Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
72
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
This article presents a brief history of the creation of Trajan's Column. It also talks about the architecture
of this monument, its images and the significance of the building in modern times.
K
EYWORDS
Rome, Damascus, Dacia, Danaus, Arc de Trioffa, Trajan, Emperor Hadrian, forum, victory, Carrare marble,
Apollodorus, Capitoline slopes.
I
NTRODUCTION
One of the most magnificent squares in Rome is
the Forum of Trajan. It was here that the entire
political system of ancient Rome was
transplanted from the Roman Forum. The new
forum is distinguished by a well-thought-out
composition, luxury, details, many jewels, statues,
and Trajan's column is the main decoration.
The forum was built in honor of Emperor Trajan's
victory over the Dacians. The architect of this
building was Apollodorus from Damascus. The
area from 116 to 95 meters is covered with
marble. Its entrance led through the triumphal
arch depicted on Roman coins. On three sides
were statues of Portuguese and famous Roman
figures. On the fourth side, the basilica is a
building intended for political events. Behind the
basilica were two libraries - between which the
famous Trajan's column was placed.
Journal
Website:
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Copyright:
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Research Article
VICTORY BULLET; ABOUT THE TRAJAN FORUM
Submission Date:
October 03, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 08, 2023,
Published Date:
October 13, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-10-13
Omonxonov Javlon
Student at History Faculty of JSPU, Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
73
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
The column is made of 18 marble blocks and does
not have a smooth coating, as it depicts Trajan's
war images and victories in reliefs.
The main asset of Trajan's Column in Rome is the
relief. It tells the story of Trajan's two wars
against the Dacians in historical sequence. The
reliefs are very clear and detailed, they depict
more than 2500 human figures, in which the
image of the emperor is repeated about 90 times.
Among them are some mythological Roman
characters. But the main thing in these reliefs is
their details. The paintings are of great historical
importance, they reflect the details of the clothes
and weapons, landscapes, faces of that time.
If you look at the magnificence of the column and
its scale, you will not even imagine that it is
hollow. On the contrary, there are spiral stairs
inside it that lead to the observation area at the
top of the column. From the top of the column,
tasks such as observing the city and maintaining
order can be done.
The 38-meter tall Trajan's Column glorifies the
might of the Roman Empire and the zeal of its
commanders. The column is decorated with
marble slabs that depict the events of that period
with historical accuracy. (albeit an exaggeration
typical of fictional Roman buildings) and in
chronological order. Basically, the plates tell the
story of the battles with the Dacians, the crossing
of the Danube and Trajan's return to Rome with
the victorious army.
Today, not all the sights of the Forum of Trajan
have reached our days. The column is the best
preserved - it is undoubtedly magnificent, but it
was designed to look very elegant around the
buildings of the Forum, and in solitude it looks a
little lonely. It is noteworthy that under the
column are the tombs of Emperor Trajan himself
and his wife. The Senate and Emperor Hadrian
decided to waive the ban on urban burials to
highlight Emperor Trajan's services to Rome and
its people.
The main roads of Italy start from the forum, the
main streets of the city go back to this forum.
Statues and decorative columns are installed in its
center. Emperor Trajan's Forum was very
luxurious. Built by the architect Apollodorus,
Trajan's column was installed in the center of the
forum square.
It is made of 20 blocks of Carare marble, 38 m high
(including the pedestal) and hollow inside a
column with a diameter of 4 m: it consists of a
spiral staircase of 185 steps, leading to the
platform of the capital. The weight of the
monument is about 40 tons. The barrel of the
column contained reliefs depicting episodes of
the Roman and Dacian war around a 190 m long
ribbon 23 times. It was originally crowned with
an eagle, later a statue of Trajan. It is interesting
that they learned about the state of the war with
the Dacians from the reliefs of the column,
because there were no documents about it.
The inscription on the column also tends to
explain that Trajan's column was as tall as a
mountain. They had geometric letters, geometric
shapes such as squares or circles. They were
usually read from the bottom, so the lower letters
were smaller in size. gan., in which a relief
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
74
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
depicting Trajan's fight against the Dacians is
made in a scrolling frieze.
Trajan himself is on the column about 90 times
(Wikipedia states 59 times), and everywhere he is
not alone, but in the ranks of the legionaries. In
addition to the legionaries, the Dacians defeated
by the emperor are depicted. Trajan's column was
originally decorated with a golden Roman eagle,
and after the emperor's death, his statue was
placed on it. In 1588, by order of Pope Sixtus V, a
statue of the Apostle Peter was placed on the
column, which is still holding the column.
Rome is the capital of modern Italy and a
powerful ancient empire. Many centuries of
history have left many monuments here that
attract millions of tourists. One of the most
beautiful and magnificent sights is Trajan's
Column in Rome, located in the square of the
same name. It serves not only as a decoration, but
also as a chronicle of the most important military
events of the Roman Empire. Trajan's column was
built in honor of the Roman emperor. Thanks to a
talented commander and reformer, the territory
of the Roman Empire increased significantly.
In addition to an active foreign policy and the
construction of fortresses, the emperor built
aqueducts, bridges and other civil structures. The
last imperial forum was built in Rome in honor of
the wise ruler. Unlike the previous ones, this was
an exhibition of Trajan's weapons and victories.
