Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
59
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
A
BSTRACT
In the formation of landscape objects, protective and spatial organizing function of green spaces. Vegetable
groupings are the main component in the spatial modeling using landscape design tools.
K
EYWORDS
Plant groupings, climatic features, trees, shrubs, green spaces, plant group, favorable conditions.
I
NTRODUCTION
Creation of favorable conditions for the existence
of green spaces has a positive effect on the urban
environment, improving climate terrain features,
adjusting humidity, air composition, wind mode,
etc. (Fig. 1).
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
PLANT GROUPS AS KEY FACILITIES LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Submission Date:
May 09, 2022,
Accepted Date:
May 18, 2022,
Published Date:
May 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-05-10
Drobchenko Natalya Valeryevna
Candidate of Architecture, Associate Professor, Samarkand State Architectural and Construction Institute
named after M. Ulugbek, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Nasimova Chodiyona Sagdullaevna
Teacher, Samarkand State Architectural and Construction Institute named after M. Ulugbek, Samarkand,
Uzbekistan
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
60
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Vegetation is divided into three types: trees,
shrubs, herbaceous plants. Trees have a crown,
trunk, root system. Shrubs and herbaceous plants
have above-ground and underground parts.
Trees, depending on the height, are divided into
three groups: the first, second and third
magnitude. Shrubs and herbaceous plants. From
trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants a wide
variety of groups are created [1].
M
ATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant groups are selected based on biological
properties plants, their architectural and artistic
characteristics.
Figure 1. Means of landscape design and their main nomenclature elements
First of all, when selecting plants, the climatic
region is taken into account, soil conditions,
relation to air humidity, insolation, speed growth.
Consideration should also be given to
biocompatibility plants. The general tendency of
mixing different species should be aims to create
biosustainable
plant
communities
when
neighboring plants do not have a detrimental
effect on each other each other, but contribute to
the growth and decorativeness of species located
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
61
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
close. Biophysical mutual influence is reflected in
exactingness plants to light, heat, food, moisture.
Biochemical interaction occurs as a result of
exposure to substances secreted by organs plants.
So, for example, deciduous secretions of warty
birch negatively affect the photosynthesis of
Scotch pine and honeysuckle Tatar, but positive
for English oak. Alsomicro-soil conditions must
be taken into account. So, on dry soils pine
successfully competes with birch, and birch
excels in wet conditions, since pine is smaller than
birch, demanding on moisture. In addition,
harmful the influence of birch on pine stops if the
distance between them increases to 5-6 m. When
creating groupings, one should take into account
the speed growth and longevity. In this regard,
fast-growing species cannot be planted next to
slow-growing and photophilous, it is impossible
plant light-loving shrubs under the canopy of
densely-blooded trees. The age characteristics of
trees and shrubs should also be taken into
account. So, red elderberry oppresses the oak at a
young age, but later, when the oak overtake
elderberry, promotes its growth. Promotes larch
growth thuja western and green ash. Elm roots
damage oak roots. Roots pine and oak change
directions and diverge when they meet. In the
young aged oak is oppressed by shrubs: white
turf, honeysuckle Tatar and red elderberry.
Excretions from red elderberry roots are
dangerous for pines.
The following tree plantings are recommended
according to biological compatibility:
With warty birch - Norway maple (on rich soils),
linden small-leaved (on podzolized soils), Scotch
pine (on carbonate). The distance between
species is on average 4-7 m.
With common elm - Norway maple, small-leaved
linden and larch. The distance between them and
the elms is from 4 to 6 m.
With pedunculate oak - Norway maple, small-
leaved linden, larch and warty birch. The distance
between them is within 4-8 m, depending on the
soil.
With common spruce - Norway maple, small-
leaved linden and large-leaved. The distance
between species is within 4-6 m.
With Norway maple - linden, larch, pedunculate
oak, birch, spruce prickly and common, Scots
pine, elm and many shrubs.The distance between
trees is 4-6 m.
