Volume 02 Issue 06-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
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Pages:
40-47
SJIF
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A
BSTRACT
In linguistics, a lot of research has been done on the study of the terminological systems of literary language
lexicon, the vocabulary of vernacular speech and dialects, many monographs and pamphlets have been
published, there are a number of articles. But if the lexical richness of the Chinese language is called a whole
system, a number of lexical layers that need to be studied as part of a whole are waiting to be resolved. One
of such layers is the terminology of woodworking, which is now used in the field of woodworking, home
appliances, which has become a technologically advanced, mechanized advanced industry. Some works
provide information on terms in various fields, but the woodworking lexicon of the Chinese language has
not yet been studied as a holistic terminological system.
K
EYWORDS
Term, carpentry, joinery, word formation, affixation, prefixation
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
METHODS OF MAKING TERMS OF WOODWORKING
Submission Date:
June 10, 2022,
Accepted Date:
June 20, 2022,
Published Date:
June 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-06-06
Zhao Shuhui
Graduate of the Heilongjiang University, Harbin city, China
Volume 02 Issue 06-2022
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I
NTRODUCTION
The lexical system of woodworking refers to the
lexical units used in about twenty woodworking
industries, such as carpentry, wood carving,
furniture, that is, wood products, various
professions in woodworking, business process
names, and so on.
A term
is a means of recording, storing concepts
related to a particular science or profession, and
passing on to others the knowledge, experience,
technical skills, and competencies accumulated in
that field. Therefore, the development of science,
technology, social relations increases the
theoretical and practical value of the terms.
A term
is the precise naming of a concept.
Linguist G. Shuhard said that the uncertainty and
confusion in terminology is equal to the
management of a steamship in the district. Clarity
in the use of the term does not happen
immediately, it does happen over the years
through selection, regulation, and finally
unification and standardization.
The accuracy and rigidity of the terms
indicate
the level of science, education, culture of this
nation.
The lack of elaboration and regulation of terms
also affects the style of speech.
There are several norms for the use of term
selection in each language:
1)
To have the same meaning of terms;
2)
Not to use two different terms to express the
same concept;
3)
The term is a precise expression of the
concept (depending on the function, shape,
color, etc.);
4)
The term should be concise and not overly
broad;
5)
Not to use foreign language terms without
words in the native language;
6)
The term corresponds to the same language
system (the ability to make and form
compounds and pronunciation, etc.).
M
AIN PART
1)
Word formation is an independent branch of
linguistics (such as lexicology, grammar) that
studies new word formation, word formation
techniques, and phenomena related to word
formation in general.
2)
The term word formation is applied to two
different phenomena: 1) in general, the
phenomenon of word formation, word
formation; 2) refers to the branch of
linguistics that studies the phenomena
associated with word formation.
3)
Making a word means creating a new word in
any way. In the process of language
development, as well as in its lexicon,
grammatical structure and other areas, there
are various changes in the field of word
formation. For example, the active or passive
types of word formation may vary in different
periods.
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4)
The word can have both general and specific
meanings, as well as its own and figurative
meanings, but the same words have the same
meaning. Such words are used in science,
professions. A word that means the name of a
single object or concept is called a term.
A term (from the Latin "terminus" - boundary,
territory) - can be a word or phrase that is clearly
expressed in any field and compared with other
concepts. Unlike words that exist in general
communication, the terms have a unique meaning
in their area of use. The terms are incorporated
into a specific terminological system, i.e. they
belong to a specific lexical system of the language.
The Chinese carpentry terminology contains
many lexical units that have been used in the
distant past and are still used today. Over time,
certain changes in the meanings of some
woodworking lexemes have occurred, and many
new terms have emerged.
The concept of "woodworking" has the following
definition: "Wood sawing, the profession of
making various wooden products."
According to Zhang Xiaoming, an associate
professor at Shandong Province University in
China, in his monography titled "Chinese
Furniture":
Chinese
industries
such
as
woodworking, carpentry, furniture making, wood
carving have been developing since ancient times,
and to this day it has been raised to the level of
art. In Europe and America and other countries of
the world, Chinese wood carving products are
highly valued and interest in it is increasing day
by day.
The Chinese woodworking industry is a very
ancient type of profession, the development of
advanced science and technology has also
affected this industry, and since the 50s of the
twentieth century, the industry has become a
mechanized industry. It includes such areas as
house-building,
car-building,
boat-building,
cabinet-making,
door-making,
grill-making,
furniture-making. Terms that are common to all
industries are also used, as only wood raw
materials are processed in these industries [1].
Word formation (
构
词
法
) - is an independent
branch of linguistics that studies new word
formation, word formation methods and tools.
The main task of this section is to determine the
structure of words in the language and the
methods of their construction.
In Chinese linguistics, two types of lexical units
are described in the word-formation system - that
is, simple and complex words.
