Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
121
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
121-124
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
The main purpose of this article is to describe the socio-economic life during the time of Amir Temur and
to provide information about the wide use of agriculture in industry. The article focused on the
development of agriculture and industry of Amir Temur.
K
EYWORDS
Temur, statehood, development, ceramics, trade relations, socio-economic, taxes.
I
NTRODUCTION
The era of Timur and the Timurids is a special
period in the culture of Central Asia. This period,
which is considered a classic period in the history
of culture, serves as a basis for the current legal
position of Uzbek culture. First of all, the culture
of this period is related to the socio-economic
development formed on the basis of the
principles of strong statehood founded by Timur.
The unification of Central Asia into an
independent state during the time of Amir Temur
has a positive effect on the economic and cultural
development of the country. Science, literature
and art, crafts and architecture flourished. He
gathered many people of science and art, craft
architects and painters from local and foreign
countries for the development of the country and
the capital Samarkand.
Journal
Website:
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4.0 licence.
Research Article
SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE IN THE PERIOD OF AMIR TEMUR:
INDUSTRY IN AGRICULTURE
Submission Date:
July 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
July 25, 2023,
Published Date:
July 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-07-21
Yuldashev Safokhan Alokhan Ugli
A Student Of The 2nd Stage Of History, Namangan State University, Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
122
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
121-124
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Timur, well aware of the dependence of
agriculture on artificial irrigation in Central Asia,
dug the Angor Canal and established irrigation
works in the Murgob Valley. The cities of
Samarkand and Shahrisabz were provided with
running water. Ditches were dug in dry lands.
Cereal crops, cotton, flax are planted in
agriculture. A lot of royan plant is planted for
dyeing, as well as mulberry for cocooning.
The ancient branches of handicrafts - weaving
and tailoring - developed further, various types of
weapons, jewelry, paper production developed
rapidly. During the time of Timur and the
Timurids, most of the land, water, and handicrafts
were in the hands of the royal family and feudal
lords. Among them, "Khiroj" - 0.4 share of the
harvest, "Avarizot" - a tax collected during wars,
"Soul tax" - a tax collected from non-Muslims -
"darugash", "mirobona", "zakat", "bostamga",
"peshkali", "sovari" and others. The so-called
"begar" was considered a very heavy obligation of
that time. They forced peasants to build city walls,
palaces, mosques and madrasahs, roads and
bridges, fortresses and other buildings of state
importance and similar works. At the same time,
the selflessness of farmers was taken into account
in the state of Timur.
For example: if a person makes undeveloped land
suitable for cultivation, sows a crop, he is
exempted from tax for one year, the second year
he pays as he likes, and the third year he is subject
to the general tax law. In some cases, residents of
certain districts were exempted from temporary
taxes. The granting of such a relief helped the
stable development of agriculture. The positive
side of the tax policy of this period was that the
introduced laws were strictly followed, and the
rulers' arbitrariness was not allowed. During the
reign of Timur, great attention was paid to the
expansion of internal and external trade,
measures were taken to improve trade stalls,
markets and roads in Samarkand and other cities,
new caravansary were built on caravan routes,
commercial and economic relations with
countries in the east and west were established.
tried to strengthen. Timur, unlike other rulers,
used to hold councils, councils, or councils, to
manage the state. According to Sharifuddin Ali
Yazdi, in these congresses, the most important
issues of the country and the state in the field of
economy and the military situation were
discussed, decisions were taken, and measures
were taken aimed at joint efforts in the
performance of the work considered necessary
for the country and the state.
When Timur was building a great empire, he, as
the real owner of the land, brought all the
material wealth, artisans, artists, architects, and
scientists to Movarounnahr and used the internal
resources here to improve the cities and villages
and the peace of the population. Samarkand,
Bukhara, Khirot, Tashkent, Shahrisabz, Turkestan
and many other cities, their luxurious buildings
are historical witnesses to this.
In the second period of Amir Temur's activity
(1386-1402), he led western campaigns and wars
outside Movarounnahr and Khurson. Temur
fought many battles, but among them the "three-
year", "five-year", and "seven-year" military
campaigns were especially famous. ragi admits
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
123
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
121-124
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
that he is an untouchable warlord. Before the
revolution, his military art was taught as a special
lesson in French and Russian military academies.
his army was considered the most powerful in his
time. Temur himself developed tactical guidelines
for all parts of each battle plan. Timur's horde was
a military-feudal form of society.
During Timur's time, the central state
administration was headed by devanbegi,
archbegi and four ministers. Ministers were
involved in tax collection, inheritance, soldiers'
salaries and food supply, and palace expenses.
The fields of science, architecture, and art during
the time of Timur developed at a high level
compared to their time and rose to a high level of
spiritual wealth. The owner also paid great
attention to the improvement of the country.
