Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
200
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
200-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
A
BSTRACT
In this article, the law of conservation of mass in nuclear reactions and intensive interaction due to the
effect of nuclear forces, as a result of which nuclear changes occur, are described in detail through evidence.
K
EYWORDS
Neutron, nucleus, reaction, energy, isotope, uranium, plutonium, phosphorus.
I
NTRODUCTION
When two nuclei or a nucleus and a particle come
close to each other within 10-15 m, they
intensively interact due to the effect of nuclear
forces, as a result of which nuclear changes occur.
These processes are called nuclear reactions, a
nuclear reaction can be written as:
У
в
а
Х
ёки
в
У
а
Х
)
;
(
+
→
+
,
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
THE IMPORTANCE OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND THEIR
ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS
Submission Date:
December 15, 2022,
Accepted Date:
December 20, 2022,
Published Date:
December 25, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-12-28
Sh.Sh. Abdullayev
Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
200-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
where X is the initial nucleus, - reactive particle, -
a particle released in a nuclear reaction, U - a
nucleus formed in a nuclear reaction, and
particles can be neutrons, protons, alpha-
particles, gamma-quanta, light nuclei or other
elementary particles [1-7].
The first nuclear reaction was carried out by
Rutherford in the process of bombarding with
nitrogen
-particles, producing oxygen and
protons, i. e.
1
1
17
8
4
2
14
7
Н
O
He
N
+
→
+
or it can be expressed in a more compact form
N14( ,r)O17
In all nuclear reactions, an elementary particle
(e.g. -photon) comes out [8-17]. The products of
most nuclear reactions are also radioactive; they
are called artificial radioactive isotopes. The
phenomenon of artificial radioactivity was
discovered in 1934 by French physicists Frederic
and Irene Joliot Curie [15-21]. The neutron
addition reaction of phosphorus 15R31 is an
example of obtaining radioactive isotopes. in such
addition -a photon is emitted and the radioactive
isotope of phosphorus 15R32 is formed:
+
→
→
32
15
31
15
Р
n
Р
The half-life of phosphorus isotope T1/2=14,3 days, -the decay of the nucleus of the isotope accompanied
by the emission of particles leads to the formation of the stable isotope of sulfur
16
S
32
:
−
+
→
32
16
32
15
S
Р
.
Let's see how conservation laws are enforced in
nuclear reactions.
1.
The total charge of the particles involved
in a nuclear reaction is equal to the total charge of
the particles created in the reaction.
2.
The total number of nucleons in the
particles undergoing a nuclear reaction is
preserved after the reaction, that is, it is equal to
the total number of nucleons of the particles
formed in the reaction (Table 1) [22-27].
3.
Conservation of mass in nuclear reactions.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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VOLUME
02
I
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12
Pages:
200-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Table 1. Nuclear reaction
Nuclear reaction
Electric charge
The number of
nucleons
N
14
+
→
O
17
+R
7+2=8+1
14+4=17+1
N
2
+N
2
→
Ne
3
+n
1+1=2+0
2+2=3+1
Li
7
+R
→
Ve
7
+n
3+1=4+0
7+1=7+1
S
32
+n
→
R
32
+R
16+0=15+1
32+1=32+1
Ve
9
+
→
2Ne
4
+n
4+0=2
2+0
9+0=2
4+1
law (and the law of conservation of energy) is
fulfilled. In that case, let's designate m
x
and m
a
based on the rest masses of the particles
undergoing a nuclear reaction, mu and mv of the
particles formed in the reaction. Let us denote
their kinetic energies respectively,
T
x
, T
а
, T
u
,
and
T
v
.
R
ESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As a result, the sum of the total energies of the
reacting particles is equal to the sum of the total
energies of the particles formed in the reaction as
follows.
b
b
y
y
a
a
x
x
T
c
m
T
c
m
T
c
m
T
c
m
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
.
If we group substances, this expression appears
as follows
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
a
x
b
y
b
y
a
x
T
T
T
T
c
m
m
m
m
+
−
+
=
+
−
+
2
The energy released or absorbed in a nuclear
reaction is called reaction energy, i.e.
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
a
x
b
y
b
y
b
x
T
T
T
T
c
m
m
m
m
Q
+
−
+
=
+
−
+
=
2
.
