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(ISSN
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02
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A
BSTRACT
The article deals with occupational diseases, issues of diagnostics and prevention of occupational diseases,
factors that have a negative impact on health, a system of various measures aimed at reducing the risk of
occupational diseases, slowing down the development of existing diseases, reducing the risk of injuries at
work, and ways to prevent them.
K
EYWORDS
Prevention, occupational disease, production, health, labour protection, periodical medical examination,
harmful factor, dangerous factor treatment-prophylactic.
I
NTRODUCTION
As labour protection includes a complex of laws,
socio-economic,
organizational,
technical,
hygienic, and preventive measures aimed at
ensuring the human ability to work, health and
safety in the work process, it means that citizens'
labour protection in all aspects of the conditions
for making it should be created at the level of
demand [1,2].
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES:
CAUSES, TYPES AND PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION
Submission Date:
October 01, 2022,
Accepted Date:
October 05, 2022,
Published Date:
October 09, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-10-01
Meliboyev Ilhomjon Abdruraxmon O'g'li
Assistant, Department Of Oil And Oil Gas Processing Technologies, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana,
Uzbekistan
Volume 02 Issue 10-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
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Pages:
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METADATA
IF
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Measures to reduce occupational diseases in
industrial enterprises, preparation or purchase of
devices and devices protecting workers from
various harmful substances, installation of air
exchange and air conditioning systems, re-
equipment of old types, methods of general air
exchange instead of blocking the place where
substances are separated, the aspiration method,
the use of improved machines, the installation of
devices that monitor the condition and
composition of the air, etc. are examples [3,4,5].
Protecting and strengthening the health of
working employees is an important task of state
importance [6-13].
Health is not only the absence of diseases but also
a high level of physical and mental endurance.
The state of labour activity has an important place
in health care. therefore, the improvement of
working conditions and the prevention of
occupational diseases have a significant impact
on economic development in our Republic:
important legal documents aimed at ensuring the
safety and health of working conditions in all
areas of industry, transport and agriculture - The
Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the
Law on "Sanitary control in the Republic of
Uzbekistan", "The main rules of health protection
of the population in the Republic of Uzbekistan"
and others confirm our opinion [14-17].
M
ATERIALS AND METHODS
The main causes of occupational morbidity are:
•
The imperfection of technological processes;
•
Constructive shortcomings of means of
labour;
•
Imperfect jobs;
•
Imperfect plumbing installations;
•
Non-use, absence or imperfection of personal
protective equipment;
•
Violation of safety regulations and industrial
sanitation;
•
Professional contact with an infectious agent;
•
Deviations from technological regulations.
Types of occupational diseases
The Convention of the International Labour
Organization (ILO) N 121 of 1964 established the
List of Occupational Diseases for the first time. In
1980, the 66th International Labour Conference
updated this List. However, there is still no
generally accepted and unified classification of
occupational diseases. Each country - a member
of the International Labour Organization -
establishes its own list of occupational diseases
and determines measures for the prevention and
social protection of victims [18-21].
In the Russian Federation, there is a List of
occupational diseases approved by the order of
the Ministry of Health and Social Development of
Russia dated April 27, 2012, N 417n. This list is
the main document that is used in establishing the
diagnosis of an occupational disease, its
connection with the work or profession
performed, in resolving issues of examination of
working capacity, medical, social and labour
rehabilitation, as well as in considering issues
related to compensation for damage caused to an
employee by damage to health. The specified list
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of occupational diseases includes diseases that
are recognized exclusively or mainly by exposure
to harmful, hazardous substances and production
factors [22-29].
The most common types of occupational
diseases are:
•
Diseases (intoxication) caused by exposure to
chemical factors with a primary lesion of the
respiratory system, blood system, nervous
system, hepatobiliary system, kidneys and
urinary tract;
•
Diseases caused by exposure to industrial
aerosols;
•
Diseases caused by exposure to physical
factors;
•
Diseases associated with physical overload
and overstrain of individual organs and
systems;
•
Diseases caused by the action of biological
factors;
•
Allergic diseases;
•
Neoplasms.
Depending on the level and duration of exposure
to harmful substances and factors, there are:
•
Acute occupational diseases;
•
Chronic occupational diseases.
Acute occupational diseases (poisoning) include
forms that develop suddenly, after a single
(during no more than one work shift) exposure to
harmful and dangerous production factors, the
intensity of which significantly exceeds the MPC
and MPD.
Chronic occupational diseases include such forms
of diseases that have arisen as a result of
prolonged exposure to harmful, hazardous
substances and production factors.
Chronic should also include immediate and long-
term consequences of occupational diseases (for
example, persistent organic changes in the central
nervous system after carbon monoxide
intoxication), some diseases that developed long
after the cessation of work in contact with
adverse production factors (late silicosis,
berylliosis, papilloma of the bladder etc.), as well
as diseases in the development of which an
occupational disease is a background or risk
factor (for example, lung cancer that has
developed against the background of asbestosis,
silicosis or dusty bronchitis).
Prevention of occupational diseases
The main preventive measures for the prevention
of occupational diseases are:
•
Ensuring safe working conditions and
preventing accidents;
•
The use of effective individual and
collective protective equipment;
•
Monitoring of working conditions and
health of employees;
•
Organizational, technical, sanitary and
hygienic and administrative measures to
minimize the impact of a damaging agent
on workers;
•
conducting professional selection and
examination of professional suitability;
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•
Conducting sanatorium-resort and end
ecological rehabilitation of persons from high-
risk groups;
•
Conducting preliminary and periodic medical
examinations (examinations) of employees;
•
Application of technological measures for the
mechanization and automation of production;
•
Carrying out general health-improving,
general strengthening measures aimed at
hardening the div and increasing its
reactivity;
•
Compliance
with
personal
hygiene
requirements;
•
Providing workers with milk and therapeutic
and preventive nutrition;
•
Provision of sanitary and medical and
preventive services for employees.
