Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
44
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
44-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
A
BSTRACT
Lubricants minimise friction and wear in rubbing contacts by reducing metal–metal contact, removing
wear debris, and carrying away frictional heat. They may also prevent rusting and with liquid lubricants
remove heat. Lubricants may be solid, such as graphite, molybdenum disulphide, polytetrafluoroethylene
and talc; or gaseous, commonly air; but the principal lubricants are liquids such as mineral oil, or the semi-
solid greases formed from liquids by the use of thickening agents.
K
EYWORDS
Cooling function, anti-corrosion function, sealing action, Solid lubricants, Semi-solid lubricants.
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LUBRICATING MATERIAL
Submission Date:
May 05, 2022,
Accepted Date:
May 15, 2022,
Published Date:
May 26, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-05-08
Dehqonov Qodirjon Maxamat o’g’li
Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Odilov Jahongir Anvarjon o’g’li
Master's Degree Student, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Mo’ydinov Nodirjon Xomid o’g’li
Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Inomjonov Javohir Jahongir o’g’li
Master's Degree Student, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
45
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
44-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
I
NTRODUCTION
The main task of engine lubricating oils is to
reduce friction and prevent wear of working
elements. This has a direct effect on reducing the
need for electricity required for the maintenance
of the mechanism, as well as ensuring a long
service life and more efficient operation [1-3]. In
practice, modern lubricants are also expected to
perform a number of additional functions, such
as:
Cooling function - removal of heat generated,
for example, as a result of friction,
Anti-corrosion function - prevention of the
appearance of local and local corrosion links,
sealing action – creating seals (e.g. in the case
of piston rings), cleaning action - cleaning the
surface of contaminants and preventing their
occurrence.
The main physical and chemical properties of
lubricating oils are:
Viscosity and viscosity index - too low or high
viscosity will not provide sufficient lubricating
properties, thereby leading to faster wear of
machine elements. The viscosity index indicates
the change in oil viscosity as temperature
changes. The higher the value of this parameter,
the better the lubricating properties of the
product, Foaming - Lubricants should have low
foaming ability and be able to bleed quickly [4-7].
Good fire-fighting properties ensure proper
operation of hydraulic systems and prevent
cavitation damage, Oxidation resistance and
thermal stability - these parameters indicate the
service life of the oil, both under operating
conditions and during storage, Lack of toxicity.
Lubricant types:
Lubricants come in a variety of forms and
types. As a rule, they are divided into three
main groups: solid, liquid and semi-solid.
Solid lubricants
T
HE MAIN PART
These are materials that, despite the presence of
a solid phase, have the ability to reduce friction
between two moving surfaces. They provide
adequate lubricating properties at temperatures
higher than liquid lubricants. They are intended
for use in conditions where conventional
additives do not provide effective use. An example
would be very high temperatures and extreme
loads (eg in metal forming where severe plastic
deformation is required). The most common solid
lubricants are: graphite, molybdenum disulfide,
boron nitride and polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE), also known as Teflon [8-11].
Semi-solid lubricants
They are produced using oils (including mineral
oil) and a number of different additives, such as
thickeners. Sometimes they also contain additives
of solid lubricants, such as: PTFE, MoS2 or
graphite. They can perform a protective function,
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
46
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
44-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
protecting the surface from corrosion and
damage. They are available in different
consistency and are used mainly as lubricants for
gears, bearings, chains and other
Liquid lubricants
This group of lubricants includes products based
on oils of animal and vegetable origin, as well as
mineral and synthetic. The first two types are
practically not used anymore due to their high
price and relatively weak lubricating properties.
In turn, oils on a mineral and synthetic basis have
found wide industrial use. Mineral oils are
mixtures of higher hydrocarbons, which are
obtained mainly in the process of oil refining.
They are used as non-conductive coolants or
thermal fluids in electrical components. They are
used, for example, in high voltage transformers
and switchgears. Mineral oils are also used as
heating oils and hydraulic fluids due to their
incompressibility. The second group consists of
synthetic oils, consisting of long polymer chains
and a number of additives that modify their
properties.
They
are
characterized
by
significantly better lubricity than mineral oils.
They also show higher viscosity at low and high
temperatures. In addition, they are resistant to
oxidation, thermal degradation and the formation
of deposits, eg in engines. Unfortunately, they are
much more expensive than mineral oils.
Polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) are an excellent
example of liquid synthetic lubricating oils. An
important advantage of PAGs is their reduced
tendency to form carbon deposits and deposits
(compared to mineral oils), which makes it easier
to maintain cleanliness and extend the life of
machine parts and devices lubricated by them
[12-15]. Products manufactured by PCC Holding
called Rokolub, belonging to the group of PAGs,
can be used as components for the production of
liquid working and process fluids for
metalworking in various industries. They are also
used as finished products, eg hydraulic oils,
lubricating oils for gas and refrigeration
compressors. Despite the fact that correct
lubrication is one of the most crucial aspects of a
reliability programme for rotating equipment,
lubrication is often perceived as a lowly job that
doesn’t require much experience or skill.
Lubrication-related failures are probably the
most preventable type of all failures of rotating
machinery, yet it’s an area of industry that isn’t
always allocated the appropriate level of
attention [15-17]. Machine reliability relies on the
right methods of lubrication, the right quantities
and formulations of lubrication and the
appropriate application procedures and intervals
– and a vigilant machinery operator will be able to
maximise the performance and the operating life
of the equipment by adhering to a well-planned
and appropriate maintenance programme.
