Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
213
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
213-217
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
The main purpose of this article is to reveal the socio-economic and political life in the time of Amir Temur
with examples. The article focused on Timur's beautification, agricultural and irrigation works.
K
EYWORDS
Timur, army, culture, socio-economic, science, literature, philosophy.
I
NTRODUCTION
When Amir Temur came to the top of the
hiokimiyat, he focused on finishing and
beautifying the destruction left by the Mongols in
all areas, repairing agriculture and irrigation
networks. Strict discipline was learned. The
situation in the country has improved and the
standard of living of the artisan population has
improved. The social system in the state of Timur
was related to the different regions of the peoples
that were part of the state and their relationship
with each other. According to the sources, the
population was divided into twelve social groups
when Amir Temur ruled the country. They are the
following social categories: Sayyids, scholars and
sheikhs. Ksks
–
skks
–
learned people with great experience.
–
Pious people who pray.
–
Army commanders, sarkhang and amirs.
–
Soldiers and masses of people.
"They are wise and intelligent people who are
experts in public administration.
Journal
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Copyright:
Original
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may be used under the
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commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
THE PLACE OF AMIR TIMUR AND THE CULTURE OF THE
TEMURIAN PERIOD IN WORLD HISTORY
Submission Date:
July 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
July 25, 2023,
Published Date:
July 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-07-36
Majidov Sevinch Akhtamovich
Bukhara City "Barkamol Avlod" Children's School Specialist, Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
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Pages:
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SJIF
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(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
–
Ministers, secretaries, head of the cabinet.
–
Medical professionals, astrologers and
engineers.
–
Scholars and historians.
–
Sufism representatives and scholars.
–
Craftsmen and artists.
–
Foreign tourists and merchants.
These social categories or strata in relation to the
procedures in the administrative-management
system of Amir Temur's state also show that it
was of a military-political nature.
In the 15th century, among the rural population
engaged in agriculture, some had privileges and
paid a small amount of taxes. A very large part of
the population consisted of tenant farmers and
community farmers. Villages are managed as a
community or a village. His property belonged to
the whole community.
Free artisans were the main producers in the field
of handicrafts. Along with the merchants living in
the city, they were considered the representatives
of the middle class of the cultural center. In the
period of Timurids, the main type of tax was
khiraj. The land tax was up to a third of the
harvest. A tax was collected from gardens. There
was also a life tax, ulog, and begar.
The most common type of land ownership was
suyurgol, which was private land ownership. In
the 15th century, farmers paid tribute depending
on what kind of land they lived on and how they
planted crops.
They are mainly of four types
1. farmers working on state lands.
2. Farmers working on privately owned lands.
3. Farmers working on their land.
4. Divided into cultivators working on waqf lands.
The payment is mainly made in goods or money.
A tribute (jizya) was taken from the inhabitants of
the defeated city. An emergency tax was collected
when the country was in danger. Stamp tax was
collected from shopkeepers and artisans. The
people are involved in many khashar works
(begar). Also, the owners paid zakat in the
amount of one-fortieth of their property. Customs
duties were collected from foreign merchants at
border customs offices, local merchants paid land
tax, and gardeners paid the tax.
Legal relations in Amir Temur's state, as in other
Eastern states, were based on the order and rules
described in the Holy Qur'an and hadiths.
The elements of law and law of Amir Temur are
reflected in "Temur Laws".
This work talks about state affairs, military
sphere, raiyat and all layers of the social system.
According to it, the worldly aspects were
controlled by the ruler himself, that is, Amir
Temur, and he himself gave the necessary
punishment. A Sharia judge dealt with Sharia
matters. Also, different judges worked in different
levels of the state cabinet, for example, a special
judge was appointed for the army, and a special
judge was appointed for the raiyat. In the state of
Amir Temur, the legal system was as follows:
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Shaikhul-Islam is a person responsible for
protecting Muslims from bad deeds and
encouraging them to do good deeds in the
country. Sadlar-Akhli led Islam. Their main task
was to control the waqfs: they also determined
the suurgol.
A person engaged in management and control of
waqfs by mutavalli-sadrs.
Qazi-khar controlled the law in different parts of
the government in one city and region. Judges
differed in rank and rank.
