Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
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VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
93-100
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
The vocabulary of the Russian language is in a state of continuous change and development and, from the
point of view of origin, includes native Russian and borrowed words, including Eastern vocabulary. Eastern
vocabulary defines a national, distinctive intonation, that allows one to convey the life of the people, their
interests, and beliefs more vividly and figuratively.
K
EYWORDS
Vocabulary, Russian language, borrowed words, Eastern vocabulary, defines a national, distinctive
intonation.
I
NTRODUCTION
The term "Eastern vocabulary" denotes borrowed
and adapted words from various languages of the
peoples of Asia and North-East Africa, which are
very close to each other in their genetic and
typological status [4, p. 17]. In turn, the Eastern
layer of Russian vocabulary was formed by the
Turkic, Mongolian, Iranian, Hindi, Arabic,
Hebrew, Chinese and Japanese languages, since
the Russians or their ancestors - the Slavs -
entered into direct or indirect contact with the
speakers of these languages. The term
"Orientalism" is sometimes used to denote
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Research Article
FEATURES OF EASTERN VOCABULARY
Submission Date:
December 04,
2024,
Accepted Date:
December 09, 2024,
Published Date:
December 14, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-12-16
Dzhumanova D.R.
Doctor of sciences, professor, Department of Russian Language and Teaching Methods, Uzbek State
University of World Languages, Uzbekistan
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
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VOLUME
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Pages:
93-100
OCLC
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Eastern vocabulary, which is usually understood
as a set of heterogeneous lexemes belonging to
different languages of the Altaic group of Turkic
languages, as well as Iranian and Arabo-Semitic
languages [5, p. 25] . In our opinion, both terms
are linguistically justified and have a right to exist.
Eastern vocabulary has special properties and
performs certain functions in the language, since
it has no denotation in Russian reality and its use
is strictly conditioned; Eastern lexemes are
predominantly specific nouns [8] , perform a
nominative function, and also convey local color
and national characteristics of a country or region
[7].
Eastern vocabulary can be distinguished in a
chronological aspect, so, in the Russian language
there are ancient borrowings: biser , incense ,
nagata , ropat , saltan ; Eastern borrowings in the
Middle Ages and up to the 18th century: diamond
, treasury , Koran , lemon ; borrowings in the Peter
the Great era and later: algebra , accident , b
akalya , gas , jasmine ; borrowings at the present
stage: jihad , idafa , hijab , shahid. [2, p. 9].
Thus, Eastern vocabulary entered the Russian
language in various ways over several centuries
and continues to replenish its fund, since interest
in the countries of the East, their culture,
philosophy and religion is constantly growing [3,
pp. 6124-6128].
We analyzed the characteristics of eastern
lexemes and identified the following thematic
groups that are found in the works of Ch.
Aitmatov.
1. Words naming food and drinks: pilaf, kebab,
pasties, noodles, halva, tea, kumiss.
“I drank
kumiss sweetened with honey and
listened to songs of praise.
“It is impossible to count how much cattle was
slaughtered, how much kumiss was drunk, how
many Kashgar dishes were served” [1, p. 64].
Kumis, a drink made from mare's milk, Old
Russian, borrowed . from Turkic language . (cf.
Tatar . Kumyz -
“kumys”). Turksk, kumyz is a
suffixal derivative from kummak -
“to stir, chat,
shake” [10, p. 227].
P. Names of plants: quince, cherry plum, fig,
dogwood, hazelnut, persimmon, plane tree,
shiraldzhin .
“Duri
ng the day, usually at noon, the boy liked to
climb into the thickets of stemmed shiraldzhins.
Shiraldzhins are tall, and they have no flowers,
but they are fragrant, they grow on islands, and
gather in a bunchs, not letting other herbs get
close. Shiraldzhins are true friends. Especially if
there is some kind of offense and you want to cry
so that no one sees, in " The Shiraljins are the best
place to hide. It is hot and quiet in the Shiraljins ...
And it is quiet in the Shiraljins , and they do not
block the sky. That is what they are like, the
Shiraljins, smelling of hot pines..." [1, p. 10-11].
