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A
BSTRACT
In the scientific article on the topic of stylistic styles and their functional forms, an attempt was made to
reveal and reveal the stylistic style in a special way. In particular, in this article, Russian, English, and Uzbek
scholars present specific types of stylistics and their specially formed tariffs, and various forms of stylistics
in different language families are presented based on the given definition. In general, through this article,
an attempt was made to convey to the reader the types of stylistics put forward by linguists of 3 miles.
K
EYWORDS
Stylistics, stylistic forms, scientific method, conversational style. Mass (media) style, stylistics of intimate
style, functional stylistics, stylistics of linguistic units, text stylistics, fiction style.
I
NTRODUCTION
Stylistics, as the most interesting field of
linguistics, deals with language styles, researches
them, and shows its various manifestations in the
process of speech, showing the ways of effective
use of language tools and showing enthusiasm in
giving appropriate recommendations.
At this point, it is necessary to clarify the issue of
stylistics, which linguists pay attention to the
practical aspects of the language, studying the
Journal
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Research Article
STYLISTIC PATTERNS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL FORMS
Submission Date:
May 21,
2024,
Accepted Date:
May 26, 2024,
Published Date:
May 31, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-05-22
Mahliyo Ma’murjon qizi Aliyeva
PhD student, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Uzbekistan
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laws of its practical existence. Let's first focus on
the scientific analysis of English linguists
The main part. In particular, the following
classification of speech types is presented in
English literature. For example, "Principles of
Language Learning and Teaching (4th Edition)"
by H. D. Brown divides language style into five
levels. They are as follows [1]:
1. Oratorical style
is the most formal style of
language used by people in public speech, in
which words are planned in advance, such as the
history of the document or legislation.
2. Pre-planned speech style
. Like an orator
unrefined, but audience-directed speech. For
example, in a university room, it includes giving
lectures to students and so on.
3. Consultation style
–
the language is quite
formal and the words are few carefully selected.
Examples are the type of dialogue used in
business
transactions
and
doctor-patient
conversations.
4. Casual, i.e. informal style of speech
is a
conversation between friends, colleagues or
sometimes family members.
5. Personal, emotional (intimate) style of
speech
is an intimate level of speech with family,
loved ones and very close friends.
One of the American linguists Michael Riffater
wrote:
"Stylistics
studies
the
act
of
communication not only as forming a verbal
chain, but also as containing the personality of the
speaker and attracting the attention of the
receiver."
Of course, it is obvious to all linguists that such a
view that there is no need for soda and excessive
tariffs can be observed mainly in the activity of
the Western linguistic school. It is appropriate to
cite the words of the American linguist M. Riffater,
which confirms the point of view presented here.
According to him, "Stylistics studies the act of
communication not merely as producing a verbal
chain, but as bearing the speaker's personality
and as compelling the addressee's attention." [2]
Certainly, in some sense, the views put forward
are finding the truth.
Through their research, Russian scientists have
also come to many conclusions in promoting
different forms of speech. For example, the
Russian scientist A.Yefimov cites the division of
stylistics into the following types. They are [3]:
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Therefore, by relying on the scientific literature
that contains the principles governing language,
we can draw the following deductions. Functional
stylistics is a field of study that examines and
explains how the literary language is classified
based on its historically developed forms, known
as functional stylistic units. This categorization is
based on the system of styles and the rules
governing the internal structure of this system.
Functional stylistics explores the fundamental
principles of categorizing and distinguishing the
primary functional stylistic components of the
literary language as a topic of theoretical
investigation.
The field of stylistics examines how linguistic
units are used in accordance with language
standards in various speech settings, including
both everyday conversation and literary
compositions with diverse spiritual and
expressive content. Comparing the stylistic hue of
different linguistic units, such as variant forms,
parallel structures, lexical and syntactic
synonyms, is crucial. Stylistics of linguistic units is
closely linked to both functional stylistics and text
stylistics.
Stylis
tics
Functional stylistics
Stylistics of linguistic units
Text stylistics
Fiction (stylistics of literary speech)
Practical stylistics
Comparative stylistics
Historical stylistics
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Fiction stylistics, also known as creative speech,
analyzes the transformation of language into an
artistic element in literature. It explores the
artistic utilization of language and the integration
of aesthetic and communicative objectives. The
stylistics of a piece of art focuses on analyzing the
writer's originality in language usage and the
specific characteristics of the language employed
in the work. It assists in ascertaining the function
of language in the piece, which is a crucial aspect
of style, but it does not encompass the
examination of all the characteristics of the
work's language. Frequently, stylistics and
literary studies examine the same problem.
