Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
263
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
263-266
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
This scientific article is devoted to the topic of gradation in Uzbek and world linguistics. It tells when the
theory of gradation appeared in Uzbek and world linguistics and how and by whom it was studied. Various
definitions of gradation are given. It is proven how important the level of emotionality of the listener is
when learning a foreign language and communicating in this language.
K
EYWORDS
Gradation, graduality, climax, anticlimax, emotion.
I
NTRODUCTION
Gradation comes from the Latin word “gradate”
which means to increase by degrees. There are
two types of it: it consists of a climax (rise) and an
anticlimax (decline) process.
Gradation is a methodological process of
strengthening the meaning of one part of speech.
In fiction, the gradation method is used to
compare situations, feelings and experiences, and
to fully express emotions. In the literature,
gradation is classified differently according to its
characteristics: according to its essence:
ascending gradation and descending gradation;
according to the method of expression: logical,
emotional and quantitative gradation; according
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Research Article
GRADATION IN UZBEK AND WORLD LINGUISTICS
Submission Date:
December 15,
2024,
Accepted Date:
December 20, 2024,
Published Date:
December 25, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-12-40
Aslonova Husnida Botirjon qizi
Uzbekistan state world languages university, Teacher of department of Korean filology, Uzbekistan
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
264
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
263-266
OCLC
–
1368736135
to the material of expression: it is divided into
lexical gradation and syntactic gradation.
M
ETHODS
The first research on the phenomenon of
graduonymy is directly related to Aristotle
depends, he identified 10 categories in his
research (substance, quantity, quality, relation,
time, space, state, place, action, experience) equal
to separation in addition to the comparison and
quantity categories, the quality category among
them
entered, noting that they have more/less degrees
in some cases, not only the ranking mechanism,
but the words that tend to rank defined the
category, that is, the level object. These words
included the categories of signs and
characteristics and more/less concepts are
compared with each other. In addition to being at
the same level as "being in opposition to itself and
can be used to a greater or lesser extent. A
scientist contrasted the contradiction with the
method of opposition and in terms of meaning
graduonymy contrasts sharply with synonymy
and antonymy relationships which embodied in
the phenomenon, the basis of graduonymy is the
interaction of two phenomena also limited their
relations. United under the gradation sign
complete contradiction of the two extreme units
of the series, the contradiction is based on the
denotative scheme rather, it is observed that it
occurs on the basis of connotative sema. [2.12-
13.]
Gradation has been studied by many scientists in
different ways. For example, by I. Galperin,
together with the term graduonymy, the term
gradation is defined as “positioning in an order
that ensures a gradual increase or decrease”,
where the climax is defined as a gradual growth
and a stylistic tool. [3.334.] M. Biervish defines the
term gradation and applied to qualitative and
partial adverbial levels and expressed his opinion
about their specific semantic and syntactic
features. [1.70-
75] “Gradation” is defined as “a
sign,
a
step-by-step,
alternating
increase/decrease of movement from one state to
another”. [2
.18.] Another scientist, O. Akhmanova,
commented: “Gradation is a general term
combining climax and anticlimax, where the
climax is the fact that each key part of the
sentence is more saturated, expressive or
impressive than the previous one. “. [5.571.] S
o,
the word gradatio, which actually exists in Latin,
means “increase, growth”, gradi “to take a step”
and gradus “step, movement, approach, step,
degree” formed from the words. [2.19.]
A special scientific study of the phenomenon of
gradualism is connected with recent history.
Uzbek linguist Sh. Orifjonova researched lexical
gradualism, while O. Bozorov proved for the first
time in science that linguistic gradualism is a
linguistic regularity and revealed the natural-
ontological, philosophical, logical, methodological
nature of the mechanism and phenomenon of
gradualism
Graduality is the phenomenon of gradual,
sequential change of a sign, from less to more,
from quantity to quality. The basis of the
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
265
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
263-266
OCLC
–
1368736135
philosophical study of gradualism and the scope
of its formation show that this phenomenon
occurs among types of languages, in connections
between language families and dialects of the
same language, in general, all levels of the
language, their units, general and specific
systems. The term "graduality" was interpreted
for the first time in Uzbek linguistics in 1989 as a
form of semantic relations between words. In
1990, this term was cited as a scientific
hypothesis in R. Safarova's candidacy thesis. In
1996, Sh. Orifjonova thoroughly researched
gradualism in her candidate work and revealed
its connections with synonymy, antonymy, and
hyponymy. The gradual phenomenon was
founded and improved in Uzbek linguistics and
gained its place in Russian linguistics. In 1997, the
linguist O. Bozorov defended his doctoral
dissertation, putting forward the idea that
gradualness is a general type of relationship
characteristic not only in the system of word
relations, but also in the fields of phonetics and
phonology, morphology, and stylistics. Odiljon
Bozorov approached gradualism as a rule. In his
doctoral work, the scientist revealed the place of
linguistic gradualism in philosophy, dialectics,
and logic, and researched the phenomenon of
gradualism in the construction of the Uzbek
language, and on this basis determined the
criteria and signs of gradual classification.