“They climbed up a plane tree standing in the
middle of the pasture, where the herd came to
rest at midday. They carefully made their way
along a branch to the horse standing underneath
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
95
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
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Pages:
93-100
OCLC
–
1368736135
it and jumped on it, simultaneously trying to grab
the mane with both hands” [1, p. 12].
III. Names of animals: argamak, maral.
"That's how it all started... A great misfortune
befell the offspring of the Horned Mother Deer.
Almost everyone began to hunt white marals in
the forests ... They began to trade in maral horns...
A bad time came for the marals in the Issyk-Kul
forests. There was no mercy for them. The marals
fled to inaccessible cliffs, but even there they were
caught. They set packs of hounds on them to drive
the marals to the shooters in ambush, and they hit
without missing. They killed the marals in shoals,
drove them out in whole herds...
And there were no more marals . The mountains
became empty. You couldn’t hear a m
aral either
at midnight or at dawn… [1, p. 65
-66].
Maral is a “large Siberian and Central Asian deer
with large antlers” [9].
IV . The name of household items, as well as the
name of the dwelling: arba, kamcha, koshma,
beshik , khurjin , yurt.
“And a horse
under a saddle, and a whip in hands,
and they greet him with honor” [1, p. 51] .
Kamcha is not recorded in modern dictionaries,
but the meaning of this word is clear, it is used in
the meaning of "whip".
“After some time they caught up with a cart
loaded
with sand” [1, p. 53].
Borrowing in the 18th century from Turkic
language, in all likelihood from Tatar language
Tatarsk arba
–
“cart”, –
a two-wheeled high cart in
Central Asia and the Caucasus, a four-wheeled
cart in the south of Ukraine [10, p. 17].
“An
d the khan at that hour sat on a snow-white
felt mat with his noble warriors.”
Koshma
–
“a large piece of felt, a felt mat” [ 9].
Borrowed in the 18th century, probably from the
Turkic language (cf. Turkic koshmak
–
“to tie”)
[10, p. 217].
“The Horned Moth
er Deer came running. On her
horns, hooked by the handle, she brought a baby
cradle
–
a beshik . The beshik was made of white
birch, and on the handle of the beshik a silver bell
clanged. And to this day that bell clangs on the
Issyk-
Kul beshiks …” [1, p.
63].
Beshik is not recorded in modern Russian
dictionaries, but in the context of the story, Ch.
Aitmatov introduces the explanation - a child's
cradle.
"On the Buginskys In yurts, a sign was
embroidered above the entrance
–
the horns of a
maral, so that it could be seen from afar that the
yurt belonged to the Bugu clan…
“For the guests, one thousand one hundred yurts
were set up on the shore of Issyk-
Kul” [1, p. 64] .
Yurt
–
“among some nomadic peoples of Asia and
Southern Siberia: a portable, cone-shaped
dwelling, covered with felt and animal skins” [9].
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V. Names of persons (by occupation, position,
rank): jigit, shepherd, bai, khan.
“
-
Tell me!” the salesman interrupted him. “I know
you, stinking bais. You sit in the mountains, have
as much land and hay as you want. There are
forests all around
–
you can’t go around them in
three days. Do you keep cattle? And you’re stingy
about giving away a kopeck. Buy a silk blanket,
there’s only one sewing machine left…”
- Eh, what's the point of talking to you! - the seller
waved his hand. - It was a waste of time to come.
And where is Orozkul ?
“In the morning, I think, he went to Aksai. The
shepherds had some business …” [1, p. 20].
Bai. In Central Asia: a wealthy landowner or cattle
breeder, chaban
–
a shepherd , primarily one who
herds sheep [ 9 ], borrowed in the 19th century
from the Turkic language (cf. Turkic choban
–
“shepherd”) [10, p. 486].
“The horsemen dropped to one knee to lift his
mortal div onto their str
ong shoulders” [1, p.
55].
Dzhigit
–
“a skilled horseman (originally among
the Caucasian highlanders, Cossacks)” [9] .
The batyr Kulche led for many years, went on
many campaigns, fought in many battles” [1, p.
54].
Batyr is not recorded in explanatory dictionaries
of the Russian language, it is used the meaning of
"strong, hero", however, it should be noted that
the word bogatyr is formed from the Turkic
language from the ancient Mongolian word batur,
which means "strong, hero".