Most types of trees get along with small-leaved
linden and shrubs.
With larch - linden, maples, pines, birches and
spruces.
With Scotch pine - small-leaved linden, Norway
maple, spruce ordinary at a distance of 4-7 m, oak
pedunculate and red – at distance of 6-9 m.
Particular attention in the formation of landscape
compositions it is necessary to pay attention to
the ratio of tree and shrub plantations to
insolation, as well as take into account the growth
rate. Subject to map analysis insolation in well-lit
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
62
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
areas of any territory should be design light-
loving species (birch, oak, maple, ash, poplar, pine
common, black alder, etc.).
Shade-tolerant plants should be placed in shady
areas (horse chestnut and Tatar, spruce, linden,
plane tree, hawthorn, honeysuckle, viburnum,
etc.).
To achieve a quick decorative effect, you should
design predominantly fast-growing green spaces:
birch, elm, maple, weeping willow, green ash,
prickly spruce, Scotch pine, acacia white, privet,
hawthorn, elderberry, mock orange, honeysuckle,
sucker, currant golden, etc. To design relief
geoplastics, one should design plants with a
developed root system in such areas, forming a
large number of processes. Among these plants
include: field maple, Tatar, yellow acacia,
common hazel, cotoneaster, hawthorn, narrow-
leaved sucker, honey locust, etc.
When performing protective landscaping, it is
recommended to apply the following tree and
shrub species [5]:
For noise protection - maple, common elm,
linden small-leaved, common spruce, Siberian
larch, honeysuckle Tatar, yellow acacia,
Siberian hawthorn;
For gas protection - maple, hazel, gledichia,
gray and black poplar, Canadian thorn, white
acacia, white mulberry, Cossack juniper,
ordinary privet, etc.;
For dust protection - elm, white weeping
willow, horse chestnut, maple silver, Tatar,
field, holly, canadian poplar, poplar Bolle,
white mulberry, green and common ash,
yellow acacia, common privet, narrow-leaved
sucker, Vann-Gutta spirea;
For windproof - landings and shading of the
territory are selected plants with the most
dense crown - horse chestnut, maple, spruce,
pedunculate oak, small-leaved linden, etc.
When selecting plant groups, architectural and
artistic properties of plants: height, crown shape
and character foliage. First of all, it is necessary to
take into account the contrast in height and shape
crowns of various trees.
Trees are divided into the following groups
according to their height:
Trees of the first magnitude - high (over 25
m): Siberian cedar, spruce Scots pine, English
oak, maple holly, large-leaved linden;
Trees of the second size - medium (from 10 to
25 m): field maple, chestnut
Horse, black alder, American ash, etc.;
Trees of the third magnitude - low (below 10
m): maple, crimson, willow,
Common juniper, etc.
For decorative and compositional reasons, trees
below 5 m high can be attributed to the same
group with shrubs that have a height of 0.5 up to
5 m (bush amorpha, white derain, euonymus).
Shrubs in height can also be divided into three
groups:
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
63
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Shrubs of the first magnitude - high (3-5m):
hawthorn, Tatar maple, viburnum ordinary,
etc;
Shrubs of the second size - medium (1-3m):
privet, lilac, euonymus, Vann-Gutta spirea, etc;
Shrubs of the third size - low (0.5-1m):
Japanese spirea, lavender and others.
Landscape compositions are formed according to
the principle of contrast or nuance [2]. Plants are
finally selected in landscape compositions taking
into
account
biological,
functional
and
architectural and artistic requirements. When
forming objects of landscape design, most often
the following tree and shrub groupings are used:
arrays, landscape groups, loners (tapeworms),
avenue plantings, live hedges, vertical gardening,
flower decoration.
