.
Dutar
(persian.- two strings)
- 1)
it is a stringed
national musical instrument. It is a popular
stringed instrument among Uzbek, Tajik, Uyghur,
Turkmen and Karakalpak peoples. The Uzbek
dutar stands out from other instruments with its
gentle, elegant and juicy voice. It is mainly made
of mulberry and apricot wood.
1
The first information about the dutar is found in
the 15th century work of Zaynulabiddin al-
Husseini, "The Science of Law and Practical
Music." However, the possibility of forming a
complete picture of this instrument is limited.
Since the style of performance is not clearly
defined, many researchers conclude that the term
"dutar" can be a two-stringed type of tanboor.
The 17th-century musicologist Darvesh Ali
Changi's Risolai musiqiy, along with famous
musicians and composers, discusses the making
1
«Madaniyat va san’at atamalarining izohli lug‘ati» T.:
«Ғ.Ғулом номидаги нашриё т-матбаа ижодии уи и»,
2015, 44-bet.
2
Сёмё нов А.А. Срёднёазиатскии трактат по музикё
Дарвёша Али. Из-во АН Уз.Т.:1946 г. 89 б.
of the dutar. “Most dutars are made of mulberry
wood, and the strings are made of silk. That is why
the sound of the instrument is juicy and soft, a
result of the fact that mulberry and silk are in
harmony with each other, are connected by
invisible bonds, and are ultimately the products of
one being. ”
2.
In our society, the mulberry tree is a piece of love
for other trees. Because there are so many
benefits to this tree. In times of famine, the fruit
was nutritious, and the leaves were grown on silk
by giving them to silkworms. Another unique
aspect is that the div is made of musical
instruments, from which delicate melodies and
melodies enter the hearts of people.
Honored Artist of Uzbekistan, Professor
Dilmurod Islamov in his essay “Thoughts in the
shadow of the mulberry” said: Another of the
wonders of the mulberry tree is the musical
instruments made from its div. ”
3
There are many meanings in the folk sayings:
“If the mulberry tree didn't grow, there would be
no dutar”
4
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, travelers
to Central Asia were amazed to see the diversity
and variety of national musical instruments here.
Ethnographer August Eichhorn also collected
instruments and described them. Eichhorn's
3
Д.Исломов. Шарқ мусиқаси тарихидан.
Монография.Тошкёнт-2015, 130 b.
4
Ж.Расултаёв “У збёк дутор ижрочилиги. Тошкёнт-
1997, 17 b.
Volume 02 Issue 04-2022
61
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
59-63
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
collection consists of two parts, the first part –
“Instruments of the Kyrgyz and other Mongol
peoples”, the second part - "Instruments of the
peoples of Turkestan, Kashgar, Kokand,
Afghanistan, Bukhara and Khiva." In the second
section of the book, the instruments are divided
into three groups: stringed, percussion, and
percussion. Interestingly, it can be observed that
the dutar included in the group of stringed
instruments is no different from the traditional
dutar currently in use.
Among the many works written by Eichhorn are
the songs sung to the accompaniment of the dutar
and a few dozen melodies performed in it as a
work of pure musical instrument
.
5
V. Belyaev's book "Musical Instruments of
Uzbekistan" (Musical Instruments of Uzbekistan),
published in 1933, fully covers the musical
instruments that existed in the early twentieth
century, and each of them is taken seriously and
given an in-depth scientific description.
Enlightened writer Abdurauf Fitrat in his book
“Uzbek classical music and its history” said that
“Dutor is lighter than tanbur because it is lighter
than tanbur. Its handle is 7.0-7.5 decimeters and
the bowl is 2.0 x 4.5. The curtain is thirteen in
some places and fourteen in others”.
He also said, “Because of the low movement of the
dutar, many of our dutar players avoid touching
the dutar by touching the board while playing.
These days, our most famous dutar player, Haji
5
Ж.Расултаёв “У збёк дутор ижрочилиги. Тошкёнт-
1997, 8 b.
Abdulaziz from Samarkand, plays his dutar with
enthusiasm because he plays it without hitting
the board ”
6
In fact, if we look at the shape of the dutar, it
consists of two parts (the handle and the bowl),
and the part that unites these parts is called the
"throat". The dutar bowl can be made from a
combination of carvings or ribs. The carved dutar
is used in Samarkand, Khorezm and
Turkmenistan and is carved from a piece of
mulberry wood. The ribbed dutar is also made of
mulberry wood and is joined by 8-10 pieces of
thin planks. The lid, which is glued to the bowl, is
also made of mulberry wood. Typically, mulberry
wood, which is made of dutar, is dried in the
shade.
The dutor handle is made of apple wood and 13-
14 intestinal membranes are attached to it. The
total length of the instrument is 1200-1300
millimeters. In some places, dutars of 750-800
millimeters are also found. Adjusted to two
narrow quartas (middle curtain word), quintet
(head curtain word), unison (double curtain
word) and octave intervals made of silk. The most
common of these words are Munojot (quintet)
and Tanovor (quartet). These words are not at a
specific height, but can be set at different heights
at the discretion of the performer and the singer.