VI . Names of clothing and footwear : robe,
bashlyk, ak -kolpak, tebetey , chuvyaki.
“And the singers, riding on argamaks given to
them by the sons of the deceased, showing off in
the sable hats and silk robes given to them, vied
with each other in praising both the deceased and
his
heirs...” [1, p. 64].
The word “robe” is borrowed from the Turkish
language, where the Turkish chilat
–
“robe” goes
back to the Arabic hil ' at
–
“honorable clothing”
[10, p. 289] .
“And in the summer Momun wore an antediluvian
felt hat, the ‘former’ ak
-kolpak
–
a white cap
trimmed with black, shabby satin along the brim,
and in the winter
–
also antediluvian
–
a
sheepskin tebetey . He gave his grandson the
green uniform cap of a forest worker to wear” [1,
p. 24].
The words ak -kolpak, tebetey are not noted in
explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language,
but in his narrative Ch. Aitmatov introduces into
the context the interpretation of these words: ak -
kolpak - white cap, tebetey - headdress (cf.
tyubeteika - "a small patterned oriental cap
without a crown or brim, fitting tightly to the
head").
VII . Religious vocabulary : astaprilla , Allah,
dervish, mullah, shaitan, Koran.
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"
–
“Astapralla ! What’s wrong with you?”
Grandfather Momun and Grandmother began to
wail in unison ” [1, p. 111] .
Astapralla - God forbid. This word is not noted in
explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language,
but Ch. Aitmatov gives a link to a footnote on the
same page, where the translation of the word is
indicated: "God forbid."
USH. Names of dances, musical instruments :
karnai, dobulbasi , sirtaki, chamguri .
“The trumpeters prepared to play the war
trumpets
–
karnai , the drummers to beat the
drums
–
dobulbasy
–
so that the taiga would sway,
so that the birds would fly up into the sky in a
cloud and circle with a din and a groan, so that the
beast would run through the thickets with a wild
snort, so that the grass would press itself to the
ground, so that the echo would rumble in the
mountains, so that the mountains would tremble
” [1, p. 55].
In dictionaries of the modern Russian language,
the words karnai and dobulbasy are not noted,
but Ch. Aitmatov gives explanations in the context
of the narrative: karnai
–
“battle pipes”,
dobulbasy
–
“drums”.
1X. Words that name national-linguistic images:
onomastic vocabulary, words of speech etiquette.
The composition of the onomastic vocabulary
includes : 1) male and female names ( Orozkul ,
Seidakhmat , Kulche , Bugubay , Kulubek , Koketay
, Momun , Chipalak , Tashmat , Ermat , Baimat ,
Bekey , Guldzhamal ): “There were only thre
e
women: grandma, aunt Bekey “
-
his mother’s
sister, the wife of the most important person at
the cordon, the patrolman Orozkul , and the wife
of the auxiliary worker Seidakhmat - young
Guldzhamal with her girl in her arms” [1] .
2) animal nicknames ( Balt
ek , Alabash ): “The
grey horse Alabash , which he ( Orozkul ) did not
allow anyone but himself to ride, was under a
riding saddle with copper stirrups, with a chest
strap, with jingling silver pendants.
He called Baltek , a lazy, shaggy dog. Orozkul kept
threatening to shoot him - why, he said, keep such
a dog. But the grandfather kept begging him to
wait: he needed to get a shepherd, and take Baltek
somewhere and leave him. Baltek didn't care
about anything - he slept when he was full, and
when he was hungry he was always sucking up to
someone, his own and strangers indiscriminately,
just so they would throw him something. That's
what he was like, the dog Baltek . …" [1].
3) the name of the tribes ( Bugu , Kashgar ,
Kipchaks): “ Bugubai grew up, took a bea
uty from
the Kipchak tribe, and the Bug clan began to
multiply - the clan of the Horned Mother Deer.
The Bugin clan on Issyk-Kul became large and
strong. The Bugins revered the Horned Mother
Deer as a shrine. On the Bugin yurts above the
entrance, a sign was embroidered - the horns of a
maral, so that it could be seen from afar that the
yurt belonged to the Bugu clan. When the Bugins
repelled enemy raids, when they competed in
races, the cry was heard: “Bugu!” And the Bugins
always emerged victorious” [1] .