Periodic medical examination of workers and
employees ensures periodicity established by
law, the conditions under which they perform
their work or activities. The periodicity of the
medical examination depends on the time
required to observe changes in the health of the
employee, the purpose of the medical
examination, and in some cases, the age of the
person undergoing the medical examination.
For example, underage workers are required to
undergo a medical examination every year until
they turn 18. Young workers in hazardous work
are required to undergo a medical examination
every year until they reach the age of 21.
At the same time, in some types of work, it is
necessary to quickly determine the health of the
employee and to check his suitability for work
before starting each work activity. For this, a pre-
flight or pre-duty medical examination is
conducted. These can be included in the type of
regular medical examination [3].
Along with the above-mentioned medical
examinations,
extraordinary
(unplanned)
medical examinations can be conducted. A
medical examination is carried out mainly by
employers or at the request of employees and in
accordance with medical recommendations to
determine the presence of occupational diseases.
Medical examinations of employees can be
divided into two groups:
Group I - medical examinations conducted to
check the occupational fitness of workers and
prevent occupational diseases.
The following must pass such examinations:
•
Persons working in heavy work and under the
influence of harmful and unpleasant factors of
working conditions (including workers in
underground conditions);
•
Workers in work related to the movement of
vehicles;
•
Children under 18, etc
Group II - medical examinations conducted to
protect the health of the population, ensuring
sanitary-epidemiological safety (preventing the
development and spread of infectious diseases).
The following must undergo such medical
examinations:
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•
Employees of the food industry and catering
establishments;
•
Workers in the field of plumbing and drinking
water supply;
•
Employees
working
in
treatment-
prophylactic and children's institutions;
•
Other institutions, etc
The preventive direction of occupational
pathology is carried out first of all through
periodical medical examinations of persons
working in harmful and unfavourable working
conditions.
Initial periodic medical examinations are aimed
at not employing persons who have one or
another change in the organs and systems of the
div and are not allowed to work under the
influence of harmful occupational factors [1].
Such examinations are primarily aimed at the
prevention of occupational diseases and rational
employment, taking into account the health of the
worker entering the production. that is, it is
aimed at determining the medical regulation of
allowing occupations related to the influence of
harmful factors, and is one of the conditions that
create preventive measures, therefore, it is
necessary to take into account the following:
•
Compliance
with
personal
protective
measures;
•
Full implementation of measures covering
biological and physiological methods of
prevention;
•
Quality
pre-employment
medical
examination;
•
Control of the quality of the preliminary
medical examination before employment;
•
A new approach to a healthy lifestyle for
employees, and demand for healthy working
conditions. teach to pay attention to one's
health;
•
Activation of sanitary-rescue works;
•
Teaching medical staff measures to adopt a
healthy lifestyle for primary prevention.
To carry out the above-mentioned measures, it is
necessary to create a mechanism that ensures and
controls their implementation, as well as
mandatory participation of the administration of
enterprises in the implementation of measures
aimed at preventing occupational diseases and
dual (employer and employee) obligations. it is
appropriate to complete the indicated legal
documents [6,7].
It is recommended to separate the following
groups to carry out differentiated dispensary
control when drawing up a final report after a
periodical medical examination.
Dispensary groups:
D1 - persons without the influence of harmful
factors and unpleasant working conditions.
D2 - persons who are likely to develop
occupational diseases.
D3 - patients with occupational diseases.
Dispensary control groups are organized taking
into account the character of individual
pathological signs or factors affecting their co-
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occurrence and the nature of the pathology they
cause. Among the preventive measures, timely
identification of the group at risk of developing
occupational diseases and carrying out a
socialization program for their treatment is of
great importance in maintaining the health of the
working population. Patients with occupational
diseases are included in group D3 and their
dispensary control is carried out according to the
special order of the Ministry of Health.
At the same time, it is necessary to consider and
remember the following:
All patients should be taken to the dispensary as
soon as the occupational disease is detected,
including in cases where the initial clinical
manifestations of the disease are minimal.
Patients with occupational diseases, regardless of
whether they are working or retired, must always
be treated and monitored by a dispensary.
The principles of dispensary monitoring of
patients are determined by the form and course
of occupational diseases.
In order to prevent the exacerbation of
occupational diseases and the addition of
complications, it is necessary to treat all patients
with clearly expressed forms of occupational
diseases in the clinic of occupational diseases
every year.
The correct placement of patients with
occupational diseases into work, which is
considered a component of patient rehabilitation
in the dispensary control system, is of particular
importance.
C
ONCLUSION
Several technical and sanitary-hygienic measures
are taken to prevent heat-related illness and
reduce overheating in the workplace. For this,
heat-insulating materials, cooling and air
exchange devices and special personal protective
equipment are used.
In order to prevent frostbite, it is necessary to
provide employees with special clothes, warm
shoes, and nutritious hot food, and at the same
time, they should be allocated special rooms for
warming up and resting.
People working in low-temperature conditions
must be medically examined.
When solving the issues of medical labour
expertise, it is necessary to base on the degree of
expression of the process developed due to laser
rays and the effectiveness of the implemented
treatment measures.
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