Arrays - a combination of single-species or multi-
species trees and shrubs growing over a large
area. arrays like as a rule, have insulating and
protective
functions,
are
used
for
dismemberment of the territory, masking,
creating a background for decorative accents and
are selected from fast-growing species (maple
holly, oaks, ash-trees, firs, pines). There are two
types of arrays - simple and complex.
A simple array consists of trees of uniform height
with common decorative features. Such an array
can be made up of ash common, English and red
oak, Scots pine, maple holly.
A complex array consists of trees of various
heights with various decorative properties. The
two-tier array consist of the following groupings:
birch in the first tier and spruce ordinary in the
second; Scotch pine in the first tier and linden
small-leaved in the second; pedunculate oak in
the first tier and in the second – hornbeam
common with an undergrowth of hazel, elder,
euonymus. When calculating planting density in
the array should be based on the fact that each
instance must have conditions for free formation,
i.e. trees must placed approximately 4-8 m apart.
Landscape group - an independent composition
of trees and shrubs. There are woody, shrubby
and mixed groups. At the composition of the
group includes from 2-3 to 10-12 plants. The
group may be contrasting or single-breed, dense
or see-through. Wide grouping possibilities make
them one of the main elements landscape
compositions. The composition of the group
depends on the nature of the soil, grass cover and
can be clean, i.e., composed of a single breeds, and
mixed - from several breeds. By way of
distribution trees and the selection of species
they are divided into openwork and dense.
openwork groups most often formed from birch,
maple,
mulberry,
etc.
Dense
groups
predominantly made up of oak, horse chestnut
and prickly spruce. It is recommended to enter an
odd number of trees in the group and avoid exact
chess placement. The distance between trees in
groups at shallow material 1.5 ... 2 m and with
large-age 3 ... 4 m and 5 ... 10 m. Optimal the
number of trees in the group is 3.
A group of three trees can be a compositional
center small space. It can be single-species
(spruce,
birch)
and
heterogeneous
(in
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
64
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
combinations spruce and birch, willow and
poplar, etc.). Named groups are well perceived
from all sides of the projected area, they can also
accentuate the entrance to any site, for example a
quiet rest area, a playground or a playground. The
number 3 is established from the conditions of
perception of this group from all points, in form is
very compact and compositionally integral. These
qualities are saved for all variants with an odd
number of instances - 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. Moreover, a
group of 9 trees is theoretically defined as a limit
group size. Thus, in any territory, the most
landscape compositions of 3, 5, 7 and 9 trees are
appropriate (Fig. 2) [3].
A group consisting
of three trees
A group
consisting of five
trees
A group
consisting of five
trees
A group consisting
of six trees
Figure 2. Arrangement of trees in a group
According to the composition of trees, these
groups are also divided into pure and mixed
(Figure 3) [4]. In pure small groups, there are
usually several trees of the same species, these
groups are distinguished by a clear silhouette.
Groups can be decorated with an edge of
beautifully growing shrubs for creating a smooth
transition to the lawn.
Groups are also divided into single-row and
multi-row with the preservation the leading value
of one of the breeds. Multi-row groups are created
from trees of the 1st and 2nd size with the
inclusion of shrubs and can be designed to protect
against wind, noise, etc. [5]
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
65
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
1
а
b
c
d
2
а
b
c
d
Figure 3. Classification of groups according to the composition of rocks: 1 -
pure groups: a, b - deciduous, c, d - coniferous; 2 - mixed groups: d -
deciduous, e - coniferous, w - mixed
Bouquet groups are very effective at recreational
sites. Such groups of several trunks (ash, poplar,
birch, linden, chestnut, oak) form a beautiful
dense crown of large diameter and are natural
parasol to protect from the sun. The round dance
group can be used to fix a small space, creating a
feeling its "isolation" in order to organize a small
recreation area. False the group can be used to
decorate unsightly objects (garbage bins, parking
lots, etc.).