A word that has only one lexical meaning is called
a simple word. Simple words consist of a single
morpheme, phonetically the main part is a single
syllable.
A certain part of the terms of the carpentry field
belongs to simple words with one syllable. For
example:
刃
-ren - blade
锯
- saw, sawing
钉
– hobnail, nail down
刨
– jointer, whittle
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Word (simple word) –
词
(
单
音
词
) - is a linguistic
unit with complex properties. It is one of the
important units of the Chinese language, occupies
a central place in its lexical system, and has a
complex relationship with concepts such as
syllable, morpheme, and hieroglyph. In Chinese,
words are divided into syllables, just like in
Russian or Uzbek. However, the role of the
syllable in these languages is not the same. In the
Uzbek language, not every syllable has a lexical
meaning, but in the Chinese language, on the
contrary, one syllable has a complete meaning.
Thus, from the point of view of the Chinese
language, a syllable is not only a sound, but also a
unit of meaning. From this it can be concluded
that in Chinese, syllabification corresponds to
morphological distribution, so the morpheme
from the point of view of the Chinese language is
sometimes called a syllabic morpheme.
Words consisting of one syllable are called
monosyllabic, words consisting of two syllables
are called compound words of two, three and four
syllables. Two-, three-, and four-syllable words
are conducted with the term «
复音
词
» in Chinese
linguistics. In the ancient Chinese language,
almost all words were monosyllabic, and complex
words were very few. And in modern Chinese, «
复
音
词
», that is, the number of complex words has
increased dramatically, so that the number of
two-syllable words is equal to the number of
simple one-syllable words.
However, in the composition of carpentry terms
that we are considering, simple words made up a
small percentage compared to compound words.
Word formation is an independent branch of
linguistics that studies new word formation, word
formation methods and tools. Determining the
composition of words in the language and their
methods of formation is the main task of this
department. By any means, creating a new word
is called word formation.
There are different ways of forming words in
modern Chinese. In the lexicology of the Chinese
language, complex words are formed by methods
such as composition, affixation, reduplication,
contraction.
Scientist E.D. Polivanov is considered to be the
first to study the methods of formation of words
in the Chinese language lexicon. He showed the
existence of Chinese word structure and
attempted to relate Chinese word structure to its
morphological description. E.D. Polivanov comes
to the conclusion that compound word formation
in Chinese linguistics occurs mainly by adding
words.
In the construction of complex words in the field
of carpentry in modern Chinese, the composition
method is mainly embodied as the primary
method.
In general linguistics,
the composition
method
means the formation of new words as a result of
combining several (two or more) words or bases.
The method of forming a word from two or more
base morphemes is called composition method.
Word formation mainly studies the form of
compound word structure.
There are 2 types of composition method models
in Chinese, which are as follows:
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1)
Attributive model of composition method;
2)
Copulative model of composition method.
During the linguistic analysis of carpentry terms,
we can see that copulative and attributive models
of complex word formation are relatively
effective and efficient.
Attributive model
In the scientific works of some linguists, this
model is also referred to as the identifiable model.
When forming a complex word based on the
attributive model, usually the first of the two
word components defines and describes the
second (or vice versa) component. In words made
on the basis of this model, the main and
identifiable component are distinguished. We can
see that the relationship between the two
morphemes has an attributive meaning, and one
defines and becomes subordinate to the other. We
can express this in several ways, for example:
А
￫
В
圆锯
- yuan ju - electric saw with a circular shape
(
圆
- yuan – circular +
锯
ju – арра);
电钻
-dian zuan – electric drill (engraver) (
电
–
dian – electr +
钻
– zuan – engraver);
The analysis of the words made on the basis of the
attributive model showed that the repetition of
the common component is observed in the lexical
units where the property of this model is
calculated. The repetitive component in these
lexical units is also common in other complex
word structures [2].
Among the carpentry terms, there are also the
names of trees as raw materials for a number of
wood materials, which are lexical units based on
this model. For example,
树
– the tree morpheme
recurs in a number of tree names:
松
树
songshu - pine tree (song – pine + shu – tree)
桦树
huashu – birch tree (hua - birch + shu – tree)
АВ
￫
А
木材胶
-mu cai jiao – wood glue (
木材
- mu cai –
wood +
胶
– jiao – glue);
镂
花
锯
—lou hua ju patterned saw (a saw used for
carving patterns) (
镂
花
- lou hua – carving
pattern +
锯
ju – saw);
长
方木
changfangmu – beam (Changfang – a right
rectangle + mu – wood);
In addition to the artificial words, there are also a
number of word combinations that are included
in the series of terms, and their structural
structure shows that they are made on the basis
of the attributive model. These word
combinations are made according to the AV
￫
SD
model of the attributive model.
For example:
木雕
产
品
– muke chanpin
木材加工
– mucai jiagong
Copulative model
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The copulative model is one of the most
productive models of Chinese compound word
formation [3].