Mudarris is a person who teaches religious issues,
shari'a, tafsir, hadith and fiqh.
In charge of weighing and price control in
Khatasib-bazaars.
Among them, the judges and sadrs were
personally reporting to Amir Temur about their
work. Amir Temur wrote strict laws and
procedures in his regulations: - if the treasurer
betrays financial affairs, if the amount he
embezzles is more than twice his salary, the
excess salary is deducted from his account:
-
if a sypokhi oppresses someone, they hand
him over to that victim, and the victim
punishes him as he wishes:
-
those who were sentenced to a large fine if
village or city officials oppressed people of a
lower class:
-
a person who oppresses the people is
punished with a fine or whipping:
-
anyone who steals is obliged to return the
stolen thing or is severely punished.
For any harm caused to people, for physical harm,
as well as crimes such as drinking wine, engaging
in adultery, were punished according to the
verdict issued by the sharia judge.
During the time of Timur, the peoples had a
certain independence, although they obeyed the
central government. The rulers of the ulus were
the state apparatus, an independent army, and
their dependence on the central government was
to send a part of the khiroj (income tax) to
Samarkand. In provinces and districts, power was
in the hands of councilors appointed by the
central government. State affairs were mainly in
the hands of three institutions (devan): devoni oly
(central executive div), devoni mol (court of
financial affairs) and devoni tavochi (court of
military affairs). Matters related to religion and
Sharia were in the hands of the judge and Sheikh-
ul-Islam. According to the information given in
"Temur's Laws", the state is governed by seven
ministers:
1) Minister of State and Subject Matters (Prime
Minister);
2) minister sipok, i.e. minister of military affairs;
3) the minister of disposal of the property left
without owner;
4) the minister in charge of import and export
affairs of the kingdom, that is, the minister of
financial affairs; 5,6,7) were managed by the
ministers who controlled the affairs of the border
regions.
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
213-217
SJIF
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(2021:
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(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
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1368736135
All seven ministers are subordinate to Devanbeg.
There were officials of various classes other than
ministers, as in the offices of the central
government, as well as in the offices of ulus
hokims.
Timur
periodically
conducted
interrogations, audits, inspections, investigations.
In his reign, abuse of office, theft, bribery,
humiliation, drunkenness, and domestic disorder
were considered grave sins, and those who
engaged in this work were severely punished. In
particular, according to Yazdi's writing, Temur
even punished his son Mironshah and grandson
Amirzada Pirmuhammad in front of the people
for their bad behavior. According to the
contemporary
historians,
Temur's
most
characteristic features are that he cares for the
state, the country, and the citizens. Amir Temur
paid special attention to promoting Islam and
strengthening its role as a moral and ideological
factor of his politics. During the period of
Sahibqiran, he demonstrated in practice that he is
the true patron of Islam.
All priests were considered inviolable during this
period. Timur introduced the foundation rules.
From his income, he provided funds for madrasas,
mosques, and houses. He introduced mansabs
over religious matters, especially Islamic rituals,
traditions and the implementation of Sharia laws.
They were called mutavalli, mufti, qazikalon,
mukhtashi. It is known that Amir Temur had
three piri in his life. Among them, Said Baraka was
considered a pir who deserved special attention
and respect for him. Said Baraka Temur tried to
strengthen what he gained with the sword by
giving obedience and fatwas and prayers. Thus,
Amir Temur relied on wealthy nobles, military
men, and priests who could influence the people
in the implementation of his plans and goals.
Significant changes took place in social and
economic life during the reign of Timur. New
irrigation led to the digging of canals and the
restoration of some old ones, and the expansion
of cultivated areas. In addition to grain, cotton
and other traditional agricultural crops, new flax,
polys crops (for example, the Miri Temur variety
of melon), and dates have been planted.
According to Temur's decree, it was forbidden for
neighboring leaders to plant grass near the fields.
According to his decree, new villages were
created, especially in the vicinity of Samarkand,
which contributed to the prosperity of the
peasant population, and most importantly, to the
mutual expansion of the rural and urban
population, and the separation of the products of
the peasants and handicrafts of the townspeople.
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Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
217
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
213-217
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
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ВОПРОСЫ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ
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