It is important to research such issues as the
methodology of studying gradualism, the
necessity
of
researching
two-member
classification in logic and linguistics, taking into
account the dialectic of form and content of
linguistic units in multi-member classification,
and the combination of methods in studying
linguistic gradualism. [4.179.]
As you have seen above, the article has been done
on gradation in both Uzbek linguistics and world
linguistics. However each of them analyzed that
gradation occurs in different means. To this day,
no one has touched the grading of human
emotions. How important is a person's emotion to
an event? During our life, we face various
situations and events. One of the natural
characteristics of a person is to react to the
situation and express his emotions. A person
cannot live without emotions. It is important to
express an emotion that is suitable for the
purpose and the situation when expressing an
emotion to a particular situation. Expressing a
very strong emotion to a simple event, or
expressing a low level of emotion to a major
change can disturb communication and even
cause misunderstandings and conflicts between
partners. It is to solve this problem that gradation
comes to the rescue.
R
ESULTS
Below we will analyze the grade of emotion
expressed in Korean in two different situations.
1.
가
:
언니
,
제가
GKS
장학금을
땄어요
.
이제
내년부터
한국에
가서
돈도
받고
무료로
석사
과정
공부할
거예요
.
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
266
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
263-266
OCLC
–
1368736135
(-Sister, I won the GKS grand. Now, starting next
year, I will study for a master's degree in Korea
with a scholarship!)
나
:
응
,
잘했어
.
축하해
.
(-Hm, well done. Congratulations.)
2.
가
:
언니
,
제가
GKS
장학금을
땄어요
.
이제
내년부터
한국에
가서
돈도
받고
무료로
석사
과정
공부할
거예요
.
(-Sister, I won the GKS grand. Now, starting next
year, I will study for a master's degree in Korea
with a scholarship!))
나
:
우와
,
대박이다
.
열심히
공부했구나
.
애
썼어
.
정말
축하해
.
(-Wow, cool. You studied hard. Congratulations,
congratulations.)
If we analyze the above two conversations, the
second conversation is much more natural than
the first conversation. In the first conversation,
the listener had only a low grade of reaction to the
important event. His emotions are almost
invisible. In the second conversation, the listener
showed a suitable reaction and emotion to the
speaker's words.
C
ONCLUSION
Based on the above discussions, we can say that
even the emotion we express should be properly
graded and we should express emotion at a level
appropriate to the event. The goal of learning a
foreign language is to be able to communicate
freely and naturally in that language. The level of
mastery of a foreign language is evaluated by the
ability to speak it. In order to communicate
naturally, it is necessary to express an emotion
appropriate to the event taking place during the
conversation. Only then the communication
becomes interesting and natural. Sufficiently
expressed emotion shows that you fully
understand the partner's speech and makes your
attitude natural in expressing your opinion.
Therefore, when teaching a foreign language to
students, great attention should be paid to how
and to what extent emotions are expressed.
R
EFERENCES
1.
Bierwisch M. The Semantics of Gradation.
–
Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
–
262p.
2.
Dustmamatova N.M. O‘zbek var us tillarida
lug‘aviy
graduonimiya.
Dissertatsiya.
Tashkent: 2023,- 160 b.
3.
Galperin I. Stylistics.
–
М.: Высшая школа,
1977.
–
334 с.
4.
Sharipova Sh. Graduallik hodisasining o‘zbek
tilshunosligida tadqiqi. Maqola. Analytical
journal of education and development.
Toshkent,- 2022y-B.179.
5.
Словарь лингвистических терминов.–М.:
Едиториал УРСС, 2004.–
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