The shape of the group is one of the main
decorative qualities. She is influences the nature
of the landscape and depends on the selection of
wood shrub plants and their arrangement. From
plants with regular and irregular type of crowns
are arranged groups with symmetrical and
asymmetrical balance, spherical, peaked and
contrasting (single-tier simple and multi-tier
complex). With appropriate arrangement of
plants, the group changes shape depending on the
species point (up to 3-5 options). Silhouette of
large groups (with the participation of tall trees
with pyramidal, columnar shape) is built with 2-3
verticals. The most interesting in landscape parks
are asymmetric groups with greater height in
relation to width and well-defined silhouette.
The architectonics of the group is determined by
the type of branching, the thickness of the
branches, the location of the foliage, the size and
shape of the leaf blades of woody plants. There
are groups with coarse, medium, fine and mixed
structure. The background is most often trees that
are close in structure. The arrangement of groups
is determined by their purpose in the landscape.
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
66
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
For increase depth perspective to the fore trees
are planted with a rough structure, and on the
back - with a thin one [5].
The colorfulness of a group depends on its
component species and is very an important
quality, on which the effect sometimes completely
depends compositions. In the parks, there are
both monophonic groups (50-70%) and
contrasting (30-35%) in color. The group color
effect is usually calculated for different seasons of
the year.
By appointment in the landscape stand out:
Groups that are the main compositional
center of the park paintings. They are placed
in the so-called pockets, in clearings, complete
the perspective, fix the turns of the paths, near
the water;
Groups that create a background for a
structure or other accents;
Groups as a transition from the array to open
space;
Groups that form park scenes – «frames»
delimiting space into separate views and
groups that create multifaceted perspectives;
Groups at the edge of the array or curtains,
highlighted as accents.
All the considered properties of tree groups must
be taken into account when analysis and
evaluation. In this case, as a rule, first of all, it is
perceived the degree of brightness of the group,
its size, height, shape, structure and colorfulness.
In some cases, only one quality stands out in
particular embossed and produces an effect - size,
shape or color. At the complex impact of these
qualities picturesqueness and expressiveness
groups are growing.
Age of tree and shrub groups. The composition of
rocks determines group longevity. L. Rubtsov[6]
subdivides rocks by durability into 3 categories:
small, medium and large. Trees of low durability
begin to grow decrepit in the second half of the
first century, for example, many poplar, birch,
apple, pear. Medium longevity trees - from the
second centuries of life, these include spruce, fir,
maple. Trees big durability - starting from the
third century, these include oak, ash, Manchurian
walnut, larch.
C
ONCLUSION
When designing parks, it is necessary to take into
account the duration life of the species that make
up the groups. Various durability constituting a
group of plants leads to the destruction of the
structure intended artistic composition. Fast-
growing tree species are more likely to reach the
climax of their age and stop growing, and slow-
growing - later. Adverse habitat conditions (soil
compaction, trampling, lack of nutrients, etc.) lead
to growth retardation, the appearance dry top,
premature death of plantings. especially large the
amount of nutrients needed during a period of
enhanced growth (in 10-40 years), when the main
mass of branches and leaves is formed.
Thus, when planting plants, you need to know the
basic characteristics, ways of the neighborhood of
plants, their compositional design.
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
67
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
59-67
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
R
EFERENCES
1.
Gorokhov V.A. "Urban Green Building".
Proc. allowance for universities. M.,
Stroyizdat. 1991
2.
Drobchenko N. V. The history of the
formation and development of landscape
architecture in Uzbekistan. Samarkand:
Abstract, 2004
3.
Drobchenko N. V. The history of the
formation and development of the
landscape architecture in Uzbekistan.
Samarkand: Zarafshon, 2017
4.
Drobchenko N.V. Scientific research in
design
architectural
environment.
Tashkent: Print Rebel, 2020
5.
Bogovaya I.O., Fursova L.M. landscape art.
Moscow: Stoyizdat, 1988
6.
Rubtsov L. I. Designing gardens and parks.
Moscow: Stoyizdat, 1973
