Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
147
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
147-159
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
The article provides information about a new method of deep loosening of the subsoil layer of soil, based
on the application of the energy of a detonation wave. For this purpose, the design and justification of the
parameters of a device that impacts the soil non-contact and operates based on detonation energy,
intended for deep loosening of the subsoil layer of soil, were developed.
K
EYWORDS
Subsoil horizon, loosening, deep loosener, detonation wave, gas-dynamic impulse, soil, detonation,
pressure impulse, shock wave, stress.
I
NTRODUCTION
One of the directions of the ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan is to enhance the efficiency of agricultural
production. There are various paths and methods to elevate agricultural production to a global level. This
can be achieved through the intensification of agricultural production, primarily by applying scientifically
grounded systems of agriculture, efficient use of land resources, and increasing their fertility. Enhancing
the efficiency of irrigated land use is impossible without improving the fertility of the subsoil layer through
deep soil processing.
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
APPLICATION OF THE GAS-DYNAMIC PRINCIPLE OF DEEP
LOOSENING OF THE SUBSOIL ARZYK LAYER OF SOIL
Submission Date:
December 10,
2024,
Accepted Date:
December 15, 2024,
Published Date:
December 20, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-12-23
Tojiyev Rasuljon Jumabayevich
Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Orchid: -https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5636-5840
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
148
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
147-159
OCLC
–
1368736135
At a bulk density of subsoil horizons of 1.4 g/cm³, especially at 1.5 g/cm³ and above, plant roots primarily
develop in the plow layer, which is prone to frequent drying during hot summer periods.
M.V. Mukhamajanov [1] believed that dense subsoil horizons over vast areas of old irrigated lands
contribute little to the yield of agricultural crops, effectively lying as dead capital. In his opinion, these
layers can be made water- and root-permeable for cotton by loosening them without turning the layer over.
According to experiments conducted at the Institute of Experimental Biology of Plants of the Academy of
Sciences of Uzbekistan, loosening the soil to a depth of 50 to 60 cm in combination with ordinary plowing
to a depth of 30 cm allows for an increase in the yield of raw cotton by an average of 3 to 4 centners per
hectare compared to ordinary plowing to 30 cm, due to better moisture penetration into the soil, aeration,
and improved nutrient uptake by plants.
Experience from foreign cotton farming, especially in the USA, also indicates a rather widespread adoption
of periodic deep soil loosening, for which special tools (subsoilers, kilifers, etc.) have been created and
produced. Some practical experience in deep soil loosening (up to 50 cm) on old irrigated lands with
compacted subsoil layers has been accumulated in the Bukhara, Andijan, Fergana, and Namangan regions.
However, the widespread application of this method is hindered by the lack of highly efficient soil
treatment tools in production.
Deep soil processing is fairly widespread in Western European countries, the USA, and Canada. In Arizona
(USA), the depth of soil processing for cotton on serozem soils has reached 50 cm or more [2]. According
to many farmers and researchers at experimental stations, deep processing, especially on heavy soils,
improves conditions for cotton development [3]. In arid regions of the USA, deep loosening is considered
the most promising method for combating salinity, resulting in at least a 10% increase in yield.
M.V. Mukhamajanov and S. Suleimanov [1] established that in compacted layers, the main and lateral roots
of cotton are forced to change their growth direction toward less compacted layers.
With deep processing, the root system of cotton develops in favorable conditions, experiencing minimal
deformation, less compression, and less bending (see Fig. 1), and is covered with lateral branches along its
entire length. Thus, according to M.V. Mukhamajanov and S. Suleimanov [1], when plowing to a depth of 30
cm and loosening the soil to 55 cm, the number of taproots directed vertically downward with almost no
deformation was four times greater than with plowing to 30 cm without loosening. The experiments of A.
Juraev [1] confirmed that loosening the subsoil horizon to 50 cm allowed cotton roots to penetrate to a
depth of 190 cm, which led to an increase in the yield of raw cotton.
