Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
36
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
Pages:
36-40
SJIF
I
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(2021:
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1368736135
A
BSTRACT
Entomopathogen nematodes Uzbekistan fauna for yet not studied species this is for the first time in the
article of Uzbekistan potatoes from agrobiocenoses separate received entomopathogenic of nematodes
morpho-biological features the world scientists in experience to be studied ie entomopathogenic of
nematodes study history about analytical data present will be done .
K
EYWORDS
Entomopathogen nematodes, Uzbekistan, potatoes, Steinernema, Heterorhabditis, infectious juvenil stage.
I
NTRODUCTION
Entomopathogenic nematodes feed on the
internal tissues of the insect with the help of
bacteria that live symbiotically in the intestine,
develop
and
reproduce.
The
term
"Entomopathogen" also means the Greek
"entomos" - insect, "pathogen" - disease-causing,
disease-causing insect. Representatives of the
Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families
of entomopathogenic nematodes produce
pathogenicity in more than 200 types of pest
insects belonging to 100 genera in symbiosis with
bacteria of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
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Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
STUDY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES HISTORY
Submission Date:
January 01,
2024,
Accepted Date:
January 03, 2024,
Published Date:
January 05, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-01-06
Kurbonova Nafosat Sattar Kizi
Research Institute Of Plant Quarantine And Protection, Uzbekistan
Tillyakhodjayeva Nigora Ruzimatovna
Research Institute Of Plant Quarantine And Protection, Uzbekistan
Karimova Rikhsiniso Miratxamovna
Research Institute Of Plant Quarantine And Protection, Uzbekistan
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
37
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
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Pages:
36-40
SJIF
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(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
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)
(2023:
6.741
)
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1368736135
genera, respectively, and kill their host within 2
days.
The first entomopathogenic nematodes were
described by Steiner in 1923 as Aplectana
kraussei (now Steinernema kraussei ), but this
information was based on very little scientific
evidence.
Neoaplectana glaseri, was later reported by
Glaser and Fox in 1930 . Steiner includes this
species in the Oxyuridae family.
Only Yaroslav Weiser isolated and described
Neoaplectana carpocapsae moth larvae in
Europe. Also, in 1955, Dutki and Hough isolated
the steinernematid strain DD-136 from moth
larvae in the eastern part of North America, after
which serious research on the pathogenicity and
development of entomopathogenic nematodes
began.
In 1965, with the help of morphological and
physiological studies, Poinar noted that Weiser's
S. carpocapsae Czechoslovak strain and the North
American DD-136 nematode are specific.
in 1965 Symbiosis with S. carpocapsae by Poinar
and Thomas associated symbiotic bacterium is
described.
Later, in 1966 - 1977, Poinar and Leutenegger
described the location of bacteria in nematode
larvae in the infectious stage using light and
electron microscopy.
Poinar and Thomas, 1967, identified the role of
bacteria in nematode developmental stages and
killing insect pests and reported a new bacterial
family, Xenorhabdus.
The genus Heterorhabditis was first described by
Poinar in 1976, and its symbiotic bacterium
Xenorhabditis luminescens was described by
Thomas and Poinar in 1979. The luminescence
ability of this symbiotic bacterium was so strong
that all infected insect corpses glowed in the dark.
Later, in 1903, Boemari declared this bacterial
species to be a representative of the genus
Photorhabdus. The mechanism of action of
bacteria was clarified by Milstead in 1977.
According to genetic analyzes conducted by
Kiontke in 2007, the genus Heterorhabditis is
considered a close group to vertebrate parasitic
nematodes,
and
both
groups
diverged
independently from the free-living Rhabditis
group.
The mutualistic existence of representatives of
the genus Heterorhabditis with a unique group of
luminescent symbiotic bacteria, its ability to enter
the div of healthy insects, the alternation of
sexual and hermaphrodite generations, and its
unique morphology explain the fact that these
species are given the status of a family.
Another feature not observed in Steinernema and
other rhabditids is the presence of a dorsal "hook"
on the tip of the head of third instar larvae of
Heterorhabditis. Bedding and Molyneux (1982)
noted in their research that this structure allows
the potential host to enter its div cavity through
the outer tegument or trachea and intestinal
walls.
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
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VOLUME
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According to Akhurst and Boemare's research, all
Steinernema
species
have
a
symbiotic
relationship with Xenorhabdus bacteria, and
Heterorhabditis species have a symbiotic
relationship with Photorhabdus bacteria. It was
the discovery of the symbiotic relationship
between entomopathogenic nematodes and
bacteria that marked a turning point in the use of
nematodes as commercial biological control
agents.
In 1959, Dutky was the first to realize the
antibiotic properties of bacteria living in
symbiosis with S. carpocapsae, when he
determined the role of symbiotic bacteria in the
reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes
developing inside the insect corpse.
Several antibiotics, including xenorhabdins,
xenocaucins, hydroxystilbenes, indole and
anthraquinone derivatives, were subsequently
synthesized
from
Xenorhabdus
and
Photorhabdus cultures in 2002 by Webster et al.
Primary stage larvae of entomopathogenic
nematodes grow maximally and carry out
antibiotic production. But the primary phase goes
directly to the second phase, in which nematode
growth slows down and antidiv production
stops. Poinar noted in 1980 that this process is a
major obstacle to the commercial use of
nematodes.
In turn, insects have many protective reactions
against entomopathogenic nematodes, and the
most important of these are melanization and
encapsulation. Usually, the bacteria are able to kill
the insect much faster than the insect's defense
mechanism
can
work.
However,
some
experimental host organisms, such as flies,
perform a very rapid melanization reaction that
kills the nematodes before they can activate the
symbiotic bacteria. Through this research,
Bronskill and Welch presented many new
scientific conclusions in 1962.
Furthermore, the fact that the infective larvae of
S. carpocapsae can be easily destroyed even by
Galleria
mellonella,
the
most
common
experimental organism used for the propagation
of entomopathogenic nematodes, if they do not
have symbiotic bacteria, was demonstrated in
Poinar's 1969 research work. announced.
Also, Veremchuk and Issi, 1970, natural
combinations of nematodes in the infectious
stage, for example, unicellular and fungal
representatives, also quickly destroy nematodes
in the insect organism. For example, when moths
primarily infected with microsporidia are
infected by S. carpocapsae, they note that the
microsporidia also infect nematodes.
Poinar found that naturally occurring populations
of entomopathogenic nematodes can also be
infected by microsporidia, whose infective larval
stages are susceptible to infection by several
different common soil fungi. emphasizes the need
to test for suspected nematophagous fungi.
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