Stylistics of artistic speech is to identify the
aesthetic role of language elements within a
particular artistic framework. Hence, the primary
focus of research in fiction stylistics revolves
around the writer and the language employed in
a specific literary piece, thereby prioritizing the
issue of unique style. Through the analysis of the
language used in a particular piece of work, one
can draw overarching conclusions and identify
distinctive elements that are common throughout
multiple works and indicative of the writers'
inventiveness. Specifically, the distinctive stylistic
elements found in the works of Qadiri, Oybek,
Abdulla Qahhor, and Shuhrat. These indications
help in the development of many rules and
typological principles of artistic speech.
Comparative stylistics is an examination of
stylistic elements in other languages for the
purpose of comparison. Comparative stylistics
has a strong connection to translation theory.
Historical stylistics is the examination of language
usage across several historical epochs. He
examines not only the alterations in specific
language methodological standards, but also the
processes of construction and evolution of the
structure of literary language, as well as the
historical dynamics of the relationship between
literary language and artistic speech. This field is
practical
and
provides
methodological
recommendations that fulfill the objectives of
practical speech culture [4].
Historical stylistics is founded upon the
establishment, evolution, and examination of
stylistics as a scientific discipline. Now is an
opportune time to discuss certain details
regarding historical stylistics. Generally, the
development of this field may be traced back to
ancient periods in the Western world, and to the
Middle Ages in the Eastern world. Furthermore,
in Eastern countries such as Uzbekistan, stylistics,
although not yet recognized as a distinct
discipline, encompassed the study of grammar,
lexicon,
literary
analysis,
metaphor,
interpretation, as well as the art of essay writing,
preaching, and oratory. In addition to disciplines
like ati, journalism also encompasses the study of
it in the realm of media. During the previous
century, the field of stylistics in Uzbekistan,
particularly general functional stylistics and
literary stylistics, emerged and progressed as a
distinct scientific discipline. Esteemed specialists
and diligent writers such as Fitrat, Cholpon,
Oybek, Primkul Kadirov, as well as esteemed
scientists like M. Koshjanov, Q. Samadov, I.
Kochqortoev, and A. Shomaksudov, have made
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significant contributions. Historical stylistics
encompasses all of these processes.
According to Russian linguist V.V. Vinogradov, the
concept of language style is not primarily based
on a combination of established external
grammatical and lexical-phraseological features,
but rather on unique internal expressive-
semantic principles of selecting, combining, and
applying expressions and constructions [5]. The
scientist distinguishes between daily, business,
official documentary, scientific, artistic, and
journalistic (newspaper) styles based on their
communication, message, and impact, as these
styles are functional variations of language [6].
Yu.M. Skrebnev's radical stance, often referred to
as a sublanguage, is a concept that recognizes the
functional diversity of language within a narrow
range. This concept is used by researchers to
analyze style based on their research goals. Each
style is considered distinct and unique, resulting
in a limitless number of possible styles [7]. In this
passage, Charles Dickens references the manner
in which cookery instructions are written, noting
that certain authors blend the techniques of
publicists and journalists, treating them as
distinct forms of discourse [8]. Professor Budagov
R.A. identifies two primary styles [9]. The two
styles are scientific and artistic. Akhmanova O.S.
categorizes language into 6 distinct types based
on their primary roles, which include conveying
messages and producing effects. It fulfills
scientific, everyday, business, domestic, and
official-documentary communication roles [10].
The role of a publicist is to exert influence through
artistic expression. Arnold I.V., another linguist,
categorizes styles into the following types:
scientific, colloquial, business, lyrical, rhetorical,
and journalistic [11].
Our investigation has revealed that certain
Russian linguists also acknowledge additional
categories of speech that differ from the ones
mentioned above. According to multiple sources,
M. N. Kojina, V. V. Vinogradov, and R. A. Budagov
provided well-founded perspectives on this
matter [12]. Among these, the classification
proposed by V. V. Vinogradov is quite
straightforward and comprehensible. It is
accurate to state that these were all formed via
the development of various perspectives on the
subject of study in stylistics. The following items
are:
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•
This is often referred to as structural stylistics. The
objective of structural stylistics is to instruct on the
distinct characteristics and methods of communication
found in formal, scientific, journalistic, and creative
styles, which serve as its fundamental components.