If Q>0, an increase in the kinetic energy of
particles is observed. In that case, at any value of
(Tx+Ta), an exoenergetic reaction takes place.
If Q<0, an endoenergetic reaction occurs. in this
case, due to the decrease in the kinetic energy of
the particles, their mass at rest increases.
Therefore, the kinetic energy of the reacting
particles should be large enough, i.e.
(T
x
+T
а
)=
Q
+(T
u
+T
v
)
the condition must be fulfilled. Only the
awakened core can split into two parts or break
apart. To shame the kernel, for example, it - it is
necessary to spend enough energy on it by the
method of shooting (bombardment) with
particles or protons. As previously stated, the best
effective nuclear fission weapon is neutrons,
because they are electrically neutral and do not
experience the electrostatic repulsion of the
nucleus. By the 40s of the 20th century, thanks to
the experiments and theoretical research of
several scientists (E. Fermi, I. Joliot-Curie, P.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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VOLUME
02
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Pages:
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SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Savich, O. Gan, Strassman, O. Frisch, L. Maitner),
uranium bombarded with neutrons nuclear
fission reaction was discovered. Based on the
nuclear droplet model, this reaction can be
explained as follows [28-32].
The uranium nucleus, which has added neutron n
to itself, becomes excited and deforms. If the
excitement is not so great, then the nucleus by
emitting photons or neutrons, gets rid of excess
energy and returns to the specific state. In this
case, the shape of the drop changes from spherical
to ellipsoidal and then back to spherical. If the
waking energy is large enough, then an elongated
shape similar to the stretch between the two
parts of a splitting liquid drop appears in the
nucleus. The nuclear forces acting on the very thin
part of the stretching nucleus are no longer able
to oppose the Coulomb repulsion forces of the
charged parts of the nucleus with the same sign.
As a result, the elongated core breaks off and
breaks into two "pieces" that fly in opposite
directions at high speed. In addition, during
fission, 2-3 neutrons, called instantaneous
neutrons, are released from the nucleus. Most
instantaneous neutrons have an energy of 1-2
MeV. Energy 1, Neutrons with energy greater than
5 MeV are called fast neutrons, and neutrons with
energy less than 1.5 MeV are called slow
neutrons. Neutrons with very low energy are
called thermal neutrons. Fragments of a fissioning
nucleus become radioactive: they -photons, -
emit particles and neutrons; these neutrons are
called delayed neutrons to distinguish them from
instantaneous neutrons.
The nuclei of all circular elements can split into
two parts under the influence of neutrons. From a
practical point of view, the most important fissile
materials are uranium 92U238, actinouranium
92U235, an artificial isotope of uranium 92U233
and plutonium 94Ru239. 92U235, 92U233 and
94Ru239 nuclei fission under the influence of fast
and slow (including thermal) neutrons, while the
92U238 nucleus fissions only under the influence
of fast neutrons. Uranium 92U235 is more likely
to decay into isotopes of krypton and barium,
releasing three neutrons:
n
B
Kr
n
U
а
3
140
56
93
36
1
0
235
92
+
+
→
+
In order to realize the possibility of using nuclear
fission energy, it is necessary to create such
conditions that the reaction can continue on its
own after it has started, that is, the reaction has
the character of a chain. For example, 2-3
neutrons produced during the fission of a round
Uranium-235 nucleus help to carry out such a
reaction. For example, each of the 2-3 neutrons
released during the fission of the first nucleus
causes the fission of new nuclei. As a result, 6-9
new neutrons are created. These neutrons, in
turn, allow other nuclei to split, and so on. Such a
reaction is called a chain reaction of cleavage. The
theory of the chain reaction of uranium-235
fission was developed in 1938 by Ya.B.Zelpdovich
and Yu.B.Khariton. of uranium. Although 2-3
neutrons appear in the fission of each nucleus, not
all of them cause the fission of other nuclei. Part
of the neutrons can be absorbed by the nuclei of
the non-fissionable mixture in the nuclear fuel,
and another part of the neutrons can leave the
surface of the fuel volume without colliding with
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VOLUME
02
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SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
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)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
its other nuclei. Therefore, the chain reaction of
uranium nuclear fission does not occur all the
time. For the chain reaction to occur, the fragment
of the 92U235 isotope must first be large enough.
When the size of a piece of uranium is large
enough, most of the neutrons released during the
fission reaction will react until they reach the
edge of the piece of uranium. Neutrons of
uranium also help the chain reaction to take place.
