Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
117
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
117-124
SJIF
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MPACT
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(2021:
5.478
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(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
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1368736135
A
BSTRACT
This article describe the LTE radio interfaces, protocols, components, structures, and their applications.
And analyses comparation of their differences.
K
EYWORDS
LTE, radio interface, protocol, radio communication, mobility (handover) terminal, Node-B, eNB, P-GW -
Packet Data Network Gateway, Infrastructure Domain, infrastructure, EMM, EPC, Mobility Management.
I
NTRODUCTION
Problem setting: Analysis of radio interfaces and
deeper theoretical and practical mastering of
their foundations in the transition to the fifth
generation mobile communication networks.
Comparisons and analyses main demanded
process whether of all.
Achieving and solving the objectives of the
problem: It is known that protocols are a set of
rules, methods, and equipment for exchanging
information between electrical communication
devices. An interface is a device for connecting
and communicating with another device. In both
cases, although these terms are not far from each
other concepts, it is necessary to refer to both
terms and their processes in the process of
analysis. The purpose of the article is to widely
disclose modern 4th generation LTE (Long-Term
Journal
Website:
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Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
COMARASION APPROACH TO THE SEVERAL PROTOCOLS OF
RADIO INTERFACES OF LTE TECHNOLOGY
Submission Date:
October 04, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 09, 2023,
Published Date:
October 14, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-10-19
Jo’raeva Gulnoza Fazlitdinovna
Senior teacher, Fergana branch of TUIT, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Iskandarov Usmonali Umarovich
Senior teacher, Fergana branch of TUIT, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
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Pages:
117-124
SJIF
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OCLC
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1368736135
Evolution) technologies to the public, their
systems and networks, equipment, protocols and
their purposes based on scientific and analytical
approaches.
The LTE (Long-Term Evolution) radio interface
has a transmission speed of more than 300
Mbit/s, a packet retransmission delay of less than
10 ms, and a high spectral efficiency. The
subscriber terminal with the appropriate
hardware and software is compatible with UMTS,
CDMA2000, WiMAX networks and GSM or IS-95
networks.
There are common principles in LTE, which are
the logical separation of transport sub-networks
for mobility, user data and service data transfer,
transport functions used in radio communication
networks and basic packet networks, complete
freedom from addressing schemes and not
depending on the addressing schemes used in the
use of transport functions. and consists of others.
The architecture of the LTE network provides
mobility, packet delivery with minimal delay and
high quality of service traffic.
As the main functions of the network, mobility
functions are achieved through discrete mobility
(roaming) and continuous mobility (handover).
LTE networks use roaming and handover
procedures with all networks, LTE-subscribers
(terminals) must always be covered by wireless
broadband services.
Packet transmission allows to ensure the
transmission of all services. Including voice traffic
for users. The architecture of LTE networks can
be considered flat, since the entire network
interaction takes place between 2 BS (base
station) and MBB (mobility control unit) nodes.
BS is B-node (Node-B, eNB) in technical
specifications, while MBB (MME, Mobility
Management Entity) includes GW, Gateway
gateways in terms of usage, where MME/GW
combined units have their place.
The radio network controller is freed from data
flow control, and its traditional functions - radio
resource management, header compression,
encryption, and reliable packet transmission - are
loaded directly onto the base stations.
MBB works only with service information called
network signaling, IP packets do not pass through
it. In this way, the network can be expanded for
both user traffic and service data without
depending on the bandwidth. The main function
of the MBB will be related to the management of
the user terminal UT (FT) in standby mode,
including call forwarding and handling,
authorization and authentication, roaming and
handover,
service
and
user
channel
establishment.
Among the network gateways, a serving gateway
(XKSh) (S-GW- Serving Gateway) and a packet
network gateway (P-GW - Packet Data Network
Gateway) or a packet gateway (PSh) are
distinguished.
The principles of building LTE networks, as in 3G
networks, are based on 2 aspects - separating the
physical use of individual network blocks and the
formation of functional connections between
them.
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This means that the first division of the network
architecture at the physical level is to divide the
network architecture into user equipment
domain (UED, User Equipment Domain) and
network
infrastructure
domain
(ID-
Infrastructure Domain). The field of network
infrastructure, in turn, is divided into radio
communication subsystem (E-UTRAN, Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) and
basic (packet) subsystem (EPC- Evolved Packet
Core).
The following figures show a generalized scheme
of the LTE network, from which 2 layers of
functional communication are visible - the radio
communication layer (AS - Access Stratum) and
the external radio communication layer (NAS,
Non-Access Stratum). The indicated oval shapes
in the figure indicate the points of connection to
the services.
The connection between the UE user equipment
area and the UTRAN radio network area is called
the Uu-interface, and the connection between the
radio network area and the EPC base area is called
the S1-interface. The content and performance of
various protocols included in the Uu and S1
interfaces are divided into the use (UP, User
Plane) and control (CP, Control Plane) planes [1].
Figure 1. Generalized structure diagram of LTE network
Beyond the connection layer, a mobility
management mechanism (EMM, EPC
Mobility Management) is used in the basic
network.
