Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
79
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
79-84
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
A
BSTRACT
The given аrticle deаls with testing the validity of mаchines using strаin gаuges аs well аs the dynamic
behаvior of a vehicle the forces and moments аcting on the wheels. The level of accuracy should be
acceptable. Since all the tire models used in the literature calculate the tire forces and moments based on
parameters which are difficult to measure or estimate online, in this paper a different approach is
undertaken. A wheel rim from a formula student car was fitted with strain gauges and a study was
conducted with respect to the feasibility to estimate the static load applied to it. The results of this research
highlight the differences encountered and discuss possible solutions.
K
EYWORDS
Gadget, Transport Industry, Friction, Dynamometric Wheels, Compressive Loads, Strain Gauges.
I
NTRODUCTION
At the present time up-to-date technologies are
being developed day by day. The latest gadget of
today will be tomorrow’s antique and things for
granted this is due to the rapid development in
technology. One of those things include the wheel.
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
АNALYZING OF TESTING АUTOMOBILES USING STRAIN
GАUGES CONSIDERING LOCАL CONDITIONS
Submission Date:
December 08, 2022,
Accepted Date:
December 13, 2022,
Published Date:
December 17, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-12-12
Mansurjon Ma'rufjon o'g'li Raxmatjonov
UzAuto Motors JSC Product Engineering Direction Cost Engineering Section Senior Cost Engineer Andijon
Uzbekistan.
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
80
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
79-84
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Wheels are used everywhere, as tires, or in
machinery.
n our research automotive industry wheels has a
huge role while carrying out our research
process. Wheel with axel allows to move the
objects easily for one place to another, Improving
the transport industry. The main function of the
wheel is to move objects and reduce friction by
the rotating motion. By doing so the wheels take
up a huge amount of external forces and loads due
to gravity. T Newton’s third law, “Every action has
an equal and opposite reaction” [1]. Assuming a
vehicle is at rest, the weight of the vehicle is
pushing down due to gravity and there is a
reaction force from the ground pushing up. Other
forces on the wheel include force due to motion,
where the vehicle is moving forward and there is
a rolling resistance or friction acting against it.
Once in motion and the vehicle brakes, there is
braking force acting on the wheels which the
brake grips the wheels in order to slow it down
but due to the momentum the vehicle tends to
move
forward.
Problem
formulation
dynamometric wheels measure the forces and
moments in a wheels, this is done by attaching
Strain gauges on the wheel hub. These strain
gauges measure the tensile and compressive
loads on the wheels. [1]. The applications of a
dynamometric wheel are to accurately model the
dynamic behavior of vehicles and tyres, in
product development to improve durability and
reliability, to manufacture safer and efficient
products and for research and education.
M
ATERIALS AND METHODS
In this regard, at the Department of Industrial
Electronics and Automation of MTI, the
possibility of increasing the accuracy of
measuring humidity by using radiation at three
wavelengths was investigated. As radiation
sources, LEDs based on gallium antimonide for a
wave of 1.93 µm, ternary solid solutions of
gallium antimonide and aluminum for a wave of
1.79 µm, and ternary solid solutions of gallium
and indium for a wave of 2.1 µm were used. In this
case, the reflected radiation flux with a
wavelength of
1.79 μm was used to compensate
for the effect of tissue thickness, temperature, and
fluctuations of the tissue surface relative to the
measuring transducer, and the reflected radiation
flux with a wavelength of 2.1 μm was used to
compensate for the effect of the type of fiber, i.e.
its physical and chemical properties.
As a photodetector, a photoresistor of the FSV-16-
AN brand was used, which made it possible to
obtain an agreement of IR-LED-photodetector
pairs of about 0.97 in the range of 1.7 ... 2.1 μm.
Since the above-mentioned LEDs, when powered
by direct current, give off power no more than 0.5
... 1 mW, they were used in a pulsed mode, which
made it possible, when powered by current
pulses of 5 μs duration with a repetition rate of 1
kHz, to increase the power of the radiation
emitted by them by 20-30 once. The inertia of the
used photoresistor allows a pulse modulation
frequency of up to 3-5 kHz.
Three rectangular pulse generators fed three
LEDs with pulses with different repetition rates.
The radiation fluxes of all three LEDs were fed to
the controlled tissue using molybdenum glass
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
81
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
79-84
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
The main objectives of this study are to design
and evaluate a strain gauge equipped wheel using
the following methods:
•
Measurement of the wheel,
•
Generation of CAD model.
•
Finite element analysis of the model.
•
Testing and validation of the models.
•
Estimation of wheel loads.