In general, the rate of development of a chain
reaction is characterized by the value of the
coefficient K. The multiplication factor is the ratio
of the number of neutrons produced in the fission
of a generation to the number of neutrons
produced in the fission of the previous
generation. If K>1, a chain reaction develops. At
K<1, the reaction is quenched. When K=1, the
reaction proceeds at one rate. Isotopes of
uranium or plutonium are used in the chain
reaction. For example, natural uranium contains
99.282% of the 92U238 isotope, 0.7121% of the
92U235 isotope, and 0.06% of the 92U234
isotope. In the impact of fast neutrons, all of these
isotopes are split, while slow neutrons can only
cause fission of the 92U235 isotope. Neutrons
with energy less than 1 MeV can be absorbed by
the U238 nucleus and U239 is produced. But
U239 isotope - as a result of decay
Figure 2.
239
94
239
93
239
92
238
92
Рu
Nр
U
n
U
→
→
→
→
→
+
−
−
.
239
Рu
well, the same
235
U
split under the influence
of slow neutrons. So,
235
U
or
239
Рu
chain reaction
can be carried out using nuclei. Only neutrons
leaving the active zone without participating in
the reaction should be reduced. Therefore, if the
size of the active zone is increased, sufficient
conditions will be created for the chain reaction
at some of its values. The mass of a fissile
substance of this size is called critical mass (μcr).
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SJIF
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)
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)
METADATA
IF
–
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For example, pure
235
U
mkr for a fissile substance
consisting of It should be 9 kg.
If K>1 when the condition m>mkr is fulfilled, the
chain reaction uncontrollably takes place during
the explosion of an atomic bomb. The structure of
an atomic bomb is schematically depicted in
Figure 23.2. In it, the fissile material is prepared
in the form of two or more pieces. The total mass
of these particles is greater than the critical mass,
but the mass of each particle is less than the
critical mass. Therefore, a fission chain reaction
does not develop in each fragment. When a simple
explosive device placed in a bomb detonates,
these fragments are added and conditions are
created for the chain reaction to take place. The
first neutrons needed to start the fission reaction
are always "lost" in the fissile substance. For
example,
Figure 3
In addition, due to the influence of cosmic rays,
neutrons are constantly created along with
various particles. When an atomic bomb
explodes, the temperature in the explosion zone
reaches several million degrees because of the
extremely large energy released in a very short
time. Under the influence of such heat, the
substance in the explosion zone turns into
vapour. As a result of the rapid expansion of the
superheated spherical gas, a very powerful shock
wave is created, which corrodes and burns
objects in its path. A device used to carry out
controlled fission chain reactions is called a
nuclear reactor. In such devices, it should be
possible to start a chain reaction at values of the
neutron multiplication factor K slightly greater
than 1. Now we will get acquainted with reactors
operating under the influence of thermal
neutrons, which are widely used in modern
energy. The main element of the reactor is fissile
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VOLUME
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SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
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)
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)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
material. As a fissile material in modern reactors,
we use isotope-enriched natural uranium.
Thermal neutrons effectively cause it to split.
Therefore, heat is converted into neutrons by
slowing down the fast neutrons produced in the
fission reaction. Graphite or distilled water
(D2O), and sometimes ordinary water (N2O) are
used as retarders.
Figure 3 shows a simplified scheme of the reactor
active zone filled with a retarding substance. In
the retarder, pieces of fissile material in the form
of detergent or plates are placed. The speed of the
chain reaction can be changed using control
levers. These rods are made of materials that
absorb neutrons intensively (for example, boron
or cadmium). Changing the value of K is achieved
by inserting more or less of the control rods into
the active zone.
C
ONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that the main part of
devices based on the use of nuclear energy are
nuclear reactors. As an example, let's get
acquainted with the principle of operation of a
nuclear power plant. The energy released in the
chain fission reaction is transferred to the heat
carrier that circulates the active zone. The heat
exchanger transfers this energy to the water in
the heat exchanger, as a result of which the water
turns into steam. This, in turn, activates the tube
of the generator. It turns into the water in the
condenser after passing through the tube and
goes back to the heat exchanger. In this way,
nuclear energy is converted into electricity.
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Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
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VOLUME
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I
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SJIF
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METADATA
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