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
149
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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Pages:
147-159
OCLC
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1368736135
Fig. 1. Development of the cotton root system with depth of processing.
The deep loosening devices currently in use do not meet modern energy efficiency requirements and have
low productivity. Therefore, we have proposed a new method for deep loosening of the subsoil layer, based
on the application of detonation wave energy, which has not been used anywhere before.
We conducted theoretical and experimental research on the use of detonation energy during the drilling of
boreholes to improve the meliorative condition of lands and increase the yield of cotton.
First, we will provide a brief overview of the development of the theory and experiments on the detonation
of gas mixtures. This is necessary primarily for the correct selection of theoretical tools in determining the
main design parameters.
It should be noted that detonation is the process of flame front propagation in gas and condensed mixtures
of fuel and oxidizer, consisting of a shock wave, a zone of chemical reactions, and a zone of expansion of
the products of chemical reactions. This type of combustion, unlike so-called normal combustion, is
characterized by high velocities. For example, for most hydrocarbon fuel mixtures (acetylene, propane,
gasoline, etc.) with air, the propagation speed lies in the range of 1600-1800 m/s, while for condensed
mixtures (such as TNT), it is 6000-7000 m/s.
After the arrival of the DW at the open end of the tube, a rarefaction wave forms in the direction of the
closed end, since the flow speed of the DP is less than the speed of sound. The pressure at the closed end
before the arrival of the rarefaction wave remains constant and is equal to P.
With a known value of M (D) of the shock wave in air, the parameters of the air behind the shock wave are
determined by known dependencies [38].
1.
𝑃
1𝑚
− 𝑃
0
=
2𝜌
0
∙𝐷
2
𝐾+1
(1 −
𝐶
0
2
𝐷
2
) →
𝑃
1𝑚
𝑃
0
= 1 +
2∙𝜌
0
∙𝐷
2
𝐾∙𝜌
0
∙𝐶
0
2
(𝐾+1)
∙ (1 −
𝐶
0
2
𝐷
2
) → 𝑃
1𝑚
=
𝑃
1𝑚
𝑃
0
= 1 +
2𝑀
2
𝐾(𝐾+1)
∙
(
𝑀
2
−1
𝑀
2
) , at the same time [𝑃
0
= 𝐾 ∙ 𝜌
0
∙ 𝐶
0
2
]
(1)
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2.
𝑈
1𝑚
=
2𝐷
𝐾+1
∙ (1 −
𝐶
0
2
𝐷
2
) → 𝑈
̅
1𝑚
=
𝑈
1𝑚
𝐶
0
=
2𝑀
𝐾+1
∙ (
𝑀
2
−1
𝑀
2
) (2)
3. 𝜌
1𝑚
= 𝜌
0
[1 −
2
𝐾+1
(1 −
𝐶
0
2
𝐷
2
)
−1
] → 𝜌̅
1𝑚
=
𝜌
1𝑚
𝜌
0
= [1
2
𝐾+1
(
𝑀
2
−1
𝑀
2
)]
−1
(3)
At
the
contact
discontinuity
between
the
air
and
combustion
products:
due to the continuity of pressure
P
and speed at the contact discontinuity.
1)
𝑃
𝑘𝑝
= 𝑃
1𝑚
2)
𝑈
𝑘𝑝
= 𝑈
1𝑚
3)
𝜌
𝑘𝑝
≠ 𝜌
1𝑚
Since
ρ
,
u
, and
T
lose continuity at the contact discontinuity line;
“T”
due to the heating of the
“PS”
: and
“ρ”
already
due to
“
T
”
. Therefore,
ρₖᵣ
and
T
ₖᵣ
are determined as follows:
It is shown that the
“PS”
expand at the end with a variable angle
λ
= f(t)
, where
t
is the time from the beginning of the
outflow.
In the initial phase of the outflow, the angle is maximized:
d
- diameter of the impact spot.