The square was accessible through the Arc de
Trioffa, and in the center stood a huge column
bearing the name of the great emperor. The
design of the forum and columns was created by
the architect Apollodorus. He completed the
construction of the monument in 113 AD. A few
years later, in 117, Trajan died. A container made
of ashes was placed on the rectangular base of the
monument and turned into a tomb. The total
height of Trajan's column reaches 38 m and the
diameter reaches 4 m. The estimated mass of the
obelisk is 40 tons. The entire column can be
divided into three components:
1. on foot;
2. column;
3. the capital.
A small hall was cut inside the rectangular base of
the obelisk. In addition to the remains of Trajan
himself, the ashes of his faithful companion
(Pompey Plotina) were stored there. The
inscriptions on the foundation walls have been
preserved since ancient times, and historians are
attracted by the style of writing. You can enter the
hall and the spiral staircase through a bronze
door, which occupies one of the four walls of the
foundation.
As a decoration, the main part of the column is
covered with a ribbon-like hat. The length of this
ribbon is 190 m, and each of the 23 turns depicts
the scenes of the battles led by Trajan. The
column is located in the small courtyard of the
forum, next to the Latin and Greek libraries, as
well as in the ancient basilica.
The entire tape is divided into two parts, between
which there is an image of Niki (goddess of
victory). Each part is dedicated to the emperor's
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
75
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
separate military wars (101-102 and 105-106).
Around the shield are the trophies he won. The
uniqueness of this building is that, like a
chronicle, it describes in detail important events
in the history of the Roman Empire. The almost
complete absence of text simplifies the reception
of information for those who do not know the
language or do not understand ancient letters.
The architectural design of the forum and the
practical implementation of the work are related
to the name of Apollodorus. He was considered an
excellent military engineer. Besides, Apollodorus
is considered the author of works on mechanics
and polyoretics (siege art). Emperor Trajan
greatly appreciated Apollodorus.
Apollodorus created the column as a monument
to the victories won by Troy, Trajan. Its
construction was a gift for Jupiter Feretri "Armor
of fat" (spolia opium) king of the Dacians.
Originally the full height of the structure was
probably 38 m (100 Roman feet), largely
determined by the size of the surrounding
buildings of Trajan's Forum, which should not
have obscured the column. Above him, in a stone
statue, a 3-meter statue of the emperor is
installed. Glistening in the sun, it was the
dominant feature of the entire forum's
architectural ensemble. The height of the column
is 38 m, its trunks are 29.78 m, the diameter is
3.695 m, the trunk is mounted on a huge base of
5.29 meters, decorated with reliefs and provided
with a dedication inscription. Initially, statues of
four eagles with laurel branches were installed in
the corners of the capital. A vestibule and stairs
below the entrance led to a small chapel. Here,
after the death of Trajan in 117, a golden pyre was
placed with his ashes, and later Pompey Plotina
was also cremated with ashes. Another staircase,
carved into the hollow shaft of the pillar, led from
the entrance to the top. It consisted of 152 steps
and made eleven rotations in a clockwise,
counterclockwise, eleven steps. The stairs led to a
4.34 × 4.34 m platform surrounded by handrails
on the high base of the Trajan statue, where a
magnificent view of the Forum opened.
The most famous example of the typicality of the
images on Trajan's column reliefs are the nine
mounted figures in which both the riders
themselves and their horses are covered with
scales from head to toe.
In it, the images themselves and their details are
often determined by the established laws of the
genre. This applies, in particular, to the uniform
military equipment of the Roman legionaries, all
of which were dressed in plate shells ( lorica
segmentata ) and equipped with rectangular
shields ( phlegm ). The reliefs that created the
pillars of artists on rectangular shields depict only
two versions of the decoration: a laurel wreath or
a part of a thunderbolt with eagle wings. Neither
in the form of shields nor in the form of military
equipment can be observed the difference
between the soldiers of the imperial guard and
the legionnaires. Unlike the "Romans", the
soldiers of the auxiliary cohorts were dressed in
chain mail and wore elongated oval-shaped
shields. The coat of arms on the shields, although
more varied than the shields of the legions, is very
stereotypical and differs only in a few general
forms. In fact, the equipment of the soldiers
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
76
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
varied even within those units. The legionnaires
depicted on the Trojan Column mostly wore chain
mail.
Art historians say that the Romans had never seen
such a beautiful complex before or after Trajan.
The forum itself was surrounded by pillars,
surrounded by a wall and protected by a roof. The
entrance to the forum was crowned by a
magnificent triumphal arch decorated with a
sculpture depicting a chariot drawn by six horses.
To implement the project, the architect had to
remove part of the slopes of the Quirinal and the
Capitol - none of the forums built before this
required such a change in natural scenery.
However, the workers under the leadership of
Appolodorus did a great job - at the time of
completion, the forum was 300 meters long and
185 meters wide, and the center of the forum was
raised to a height of 38 meters (dedicated to the
emperor in 113). The Forum complex includes
the Basilica Ulpia (bazilica Vlpia), Trajan's
Imperial Library (bibliotheca Vlpia) and Trajan's
Market (mercatvs Traiani). After his death, the
complex was completed with the Temple of
Divine Trajan (Templvm Divi Trayani)
C
ONCLUSION
In conclusion, Trajan's Column, which was built
during the greatest prosperity of the Roman
Empire, has experienced many recessions and
wars. A few centuries ago, all the reliefs on the
column were painted with bright colors. But the
sun and time have changed the color of the
column. He did not spare the relief images. That
is, the relief images of Trajan's column have been
slightly eroded. Currently, Trajan's column
continues to decorate the square and entertain
tourists. However, access to the upper part of the
column is closed for tourists. Trajan's column,
which is considered the beauty of Rome, has not
lost its importance even now.
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
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03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-77
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
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)
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