After Samarkand became the capital, mosques,
madrasahs, and mausoleums were built by
builders and architects brought from different
parts of the world. There are even homeless
shelters that provide food to strangers, and
special places for passengers to land. The
outskirts of the city are surrounded by strong
walls, and gates with names such as Ohanin,
Shaikhzada, Chorsu, Korizgoh, Sozangaron, and
Feruza are built. As the residence of Temur, the
unique administrative building Koksaroy and
Bostonsaroy stand tall. He created very beautiful
gardens around Samarkand. He built Aksaroy,
Jome mosque, madrasas in Kesh, the birthplace of
Timur. He builds the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed
Yassavi in the city of Turkestan. During this
period, cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand,
Shahrisabz and Tashkent became handicraft and
trade centers. Amir Temur paid special attention
to the development of trade routes and their
peace. He was not limited to rich loot, but also set
himself the goal of dominating the world caravan
trade routes (Europe and Central Asian countries
with the Far East). The owner tried to disable the
northern trade route that passed through the
territory of the Golden Horde and forcefully
divert the trade route to the new Silk Road that
passed through Central Asia.
The ideology of Amir Temur's state has become a
great force in political life in addition to shaping
socio-economic life. He established wider
relations with foreign countries. Based on the
conditions of the time, he took active action in
foreign policy and was able to bring the rule of his
kingdom to the world level. After Amir Temur's
victory over Yildirim Bayazid, France, England,
Genoa and Byzantium offered free contacts,
merchants and exchange of goods. He was able to
spread the fame of his country to Europe by
showing his intention to be a close neighbor with
European countries, to develop trade caravan
routes. As soon as his reign reached these
countries, the kings of countries such as France,
England, Genoa, Byzantium, and Spain sought to
establish political, economic, and trade relations
with the host. That's why they regularly sent
messengers to Temur. During the time of Amir
Temur, religious sciences and secular sciences
were stable. He also gained fame as a patron of
science and culture of his time. He took under his
patronage the followers of the sect, who were
always humiliated and neglected. Dervish
considered it one of his human duties to keep the
Volume 03 Issue 07-2023
124
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
07
Pages:
121-124
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
poor close to him and not to offend them. After the
death of Amir Temur, his large empire began to
disintegrate. The struggle of Timurid princes for
the throne was one of the main reasons for the
division of the powerful state. Although Amir
Timur left his grandson Pirmuhammad as the
crown prince, his eldest son, Jahangir Mirza's son,
many amirs and officials did not recognize his
rule. In March 1405, Khalil Sultan, the grandson of
Temur, arbitrarily seized the throne of
Samarkand. In addition, Shahrukh in Khorasan,
Pirmuhammad in Balkh, Ghazna and Kandahar,
Mirza Umar and Abu Bakr Mirza in West Iran and
Azerbaijan, Turkestan, Sabron, O'trar, Amir
Berdibek in Sayram, Amir Khudoidad in Oratepa
and Fergana, Khorezm The Idiku declared
themselves rulers.
In the 15th century, a lot of metal products -
household items, tools, and weapons were
produced. Samarkand became the center of arms
production, and the soutzozol neighborhood was
built. Copper and brass objects and copper coins
were minted in the cities. The copper cauldron
and candlestick made by Master Izzuddin
Isfakhani by Temur's decree have been preserved
until now. Coppersmiths and blacksmiths
performed complex works such as metal casting,
casting, patterning, gold and silver plating. For
example, the doors of the Bibikhanim mosque are
made of seven different metal alloys. Jewelers
made exquisite jewelry from gold, silver and
brass alloys. Patterns and inscriptions were made
on the surface of vessels with gold and silver rims,
studded with precious stones. Pottery was the
fastest growing industry. In the 14th and 15th
centuries, the mysterious ceramic was used in
various fields and various products were made. In
stonework, patterns and evenness are widely
used. In the building, the bricklayers are called
"Banno", the plasterers who cover the gables,
arches and lamps are called "Ustoz".
In Samarkand, the glass industry developed and
various dishes and items were made. Metal
windows were used in the construction. Buildings
decorated with woodcarving were built and a lot
of furniture was made. Samarkand paper was
even popular in foreign countries. During the time
of Timur, the head of the enterprise producing
handicraft goods, "Master", had apprentices
"Khalfa". Craftsmen belong to the cultured class of
the city. The Timurid state had regular trade
relations with China, India, Iran, Russia, along the
Volga, and Siberia. Embassies have played an
important role in expanding trade relations with
foreign countries.
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EFERENCES
1.
Temur va Ulug‘bek davri tarixi. T. 1996 y.
2.
Amir Temur va temuriylar davrida
madaniyat va san'at T. 1996 y.
3.
Abdurahmonov A. Ulug‘bek va uning
rasadxonasi. T 1996 y.
4.
Ahmedov B. Temur. T 1995 y.
5.
Ahmedov B. Ulug‘bek. T. 1994 y.
6.
Ibn Arabshoh. Amir Temur tarixi. T. 1992
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