Assuming that the
“
PS
”
expand isentropically in the jet, and taking the adiabatic proof of
“
PS
”
as
K
ₖᵣ
= K_air
/(actually
K
ₖᵣ
= 1.29
,
K = 1.4
)/, we find:
3)
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
0
0
2
1
1
(
1)
k
k
kp
k
m
kp
m
M
M
P
K K
M
−
=
=
=
= +
+
(4)
4)
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
0
0
0
2
1
1
(
1)
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
kp
k
kp
m
kp
m
T
M
T
M
M
P
T
K K
−
−
−
−
−
=
=
=
=
= +
−
(5)
These quantities are maximal for the chosen point in space; then, there is a decrease in these quantities from the
moment the shock wave arrives at this point in space (
τ
= 0
) until the end of the effect (
τₖₐ
), where (
τₖₐ
is the time of the
air compression phase).
Thus, the variable field of flow parameters for a pipe of length
L
, diameter
d
, filled with a stoichiometric gasoline-
air mixture, can be expressed as a function of a single variable
χ
.
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𝑃
𝑛𝑐
𝑃
0
= 𝑃
𝑛𝑐
=
𝑃
𝑘𝑝
(𝜒̅)
𝜏
𝑐
8
(𝜒)
[𝜏
𝑐
(𝜒̅) − 𝜏]
8
(6)
𝑃̅
𝑘𝑝
(𝜒̅) = 𝑃
1𝑚
(𝜒̅) = 1 +
2𝑀
2
𝐾(𝐾 + 1)
∙ (
𝑀
2
− 1
𝑀
2
) , М =
5
𝜒 + 1
+ 1 (7)
𝜌
𝑛𝑐
𝜌
0
= 𝜌̅
𝑛𝑐
= (𝑃
𝑛𝑐
)
1
𝑘
(8)
𝑇
𝑛𝑐
𝑇
0
= 𝑇̅
𝑛𝑐
(𝑃̅
𝑛𝑐
)
𝑘−1
𝑘
(9)
𝑈
𝑛𝑐
𝐶
0
= 𝑈
̅
𝑛𝑐
=
𝑈
̅
𝑘𝑝
𝜏̅
𝑐
4
[𝜏̅
𝑐
(𝜒̅) − 𝜏̅]
4
(10)
𝑈
̅
𝑘𝑝
(𝜒̅) = 𝑈
̅
1𝑚
(𝜒̅) =
2𝑀
𝐾 + 1
(
𝑀
2
− 1
𝑀
2
) (11)
𝜏̅
𝑐
= 𝜏̅
𝑐˳
∙ 𝑙
−0,17∙𝜒
̅
= 3,8 ∙ 𝑙
−0,17∙𝜒
̅
, 𝜏̅
𝑐
=
𝜏
𝑐
∙𝐶
0
𝐿
(12)
The calculation of the flow process between the open end of the pipe and the ground surface provides a clear
representation of the characteristic flow zones, geometry, and the overall time of the process. For accuracy and
convenience in determining the initial data regarding the load on the ground from the action of the detonation pipe,
experiments were conducted according to the following scheme.
Description of the process:
In a pipe of length
L
ₖʳ
and diameter
d
ₖʳ
, a detonation of a fuel-air mixture occurs. From the open end of the pipe,
which is at a distance
l
from the ground surface, an shock wave and a flow of detonation products exit. The wave and flow
expand on their way to the surface and impact the ground in the area of the "spot" with a diameter of
d
ₖ
.
The expansion is determined by the angle
λ
. For a given diameter
d
ₖʳ
and different lengths
L
ₖʳ
, measurements of
the force exerted at various distances
l
were carried out.
The measurement was performed using a special device in which the force was perceived by a plate resting on a
gas (air) cushion. From the measurements of the change in pressure in the gas cushion, the effective force was calculated.