Strain is a physical quantity that is related to the
deformation of the material under load resulting
in either tension or compression. It is a response
of the system to an applied stress. When force is
applied on a material it produces stress, which
results in the deformation of the material. It is
also defined as the amount of deformation in the
direction of the applied force divided by the initial
length of the material [2]
Nowadays, the automotive industry is one
of the most developed industries, the demand for
cars is growing day by day, various technological
tasks are being carried out to meet the needs and
desires of buyers. The main focus in the
automotive industry will be on human safety,
which requires a high level of reliability and
durability of the product. Every produced detail is
checked by its quality. Metal parts are tested
according to their hardness, durability, reliability,
toughness, deformation. Strain gauge is widely
used in this kind of tests. With the help of the
sensor, micro-strain on the metal surface are
measured and analyzed in detail. Strain gauges
typically measure very small and precise
mechanical strain.
How does it work?
Consequently, changes in resistance are
also very small and thus cannot be measured
directly with an ohmmeter. The strain gauge,
therefore, must be included in a measurement
system where the precise determination of a
change in resistance is possible. To do this, a
Wheatstone bridge circuit must be created. The
first component in the Wheatstone bridge system
is formed by the strain gauge itself. It converts the
mechanical strain into a change in electrical
resistance. [8]
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
82
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
79-84
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Figure 1. Structure of Foil Strain Gauge
The foil strain gauge has metal foil photo-etched
in a grid pattern on the electric insulator of the
thin resin and gauge leads attached. The strain
gauge is bonded to the measuring object with a
dedicated adhesive. Strain occurring on the
measuring site is transferred to the strain sensing
element via the gauge base. For accurate
measurement, the strain gauge and adhesive
should match the measuring material and
operating conditions including temperature.
Strain-initiated resistance change is extremely
small. Thus, for strain measurement a
Wheatstone bridge is formed to convert the
resistance change to a voltage change. Suppose in
Fig. 2 resistances (Ω) are R
1
, R
2
, R
3
and R
4
and the
bridge voltage (V) is E. Then, the output voltage e
0
(V) is obtained with the following equation:
e
0
= (R
1
R
3
–
R
2
R
4
) ÷ ((R
1
+ R
2
) × (R
3
+ R
4
))
× E
Suppose the resistance R
1
is a strain gauge and it
changes by ∆R due to strain. Then, the output
voltage is,
e
0
= ((R
1
+ ∆R) × R
3
–
R
2
R
4
) ÷ ((R
1
+ ∆R +
R
2
) × (R
3
+ R
4
)) × E
If R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
4
= R,
e
0
= ((R
2
+ R × ∆R –
R
-2
) ÷ ((2R + ∆R) × 2R)
× E
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
83
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
79-84
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Since R may be regarded extremely larger than
∆R,
e
0
=
∆R × E ÷ 4R = Ks × ε × E ÷ 4
Ks: Gauge factor
ε: Strain
Thus obtained is an output voltage that is
proportional to a change in resistance, that is a
change in strain. This microscopic output voltage
is amplified for analog recording or digital
indication of the strain
Figure 3. Installation and application
Why Measuring loads are important?
Road load data is one of the best sources of
fundamental information
necessary for analysis
of the design, reliability, and structural integrity
of vehicle components.
C
ONCLUSION
Having observed some researches, we came to the
conclusion that testing the automobiles can be
tested by two ways: full vehicle test and detail
test. Parts which are tested in the laboratory are
reability and durability tests and they can show
the realibility and perfectness or durability of the
product or machines. And this test is carried out
using strain gages. It measures micro-movement.
As we mentioned above, it is given extra
Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
84
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
12
Pages:
79-84
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
movement for the parts and in this process it is
observed the inner reaction or the action of the
structure of the product. By this way, we get
information about this process. And we measure
the percentage of durability. It shows how much
time the product produce the amount of
durability of itself. It guaranties the product to
work when it is given maximum energy.
R
EFERENCES
1.
Ancient Origins, (2014) The Revolutionary
Invention Of The Wheel [online] available
from
http://www.ancient-
origins.net/ancient-
technology/revolutionary-invention-wheel-
001713 [14 August 2015]
2.
Blasco, J., Valero, F., Besa, A. and Rubio, F.
(2015) Design Of A Dynamometric Wheel Rim.
3.
Chandrupatla, T. (2011) 4th edn. Hyderabad:
Universities Press(India)
4.
Gutiérrez-López, M., García de Jalón, J. and
Cubillo, A. (2015) 'A Novel Method For
Producing Low Cost Dynamometric Wheels
Based On Harmonic Elimination Techniques'.
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 52-
53, 577-599
5.
Jayashankar, A. (2011) Experimental &
Modeling Study Of The Influence Of Support
Stiffness On Load Sensing Bearings. Delft:
Department of Precision and Microsystems
Engineering.