Most people believe that lubrication is only
important because it makes the parts ‘slippery’. In
reality, lubricants are substances which play a
major role in bearing and machinery function and
longevity by:
Reducing wear of moving parts
Reducing friction between rotating parts and
stationery ones
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
47
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
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05
Pages:
44-50
SJIF
I
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(2021:
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)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Absorbing shock
Reducing operating temperatures
Minimising corrosion of metal surfaces
Keeping contaminants out of the system
Sealing and protecting components
The incorrect choice and application of lubricants
is said to account for around 40% of all machine
failures, and so lubrication procedures are a
critical factor in maximizing your equipment’s
reliability.
To ensure optimum lubrication, it is important to
use the right type and quality of lubricant, in the
right amounts, at the right place and at the right
time. Once lubrication has been applied, the
equipment and the lubricant should be tested to
see if:
The correct formulation of lubricant was used for
the application
Whether the lubricant solved – or merely masked
– the problem
Whether the amount of lubrication applied was
correct
The need for frequent lubrication may well be a
symptom of underlying machinery damage (such
as wear or damage to bearings, shafts or seals) so
the solution isn’t simply to lubricate to stop
vibration or excessive noise. In fact, too much
lubrication can be just as detrimental as too little
lubrication. Under lubrication can cause bearings
to wear out before their time, whereas over-
lubrication can lead to catastrophic results to the
bearings or long-term damage to motor coils and
windings.
Lubricants are classified into two categories as
internal and external lubricants. Internal
lubricants reduce friction between the molecular
chains, whereas external lubricants reduce the
adherence between polymer melt and metal
surfaces. Lubricants also reduce friction between
polymer–filler, filler–filler, and filler–metal.
Additives that demonstrate mutual effects of
internal and external lubrication are known as
combined lubricants. Lubricants facilitate
manufacturing by increasing the processing
window of the polymer and thus increases
throughput or reduces cycle time.
Generally, internal lubricants are used to promote
flow, increase weld line strength, reduce sink
marks, enhance die filling, decrease die swell,
reduced pressures, and lower HDT. Common
examples of internal lubricants include fatty
alcohols, esters (low esterification), and EVA wax.
External lubricants provide metal release and
help reduce process temperature. Common
examples of external lubricants include PE waxes,
paraffin, metal soaps, esters (high esterification),
amides, and fatty acids. Lubricants such as
graphite, molybdenum disulfide, PTFE, and PE
could be added to engineered plastics to reduce
coefficient of friction between sliding parts such
as gears and bearings
Requirements for lubricants.
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
48
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
44-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Lubricants are usually required to have an
effective life of some hundreds or thousands of
hours during which its necessary properties are
sensibly unaltered. They may, however, change in
whole or part by thermal decomposition,
oxidation
or
by
hydrolysis.
Thermal
decomposition followed by polymerisation
results in the formation of materials of very high
molecular weight, especially insoluble coke-like
substances, as well as low molecular weight
materials including gases. The viscosity and flash
point of the lubricant therefore generally drops.
Similar materials are also formed during
oxidation, but in addition highly oxygenated
species including lacquers and organic acids are
formed and the viscosity generally increases. This
viscosity increase, the amount of insoluble
material and the increase in organic acidity, are
conveniently used as expressions of the degree of
oxidation. Lubricants based on esters and
lubricants containing esters or salts as
components, e.g. as additives, are subject to
hydrolysis and here again acidity, perhaps with a
corrosion test for a sensitive metal such as lead,
are used as criteria of stability.
Water-containing lubricants require particularly
clean working conditions as contamination may
lead to bacterial attack and thus to unpleasant
odour, corrosion, and reduced effectiveness.
Systems should be prepared and regularly
cleaned by flushing with 5% solutions of caustic
soda, detergent solutions or both. Biostats or
biocides may also be helpful. It is critical to follow
the manufacturers’ recommendations and use the
right type and quantities of lubricant with the
appropriate frequency of application that is best
suited to the machinery’s optimal functioning. An
optimal
lubrication
programme
requires
vigilance, skill and experience from the operator
and should include thorough checking and testing
procedures using quality equipment. Ultrasound
technology has advanced significantly over the
years and is ideally suited for testing for
lubrication flaws and condition-monitoring of
bearings. Ultrasound technology will not only
improve machine reliability and help a
production line run more smoothly, the big
picture is that it can help to decrease the cost of
production and the cost of maintenance, enhance
safety and improve quality control. The key focus
should be on finding the best technology that
meets organizational needs and making sure that
it delivers both financial and operational benefits.
C
ONCLUSION
Best practice lubrication regimes will ensure
world-class machinery reliability, so it’s worth
talking to an experienced supplier of technical
equipment to ensure your testing and inspection
procedures are up to the task. Some tips on
lubricants. To its seasonality before purchasing or
using lubricants pay attention. Focus on quality,
not price, of oil and petroleum products; because
it is cheap the composition of the oils sold is to
serve a sufficient distance for the car does not
have a feature. Remember to change the engine
oil at the specified and recommended distance the
oil that is changed in a timely manner keeps the
car engine running helps save.
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
44-50
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
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