The results were approximated by the following dependencies:
F
(𝑡) = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑆 ∙ 𝑙
−𝛼𝑡
The force acting on the "spot" with a diameter of
d
ₖ
.
S=
𝜋
4
𝑑
𝑛
2
Area of the "spot" / cm²/.
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35 - a
number
reflecting the
pressure in the
shock
wave
and the speed
of
the
detonation
products behind the wave.
l -
the number “l”
α
- the exponent in the approximation dependence. It is determined from experimental functions F(t) and expresses
the dependence of F(t) on the length of the pipe L_(
т
p).
The central idea of the research is the application of the detonation wave as a "tool" for force impact. Detonation of
conventional fuels (gasoline, gas) with air produces a force impulse with the following parameters:
•
Pressure in the shock wave: 35 atm;
•
Velocity of detonation products: 800 m/s;
•
Movement of the detonation wave through the channel at a speed of
approximately 1600 to 1800 m/s.
Such a gas-dynamic impulse impacts any surface as a sharp, brief blow. The force of the
blow and its direction can be regulated, allowing the impact to be directed, for example,
strictly perpendicular to the surface without lateral (shear) components of force. The
"tool" here is the gas-dynamic impulse, in contrast to the claws of a deep tillage tool.
According to the recommendations presented in the literature, the shape of the
head part of the contact surface can be approximated as the surface of a hemisphere. The
distribution of pressure on the surface of the head of the hemisphere is critical in the force
impact of the soil on the contact surface. B.G. Korenyev and I.T. Rabinovich [4] suggest considering the soil as a plastically
(irreversibly) compressible continuous medium that possesses internal "friction and cohesion" between the conditional
particles. Therefore, the total resistance force F
сопр
of the soil applied to the contact surface of the gas-detonation pipe can
be determined as follows.
F
сопр
= F
1
+ F
2
+F
3
(13)
where:
F
1
–
the force of dynamic resistance caused by the inertia of the particles of the medium, as well as the friction between
them;
F
2
–
the friction force at the contact surface;
F
3
–
the force of static resistance, the magnitude of which depends only on the strength of the barrier.
The static (strength) resistance force is determined by the formula:
t
Time, from “0” to
t
k
=3.5 L
тр
\Spg
𝑡
𝑘
Final time, outflow / process time
С
п𝑔
Speed of sound in the products of detonation of the fuel-air
mixture
А=35
∙ (13 − 𝑙)
Dependence reflecting the decrease in impact force with
increasing “l”
0
≤ 𝑙 ≤ 0,07
Measurements were taken in these ranges of “l” for the pipe
d_
тр
= 25 mm (the pipe used in the loosening devices).
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2
*
*
3
2
*
*
( )
4
( )
( )
4
d
P
при P t
P
F
d
P t
при P t
P
=
(14)
where
Р
*
- compressive strength of soil.;
Р
(t)
–
pressure impulse on the contact surface from the gas.
The force F
1
of dynamic resistance is calculated using the formula proposed by A.Ya. Sagomonian [5, 6].
2
0
2
1
v
4
285
,
0
=
d
F
(15)
where
- magnitude of excess pressure.;
0
–
initial soil density;
v
–
velocity of the contact surface..
In this case, the insertion involves not a solid hemisphere but a gas under increased pressure. Therefore, the
interfacial friction force F
2
can be represented as the friction forces of the combustion products that are under higher
pressure against the soil.
As is known, the friction force F
2
is determined by the formula.
F
2
= f
Р
(16)
where f
–
friction coefficient;
Р
–
normal pressure on the soil.
The soil mass affected by the shock wave will undergo deformation at all its points. It is
noteworthy that there are multiple points within this mass with identical stress values, and the
geometric locus of these points must represent a certain regular curve.
Figure 2. Calculation scheme.