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The names of the tribes
–
Bugu , Kashgar ,
Kipchaks
–
are not recorded in explanatory
dictionaries, however, these words can form
word-formation families: Bugu
–
Buginets
–
Buginsky ; Kashkars
–
Kashgar , Kipchaks
–
Kipchak.
4) geographical names (San-Tash, Issyk-Kul,
Aksai, Kungei , Dzhelesay ): “And the mountains
Kungei , facing the sun; on the slopes of Kungei
nothing grew but grass… And at the farthest edge
of the earth, as far as the eye could reach, beyond
the sandy coastal strip, the convex curvature of
the lake was thickly blue. That was Issyk-Kul .
There, water and sky touched. And beyond that,
there was nothing. The lake lay motionless,
shining and deserted. … The Dzhelesay hollow
was treeless, only here and there old, lonely pines
remained after the felling. He went to San-Tash.
The shop truck, making the rounds with goods
from the cattle breeders in the mountains,
sometimes looked in on them at the forest cordon,
in the San- Tashskaya Pad [1] .
These toponyms can create word-forming nests:
Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul, San-Tash - San- Tash,
Dzhelesai - Dzhelesaysky.
Words of speech etiquette, address: ata ,
baybiche, eneke , aksakal, assalam-alaikum, mash
-Allah, hait.
“We’ll find out. Come on, ata , let’s go to the place
where you saw the marals,” said
the boy, “I want
to see them too [1, p. 92].
Ata (literally: father)
–
an address to a
grandfather.
"
–
Hello, aksakal. Hello, baibiche ...
-
Aksakal, open up! We’re freezing! …” [1].
Aksakal (literally: white beard) is an address to an
elderly, old person, not noted in explanatory
dictionaries of the Russian language, one can form
the adjective -
aksakalsky : “And Momun’s
appearance was not at all aksakal-
like ” [1].
Baybiche is not noted in dictionaries; it is used to
address an elderly woman.
"Aunt Bekey began to calm her down, to persuade
her. The boy guessed what she was saying. About
the same as before: "Calm down, eneke " [1].
The word eneke is not noted in dictionaries, it
means addressing. Ch. Aitmatov gives a footnote
in which he explains the meaning of the word
–
“mother”.
“ Assalam
-
alaikum , great merchant!” he said,
half-jokingly, half-
seriously. “Has your caravan
arrived safely , and is your trade going well?”
Momun , beami
ng, shook the seller’s hand. “How
much water has flowed under the bridge since we
last saw each other! Welcome!” [1].
Assalam-alaikum is a greeting accepted among
the Turkic peoples.
Thus, in the works of Ch. Aitmatov, oriental
vocabulary is widely used, allowing the writer to
convey national color.
It should be noted that the eastern vocabulary is
dominated by everyday vocabulary, which has a
neutral character.
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VOLUME
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OCLC
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Many words of Eastern vocabulary have already
been sufficiently mastered by the Russian
language and are recorded in explanatory
dictionaries (cf.: robe, pencil). Here we can
include words that have not yet been included in
explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian
language, but are well known to the Russian-
speaking population (cf.: aksakal, ata , karnay).
Not all eastern lexemes have been mastered by
the Russian language, these are mainly culturally
marked lexemes. Ch. Aitmatov introduces the
main part of the unmastered eastern vocabulary
directly, without commentary, since the meaning
is revealed in the context, the writer provides
another part of the lexemes with commentary in
the text itself ( tebetey, dobulbasy ). Ch. Aitmatov
provides words of speech etiquette with
translation in a footnote. But there are few such
words - eneke, astapirilla , and they are perceived
without any particular difficulties [6].
Eastern lexemes, gradually being adopted into the
text, acquire grammatical forms of the Russian
language: aksakal is masculine, and exhibits
word-formation activity
–
aksakalsky.
Eastern vocabulary defines a national, distinctive
intonation, that allows one to convey the life of
the people, their interests, and beliefs more
vividly and figuratively.
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–
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3.
Bakhtiyarova A.N., Fatkullina F. Arabic
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