1. Stylistics, which
studies the
functional styles of
the language.
•
(Some sources also utilize it as a directive for examining the
stylistic elements of a language.) The task involves analyzing
both written and spoken forms of the language, including
literary and colloquial expressions, as well as the overall
stylistic system. He examines the frequency of language
units in written and oral speech, the accuracy of selecting
language tools for conveying ideas, and alternative ways of
using these tools.
2. Speech stylistics, which
examines the meaning and
impact aspects of different
genres (semantic, expressive-
stylistic) and the difference
between oral and written
speech.i
•
Its purpose is to evaluate the writer's proficiency in utilizing
various techniques to create artistic works. The field of
stylistics was established based on the initial and subsequent
contributions made by Academician V. Vinogradov. The third
element pertains to the subject matter of literary analysis.
Indeed, the stylistics of fiction is a manifestation of it. This
notion is categorized as a distinct kind due to its distinct
characteristics that set it apart from other speaking styles.
The style of fiction is characterized by its inclusiveness,
meaning that it encompasses all styles.
3. Stylistics of
fiction, which
studies literary
trends, works of art,
and writing style.
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Functional stylistics
, also known as structural
stylistics, is a type of literary language that
focuses on language norms in a specific area of
social and speech practice. Its features are
determined by the specific characteristics of
communication in that field. The existence of
functional styles is crucial because of the
variation in the tasks carried out by the language.
In the early 20th century, Russian scientists such
as I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, V.V. Vinogradov,
and L.P. Yakubinsky began to pay attention to the
problem of functional stylistics as a separate
branch of linguistics [13]. Researchers such as I.R.
Galperin, I.V. Arnold, O.S. Akhmanova, V.L. Naer,
V.A. Kuharenko, V.Z. Panfilov, and M.N. Kojina
have investigated the issues related to language
usage in different areas of human social activity,
including functional stylistics [14]. It is accurate
to state that this serves as a motivation for the
continued study of the upcoming generation of
philologists. The issue of the functional and
stylistic differentiation of language has gained
increasing attention from scientists. This is
because language cannot be regarded as a
singular and entirely uniform entity when
considering its functional, stylistic, and genre
composition, without taking into account internal
parallelism. The language's variety is seen in how
it functions, aligning with a particular
communicative objective. The uniqueness of the
functional style (FS) is guaranteed by this
condition, as it serves as a system of language
tools designed for the execution of a particular
functional task inside a certain communicative
environment. The speech styles are contingent
upon the social context in which the process of
communication occurs. The suitability of a term
for a specific occasion can vary. The word's
stylistic attribute enables its use in any functional
style. Certainly, we have the ability to employ
each lexeme in several stylistic manners.
Nevertheless, we can infer the degree of semantic
suitability of the word employed based on the
surrounding context. Due to the precise nature of
the terminology employed in the scientific
method and its specialization within specific
fields, it is not appropriate to generally
incorporate these terms into literary and
journalistic styles. This is because they consist of
a collection of technical jargon that is peculiar to
a particular community. In this scenario, it is
suitable to employ each individual word in
sentences that align with the specific stylistic
demands.
Functional styles, according to I.V.Arnold, are
distinct subsystems of language that possess
unique properties in terms of vocabulary,
phraseology,
syntactic
structures,
and
occasionally phonetics. Furthermore, each style
encompasses a set of lexical, grammatical, and
phonetic tools that are intricately interconnected
[15].
In addition, I.R. Galperin provides his own
interpretation of this particular species. The
scientist asserts that the functional style of
language is a cohesive system of linguistic tools
that have a specific function in the process of
communication [16].
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Typically, the functional style is utilized in both
spoken and written formats. The language has
distinct characteristics in terms of vocabulary,
phraseology, word formation, morphology,
syntax, phonetics, emotional-evaluative and
expressive-image devices, as well as the presence
of a distinctive system of cliché devices. The
interplay between written and oral language tools
is crucial for the functional style system. The
proportion of stylistically neutral ways of
expression varies. As a result, speech kinds are
categorized into several components.