Under uniform or strip loading, the position of any point is most simply determined using polar coordinates, i.e.,
the angle formed by rays from the point to the edges of the strip. These angles are referred to as the angle of visibility and
are denoted as 2β2\beta2β. The ray is inclined to the vertical at angles β1or β2 if they are measured from their verticals in
the same direction, they are considered positive. If they are measured in opposite directions, one of them is given a negative
sign. The algebraic sum of angles β1 and β2 equals the angle of visibility.
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In the soil mass, there can be an infinite number of points with the same angle of visibility. However, since all of them
correspond to the same width of the strip, like a chord, their geometric locus forms a circle, with the angles of visibility
inscribed within this circle. Therefore, one can take the most convenient specific position of points on the circle drawn
through an arbitrary point M and derive a relationship for the principal stresses, normal and tangential, at any point.
It is known that the vectors of the principal stresses σ1 from the loading of the shock wave are directed along the bisectors
of the angles of visibility, while the stress σ2is perpendicular to them.
The loads from the shock wave can be represented as a system of numerous concentrated elemental forces, continuous over
a segment equal to the width 2d of the diameter of the detonation pipe. By utilizing the well-known formulas of Flanagan
and Mitchell [7] and integrating the stresses due to these forces within the angle of visibility, we can obtain the following
formulas for the principal stresses at any point in a linearly deformable soil mass:
1
2
(2
sin 2 )
(2
sin 2 )
P
P
=
+
=
−
(17)
where
- angle of visibility.
"Formula (27) describes the mechanism of stress distribution in the soil layer at the open end of the detonation pipe."
If you need the translation for the specific formula (28) as well, please provide the formula or its content!
2
sin
2
1
+
=
P
(18)
Considering (29), the interfacial friction force can be written as follows:
2
sin
2
1
2
+
=
f
F
(19)
"To determine the total soil resistance force Fsop applied to the contact of the detonation pipe, the values of F1, F2, and
F3 are used.
+
+
+
=
sin
2
4
4
285
,
0
F
1
2
*
2
0
2
сопр
f
d
P
v
d
(20)
When the contact surface moves, the force acting on it from the gas equals the resistance force of the soil. This
condition, taking into account formulas (6, 7), can be expressed as follows.
4
285
,
0
4
)
(
4
2
*
2
2
2
d
P
v
d
t
P
d
+
=
(21)
,
t
t
P
−
=
)
(
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From this, the relationship for determining the penetration speed can be derived.
0
*
)
(
875
,
1
−
=
P
t
P
v
(22)
to zero over time.
*
1
1
P
n
t
=
The penetration depth XXX is determined from the expression.
−
−
=
1
0
0
875
,
1
t
t
dt
P
e
X
After integration, we will obtain.
−
−
−
=
1
1
752
,
3
*
*
*
P
arctd
P
P
X
o
(23)
is "Multiplying X by the pulse frequency f will give us the drilling speed V
бур
.
V
бур
= X f
(24)
The mechanized method is based on the principle of detonation of fuel-air mixtures in pipes, as described earlier.
The force of the micro-explosions can be regulated both by the magnitude of each individual explosion and by the
frequency of their occurrence. The created and tested explosion generators are capable of producing up to 20 micro-
explosions per second.
Fig.
3.
Diagram
of
the
detonation
wave
generator.
1 - device for supplying fuel-air mixture (TVC); 2 - flame barrier valve; 3 - ignition chamber; 4 - spark
plug; 5 - tube accelerator; 6 - pipe; 7 - signal sensor; 8 - nozzles; 9 - combustion products (PS); 10 -
shock wave."
The detonation wave formed in the combustion chamber, upon exiting the open end of the pipe,
breaks down into a shock wave that propagates through the air and is followed by a flow of
combustion products (Fig. 9).
The use of the detonation pipe as a tool for creating boreholes in the compacted sublayer of irrigated
soils, typical for cotton-growing regions and leading to waterlogging, salinization, and loss of
fertility in large areas of soil, is discussed.