A new lexical unit created on the basis of this
model is called a complex unit. Lexical units
formed in the copulative model in Chinese are
mainly two-syllable compound words.
Chinese linguists Chen Yiwen and Yu Pinlar, while
analyzing complex words of the copulative type,
noted that some of these lexical units represent a
phrase with a "dense" content [4].
According to the definition of A.L. Semenas, "The
lexical units calculated as a feature of this model
are mutually equal and joint, and the morphemes
in a single complex word are equally connected
semantically and syntactically-functionally." [5]
Complex
word
components
consist
of
independent lexical units and are among the
freely used words in the modern Chinese
language [6]. In this case, a new lexical unit is
formed on the basis of equal connection between
two root morphemes. According to V. I. Gorelov,
the copulative model is divided into several types
according to the way in which equally connected
morphemes are connected, that is, it is divided
into aggregative, generalizing, synonymous,
antonymic and isolated types [7].
Our topic is "Linguistic analysis of carpentry
terms in the Chinese language", according to the
results of the analysis of a number of complex
words, it is observed that the number of lexical
units made on the basis of this model is also large
[8]. For example,
树
木
shumu- trees (
树
– tree +
木
–
wood);
刨花
- bao hua – shavings (
刨
– bao – hobnail, nail
down +
花
– hua – folwer);
木刻
muke– wood carving (mu - wood + ke –
carve);
Thus, according to the analysis of carpentry
terms, the method of composition is considered to
be one of the most productive methods of word
formation. A number of lexical units related to
carpentry, furniture making, and woodworking
trades were made with each of the two models of
the copposition method. Based on the copulative
model, mainly product names and types of
carpentry activities were made, while the
attributive model was mainly active in making
names of wood raw materials and material names
[9].
Morphological and lexical-morphological
method of forming terms
Affixation is the second most productive form of
word formation in Chinese. Affixation and semi-
affixation are seen by Chinese linguists as
separate ways of word formation. Affixation is
considered a morphological method of word
formation, while semi-affixation is considered a
lexical-morphological method
[10].
The method of affixation is the joining of distant
affixes. Affixes are morphemes that have a
grammatical meaning. Affixes do not exist
separately from nouns, they are added to the root
and used to form nouns and modify nouns. Affixes
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include prefixes, suffixes, and semisuffixes. The
prefix method is not very effective in forming
terms in this field.
V. I. Gorelov's treatise "Lexicology of the Chinese
Language" recognizes that suffixes such as
字，儿
，
头
are very productive in forming nouns and
gives the following definition:
Affixal morpheme
字
forms words expressing
subjectivity, mainly belonging to the noun group.
It is the most productive morpheme. It is widely
used in the lexicon of words and terms that are
active in general circulation. This morpheme
accounts for 83.5% of the terminological lexicon
of various fields [11].
The
头
morpheme is a suffixal morpheme that
mainly refers to concrete objects, mostly round
and oval-shaped object names without sharp
corners. Unlike the suffix
字
, this morpheme is
relatively unproductive.
C
ONCLUSION
There is only one lexical unit among carpentry
terms. Mutou - wood.
Thus, the most productive suffixes among the
terms carpentry, woodworking, and furniture
making are the morphemes
字
and the relatively
unproductive morphemes
头
.
Thus, according to the linguistic analysis of
modern Chinese carpentry terms, the following
conclusions were drawn:
The modern Chinese language covers such fields
as woodworking, furniture making, and pattern
carving, which are similar to carpentry;
Since only wood raw materials are processed in
these industries, terms common to all industries
were used;
The terms of carpentry, woodworking, furniture
making, and pattern carving are divided
according to the name of the product, the type of
activity, and the name of the raw material;
Carpentry terms have been found to have the
same structural properties as other water
categories;
From the point of view of structure, the terms of
this field are analyzed divided into simple and
compound terms;
Each type of term has its own method of
formation, composition and affixation methods
were analyzed based on primary methods;
Affixation and affixation of affixation in the
Chinese language are second only to the
composition method in terms of productivity.
R
EFERENCES
1.
Lu Zhiwei. Chinese word formation. Beijing,
1996.
2.
Cihai. - Beijing, 2015.
3.
Bolshoy Chinese-Russian dictionary: V 4-x
tomax. T. 1-4 / Pod ed. I. M. Oshanina. - M. :
Nauka, 1983.
4.
Zhang
Xiaoming.
"Chinese
furniture
accessories". Ujou juanchi chubanshe. 2008
Volume 02 Issue 06-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
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SSUE
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Pages:
40-47
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
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Zhao Yun' Pin'. Comparative grammar of
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Semenas A. L. The vocabulary of the Chinese
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Ojegov I. Slovar Russian language. - M. :
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Gorelov V. I. Lexicology of the Chinese
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Usmanova, S. R., & Ismatullayeva, N. R.
(2020).
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