In addition to these, stylistic figures of the second
category also have a significant role in shaping a
specific sort of writing. Stylistic figures are
specific linguistic devices employed to enhance
the expressiveness or significance of a phrase.
Examples of such figures include anaphora,
epiphora, ellipsis, amplification, antithesis,
oxymoron, parallelism, inversion, disjunction,
and others. Tropes can be stylistic figures,
unconventional phrasing, or linguistic errors that
deviate from the standard of a language. The term
was originally used by the Greeks to refer to
grammatical flaws in their language. The ancient
Athenians regarded the dialect spoken by the
people of Soli, Cilicia as a distorted version of
their own pure Attic dialect [17]. They referred to
the mistakes in this form as "solecisms" (Greek:
σολοικισμοί, soloikismoí; sing.: σολοικισμός,
soloikismós). Consequently, when discussing
comparable grammatical errors observed in the
language of Athenians, they labeled them as
"solecisms" and this term has since been accepted
as a designation for grammatical flaws in any
language) is employed [18].
Uzbek linguists have been sharing their notions
and results on the structure of stylistics with a
broad
audience,
drawing
from
the
aforementioned theories and their personal
scientific
perspectives.
According
to
S.Sultansaidova and O'.Sharipova, stylistics can be
categorized into two distinct forms. Regarding
them [19]:
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I. Speech stylistics. This is also
called functional forms of the
language:
1
.
Conversation
al style,
2. Formal
style,
3. Scientific
style
,
4.
Journalistic
style
5. Fiction
style
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Now, let's briefly discuss the various types of
speech stylistics and their classification.
1. Conversational style refers to a manner of
speaking that involves dialogue between two or
more people. This style is characterized by its
expressiveness,
emotional
depth,
and
incorporation of novel vocabulary, in contrast to
written speech. This technique unveils all the
speaker's strengths. He delivers his speech with
fervor. Multiple gestures and manual motions are
employed in this. These tools serve to supplement
words and phrases that may have been omitted in
speech, so enhancing the clarity of the intended
message. In this particular style, incomplete
phrases are employed, as the omitted portion
might be conveyed in a subsequent line or in a
different conversational context. There exist two
distinct categories of conversational style:
1) literary speech style;
2) simple speaking style.
Plain and straightforward speaking style.
Teachers, speakers, journalists, scientists,
writers, poets, managers, and artists engage in
literary discourse. This technique is employed
during the course of the lesson, on stage, in
cinematography, TV films, news broadcasts,
television essays, and radio productions. Literary
colloquial style excludes the use of slang and
dialect terminology.
II. Linguistic, that is,
language stylistics. Its
types:
a) phonetic
stylistics
•
Phonetic stylistics teaches
the stylistic possibilities
of speech sounds.
b) lexical
stylistics
•
In lexical stylistics, stylistic
features of units in the
vocabulary of our language
are studied
d)
grammatical
stylistics.
•
In lexical stylistics, stylistic
features of units in the
vocabulary of our language
are studied
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In colloquial parlance, refers to the act of
interacting with individuals in an amicable and
unrestrained manner. This technique involves the
utilization of words that may not be present in the
standard literary language. Nevertheless, these
phrases can be employed to personify specific
characters in artistic discourse, so guaranteeing
the distinctiveness of their speech. Everyday
informal language also mirrors regional
variations in speech. The speaker has the ability
to communicate using any dialect that he
represents. Words such as ashi, mashi, qaydam,
qaytayin, mambi, shulaymi, jaa, bo'pti, and others
are indicative of a straightforward conversational
style.
2. The formal style is employed in diplomatic
correspondence, economic and government
agencies, courts, business transactions, and legal
documents. In essence, this style is utilized in
administrative documents. This encompasses a
wide range of written materials such as
applications,
cover
letters,
notifications,
biographies, letters of credit, receipts, reports,
official memos, orders and decrees, invitations,
formal letters, and commercial correspondence.
The book "Business Administration" by M.
Aminov, A. Madvaliev, N. Mahkamov, N.
Mahmudov provides detailed guidance on how to
write these official papers. This style adheres
completely to the standards of literary norms and
avoids the use of dialectal vocabulary, slang, and
words with various stylistic connotations.