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The technological scheme for using the generator to create drainage holes (boreholes) is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The
detonation pipe, aimed with its open end toward the soil and moved vertically, produces a cylindrical borehole. According
to experimental data, the drilling speed is 1.5 m/min.
The process of borehole formation occurs as follows: In the 1st phase, the pipe is filled with a fuel-air mixture; in the 2nd
phase, ignition occurs, and the detonation wave travels to the open end of the pipe; in the 3rd phase, the detonation wave
and combustion products flow into the borehole, breaking the soil into small fragments. The flow of combustion products
carries the broken soil out of the borehole. If an explosion occurs in the borehole during the 1st phase, pressure increases at
the bottom, leading to the cracking of the borehole's side walls.
After the combustion products are released into the atmosphere, the pipe is filled with the mixture again, and the cycle
repeats.
The size of the side cracks (their length) is about 30 cm. According to specialists' recommendations, the density of boreholes
(boreholes) in saline areas should be 50 holes per hectare.
Fig. 4. Scheme of the mutual arrangement of detonation generators buried in the soil.
h
nch
- arable layer;
h
ych
- compacted layer;
h - buried under the compacted layer;
1 - detonation pipes;
2 - walls of the borehole;
3 - cracks in the soil from the walls of the borehole.
Fig. 5. Scheme of the mutual arrangement of boreholes (plan view).
A
-
distance
between
two
neighboring
boreholes
along
the
front;
B - distance between two neighboring boreholes in depth.
The GDRP-3 attachment allows for drilling 8 boreholes with a depth of 2 meters in 3 minutes
of machine time. To adapt the GDRP-3 equipment for the drilling task, additional nozzles
for the detonation pipes and a lifting mechanism need to be manufactured.
The approximate drilling time for one hectare is:
𝑡 =
𝑛(3+Δ𝑡)
8∙60
(25)
where,
Δ
t is the additional time to machine time;
n is the number of boreholes per hectare.
With
Δ
t = 2 minutes, t = 30 minutes."
After processing with the installation based on the use of the impulse of the detonation force, there was a noticeable
increase
in
bicarbonates.
The increase in the content of bicarbonates in the soil layer, in our opinion, is related to the increase in CO2 concentration
directly in this layer, which occurs due to the injection of the fuel-air mixture into the gas-dynamic pipes. After the
introduction of CO2 into relatively moist soils, the following reaction occurs:"
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
Pages:
147-159
OCLC
–
1368736135
𝐻
2
𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂
2
= 𝐻
2
𝐶𝑂
3
(26)
It is known that carbonic acid is weak, but it can quickly react with soil carbonates:
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂
2
+ 𝐻
2
𝐶𝑂
3
= 𝐶𝑎(𝐻𝐶𝑂
3
)2
(27)
The formed H
₂
, CO
₂
, and HCO
₃
maintain a weak alkaline reaction temporarily, thus enriching the soil solution with calcium
and magnesium from their carbonates. As a result, the nitrification process is intensified, leading to improved nutrition of
cotton due to nitrates.
To organize the cyclic operation of the detonation tool (DT), the following design will be developed, consisting of the
following main components (see Fig. 3):
1.
The device for supplying the mixture (I) consists of a nipple with three slots on the flange and a coupling nut with
corresponding projections, allowing for quick disconnection of the TVS supply line for maintenance and repair
work.
2.
The flame barrier valve (2) is located at the entrance of a self-contained unit mounted in the ignition chamber. It
performs the following functions: it ensures the filling of the DT with fresh mixture during the intake phase, prevents
the flow of combustion products (CP) upstream during the working phase of the cycle, and cools the CP entering
the valve grid during the working phase of the cycle, thereby reducing thermal and mechanical stress on the valve.
Additionally, the cooled portion of the CP serves as an intermediate layer between the fresh mixture and the CP during the
exhaust phase. This prevents the spontaneous ignition of the fresh mixture from the CP of the previous cycle."
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147-159
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1368736135
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