Dutars for men and women have long been made
in Uzbekistan. The bowl of the male dutar is larger
and the handle is longer. Women’s dutars, by
6
A.Fitrat. «O‘zbek klassik musiqasi va uning tarixi» T.:
«Fan», 1993. –28-29 betlar.
Volume 02 Issue 04-2022
62
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
59-63
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
contrast, are smaller in size and have a relatively
short handle, made by skilled craftsmen in a more
subtle way suitable for women.
Although dutar melodies are mainly performed
on the first string, the fact that the second string
is added to the same melody and constantly
resonates distinguishes this instrument from
other instruments. Therefore, when recording
dutar melodies, it is necessary to indicate the
notes on both strings. This poses specific
complications. The sound of the dutor is very soft,
and although the timbre of the sound is not high,
it is very pleasant to the ear and sounds good.
While some instruments are difficult to perform
without the accompaniment of a circle, the ability
to play the method on the dutar itself helps it to
be well received even on its own. There are a
number of melodies for solo performance in
dutar, such as "Rohat", "Turgay", "Dutor bayoti".
It is preferable to use the dutor in conjunction
with a tanbur or gijjak, as well as in small
instrumental ensembles, to make the sound clear
and well audible.
Dutor is a soloist and a vocalist, who even created
his own special status tracks in the traditional
style. A bright example of this is the Khorezm
dutar maqoms.
The dutar ensemble named after Ganijon
Toshmatov has been operating in Uzbekistan
since January 1, 1979.
Famous teachers of dutar are Hoji Abdulaziz
Abdurasulov, Arif Kasimov, Fakhriddin Sodiqov,
Turgun
Alimatov,
Zohidjon
Obidov,
Nurmuhammad Boltaev, Gulomjon Kochkarov,
Akrom Tuychiev, Ismatilla Rakhmatillaev,
Abdurahim Hamidov, Malika Ziyaeva, Rozibibi
Hodja.
Uzbek national instruments are mainly diatonic,
which raises the issue of reconstruction due to the
limited ability of composers to perform musical
works of the peoples of the world. Its main
purpose is to improve the sound (melody)
properties, to create new technical possibilities in
instruments, to introduce chromatic structures
divided into 12-step smooth speeds, to expand
the vocal cords, after achieving the subtleties of
(sound).
Under the leadership of AI Petrosyans, a group of
masters based on the experience and creative
achievements of VV Andreev worked on the
reconstruction and improvement of Uzbek folk
instruments, their transfer to the European sound
system. Master Usmon Zufarov created many
related families of dutar and tanbur, gijjaks, while
Matyusuf Kharratov expanded the upper register
of dust at the expense of additional strings and
movements. Yunus Rajabi in collaboration with
Master Usmon Zufarov created dutar-bas, gijjak-
bas, gijjak-alt, samples.
As a result of the improvement of instruments,
our folk instruments have been transformed from
diatonic to chromatic. Gradually, old models of
traditional instruments began to appear instead
of the old ones, and attempts were made to
further improve the existing musical instruments.
As a result, the dutar family was formed.
Volume 02 Issue 04-2022
63
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
04
Pages:
59-63
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
In this day, there are two sides to the question of
how right or wrong such actions are, meaning
that if the first party is justified, the second party
is wrong.
It should be noted that today there are many
young people studying dutar in children's music
and art schools, specialized music and art schools,
higher education institutions, including the Uzbek
State Conservatory and the Uzbek State Institute
of Arts and Culture.
Of course, all the conditions in educational
institutions are sufficient to identify talented
young people in this regard. This is evidenced by
a number of laws that the state pays special
attention to youth, culture and art.
The idea that there is no means by which art and
sports can introduce a nation to the world is being
proven today. After all, our artists and musicians
take part in international art festivals,
competitions and creative evenings held in
different regions of the world every year, raising
the name of our country to the skies and
introducing our national art and classical music to
the world. In this sense, the sounds of our national
instruments are a factor in captivating the people
of the world and expressing our identity.
R
EFERENCES
1.
«Маданият ва санъат атамаларининг
изоҳли луғ‘ати» Т.: «Ғ.Ғулом номидаги
нашриёт-матбаа ижодий уйи», 2015
2.
Сёмёнов А.А. Срёднёазиатский трактат по
музикё Дарвёша Али. Из-во АН Уз.Т.:1946
3.
А.Фитрат. «Ўзбёк классик мусиқаси ва
унинг тарихи» Т.: «Фан», 1993
4.
Д.Исломов. Шарқ мусиқаси тарихидан.
Монография.Тошкёнт
“Фан
ва
тёхнология”-2015
5.
Ж.Расултаёв “Ўзбёк дутор ижрочилиги.
Тошкёнт “Ўқитувчи” -1997