Additionally, sentences should be written without
any inversion. Verbal communication lacks
efficacy. Certain documents composed in an
official manner adhere to a distinct structure and
format that resembles a seal. For instance, one
can display official correspondence, applications,
explanation letters, notices, references, and
decisions.
3. Scientific style is another form of speaking.
Additionally, it is a form of scientific investigation.
This style is employed in works produced within
the realm of science and technology.
Consequently, it is categorized into many styles,
including scientific-technical, scientific-popular,
scientific-educational, scientific-journalistic, and
scientific-documentary.
Scientific articles, lectures, monographs, and
dissertations are written using a scientific and
technical style. Popular science style involves the
scientific explanation of knowledge in a manner
that is accessible and easily understood by the
general public. In this instance, the information is
somewhat distilled from its purely scientific form,
and the scientific accomplishments of each
discipline are conveyed using terminology
familiar to the general public. Textbooks, training
manuals, methodical manuals, and methodical
articles are written in a style that is both scientific
and pedagogical. The concepts should be
elucidated using scientific terminology that is
comprehensible to the pupils. science-publicistic
style is commonly used in popular treatises and
popular science articles. They employ language
that manipulates the emotions of the general
public, in addition to utilizing scientific
terminology. The paperwork obtained for the
innovation or related literature is described in a
scientific-documentary format. These documents
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contain scientific knowledge and are protected by
law [19].
4. The journalistic style, often referred to as the
mass media style in certain literature, is a writing
style employed in works that depict political-
ideological,
socio-economic,
and
cultural
relationships. The term emerged within the
framework of speech patterns in the literary
Uzbek language during the late 19th and early
20th centuries.
Journalistic style can be expressed through both
written and spoken modes. Written journalism
encompasses
main
articles,
feuilletons,
pamphlets, appeals, declarations, all of which are
dedicated to significant social and political
matters. Oral journalism refers to the act of
delivering news or information using spoken
words in a public setting. One instance of this is
the dissemination of current events, including the
orations of analysts and hosts shown on radio and
television. Journalism should elucidate and
substantiate significant existential matters by the
use of rational argumentation, empirical data, and
sound justifications, while simultaneously
appealing to the listener's will and emotions. The
primary objective of journalistic style is to
effectively emphasize and persuade individuals of
advanced ideas and concepts prevalent in society.
The selection of vocabulary in journalism is
influenced by the various genres within this style.
Anaphora,
epiphora,
epithet,
simile,
revitalization, irony, and apostrophe are
employed in journalistic writings as potent
linguistic devices. Journalism is characterized by
its adaptability. The following items are: 1. Genre
of print media. 2. Verbal journalism. 3. For
example, genres found in radio and television.
Furthermore, each individual has the ability to
produce many forms of written content, such as
news, reports, articles, essays, feuilletons,
pamphlets, editorials, and more, utilizing the
unique linguistic characteristics of their own
language [19].
5. The fiction style is employed in narratives,
short stories, novels, poems, and even brief genre
vignettes. Language functions as a medium for
constructing visual representations, individuals,
and settings. Each speaking style possesses its
own unique vocabulary and expressions. Artistic
speech style refers to the use of literary language,
and in certain situations, it becomes important to
employ alternative forms of speech for certain
objectives [19].
C
ONCLUSION
Our research on the dissertation topic reveals
that numerous scientists propose various
opinions concerning the stylistic characteristics
of speech types. While most linguists
acknowledge the objective existence of several
styles, there is currently no consensus on the
specific definition of "speech stylistics".
Nevertheless, it is certain that over time, there
will be a certain degree of change in attitudes
towards science and its various disciplines,
leading to the emergence of new notions. Based
on the aforementioned findings, contemporary
stylistics is interpreted in many linguistic
orientations and academic institutions, with each
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(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
05
Pages:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
(2024:
7.874
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
perspective having its own distinct rationale
stemming from the wide range of styles, which
serves as the primary focus of stylistic analysis.
Stylistics is closely connected to linguistic norms.
Simultaneously, the involvement of numerous
linguists expressing their individual viewpoints
on the matter of speech types in stylistics
suggests that further research is necessary in this
area.
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Volume 04 Issue 05-2024
120
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
05
Pages:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
(2024:
7.874
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
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