In the usage protocols, protocols are used that
ensure the transmission of user information over
the radio channel.
Protocols that provide FT and network
connections in various aspects work in the
control layer. Protocols designed for transparent
(open) transmission of messages related to the
provision of various services work on this plane.
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Figure 2. Generalized structure diagram of LTE network
The field of radio communication or
communication network is logically divided into
2 areas - radio network layer (RNL) and transport
network layer (TNL). The X2-interface shown in
Figure 3 implements the interaction of BSs
entering the radio network area. In addition,
transit connection between base stations and
with the base network through the mobility
control unit (S1-MM-interface) or the service
node (S1-U-interface) has its place. Thus, the S1-
interface
provides
multiple
relationships
between sets of BSs and MBB/OTs [9-14].
Figure 3. Connection of radio communication network functional nodes
Functions assigned to base stations in LTE
networks:
•
management of radio channels and dynamic
distribution of resources;
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VOLUME
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Pages:
117-124
SJIF
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5.636
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•
compression of the header of IP packets,
encryption of data streams;
•
the function of selecting the mobility
management block (MMB) when connecting
the user terminal (UT) to the network when
there is no information about the previous
connection;
•
routing of data packets in the direction of the
service gateway (server) at the level of use;
•
transmission of call and distribution of
received informations from MBB;
•
Dispatching and transmission of PWS (Public
Warning System) messages received from
MBB;
•
measurement and preparation of appropriate
calculations for mobility and dispatch
management.
The mobility control unit provides the following
functions:
•
transmission of protected data about
connection nodes to services and secure
management of connection points;
•
data transfer to the base network for
managing mobility between different radio
networks;
•
management of base stations (BS) in standby,
including call forwarding mode;
•
selection of service gateway (MGS) and packet
network gateway for radio communication
networks of different standards;
•
selection of a new mobility control unit during
automatic operation system (handover)
operation;
•
roaming;
•
perform authentication;
•
control of the installation of a radio channel,
including a dedicated channel;
•
Ensuring the transmission of PWS messages.
•
The functions that the service node is
responsible for:
•
selection of the local mobility anchor point in
the handover (automatic operation system);
•
initialization of the buffering and service
request procedure of data packets of the
outgoing direction intended for FTs (UTs) in
standby mode;
•
obtaining user data in accordance with the
permitted procedure and law;
•
providing routing and redirection of data
packets;
•
defining transport level (satxi) packages;
•
formation of user records and identifiers of
service quality classes for pricing;
•
tariffing and clarification of subscribers;
•
A packet network gateway provides the
following functions:
•
filtering IP-packets of users;
•
authorized acquisition of user data;
•
allocation of IP addresses for user terminals
(FT);
•
setting traffic level (TL) packets in the
outgoing direction;
•
pricing and sorting of services.
MIMO (multi-input multi output) multiple
antennas are expected to be used in LTE systems.
This enables LTE systems to operate with
multiple receive and transmit antennas. The
operation of these systems is organized according
to 2 principles - the principle of spatial
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compression and the principle of spatial-time
coding [2-9].
For example, when forming a signal from two
transmission antennas, the stream of complex
modulation symbols modulating one of the
subcarriers of the OFDMA signal is divided into
odd (x1) and even (x2) symbols, that is, these
modulation symbols correspond to one
subcarrier, but symbols of different OFDMA
signals.
Many different services are provided in LTE
technology networks. The development of new
network technologies forces the world
telecommunication community to look at the
issues of service quality and their management
system as one of the most important ways to
effectively develop the competitive market of
communication services.
The concept of quality of communication services
(QoS, Quality of Service) is officially approved by
the International Telecommunication Union in
the E.800 recommendations, and it is considered
as a set of effective qualities of service parameters
that determine the level of satisfaction of users
with communication services.
A quality management system is a set of
parameters and mechanisms that ensure that the
quality of services meets the established
requirements. The purpose of introducing such a
system is to increase the demand for services, to
maximize user satisfaction with the provided
service [1,4,11,13].
A suitable recommendation (Rel'97/98) was
issued for modified GSM/GPRS networks with the
possibility of packet transmission of initial data
for the development of quality management
systems in mobile communication networks. The
concept of PDP (Packet Data Protocol), which
consists of a set of parameters describing the
current state of the user or terminal in relation to
possible services and methods of providing them,
is the basis for ensuring the quality of services.
When connecting an FT with a basic packet
network, activation of the PDP feature is
performed in forward and reverse directions in
order to establish a logical connection for the
transmission of IP packets between FTs and
different network nodes [1,2,3].
C
ONCLUSIONS
The development of the usage comparations is
partly due to the increase of the deference of
services provided in the package mode is
provided. Service transmission in 3rd and 4th
generation mobile networks, the use of speech
packet transmission is based on VoIP (Voice over
IP) or PoC (Push-to-talk over Cellular)
technologies.
The creators of 4G transceiver technologies used
the
tried-and-tested
method
of
digital
transmission - the OFDM method of orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing.
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