Volume 05 Issue 03-2025
45
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
03
Pages:
45-52
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
This article analyzes methods for detecting unauthorized changes in multimedia data based on the Markov
chain model and related problems. The article examines the application of the Markov chain model in
detecting manipulation of multimedia materials, in particular images and videos. The capabilities of the
Markov chain model, in particular, how it works effectively in detecting unauthorized changes in images,
the development of its algorithms and how manipulations can be detected using them are analyzed. The
article also examines the main difficulties and problems that arise in analyzing multimedia data, the
advantages and limitations of tools for fast and efficient analysis of materials of various sizes. This article
is mainly aimed at highlighting the application of the Markov chain model in detecting manipulations in
multimedia materials and its importance in the field of digital forensics.
K
EYWORDS
Markov chain model, multimedia data, unauthorized modification, manipulation detection, digital
forensics, image manipulation, video analysis, document analysis, statistical analysis, analysis algorithms,
signal analysis, network tools, network communication, cybersecurity, analysis methods, multimedia
analysis tools, deepfake technologies, cyber fraud, network security, security assurance, image and video
editing, manipulation detection, document preservation, multimedia analysis tools.
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA DATA
ALTERATION IN CYBERSECURITY BASED ON MARKOV CHAIN
MODEL
Submission Date:
January 30,
2025,
Accepted Date:
February 25, 2025,
Published Date:
March 21, 2025
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-05-03-07
Melikuziev Rustambek Shukhrat ogli
Associate Professor of the Department Tashkent University of Applied Sciences, Tashkent University of
Humanities, Uzbekistan
Volume 05 Issue 03-2025
46
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
03
Pages:
45-52
OCLC
–
1368736135
I
NTRODUCTION
Digital forensics and manipulation of multimedia
data have become a serious risk and threat in
recent years[1]. The increase in the number of
crimes related to image manipulation during the
period 2020-2024 shows that the number of
crimes related to image manipulation is increasing
year by year. This has further increased the need
and necessity for this field (Table 1).
Image manipulation is not only a technical issue,
but also raises social and legal problems. This type
of crime is often associated with violations of
personal rights, damage to reputation and even
fraud. Altered images, false information and their
illegal distribution can lead to an invasion of
citizens' privacy, which can cause serious material
and moral damage.
Table 1.
The manipulation of multimedia data in the field of digital forensics
This problem requires the development of digital forensics, especially specialized software tools for
detecting and investigating image manipulation. For example, tools such as EnCase Forensic, FTK (Forensic
Toolkit), X1 Social Discovery, and PhotoDNA are effective in analyzing digital evidence. Programs such as
PhotoDNA are most effective in detecting image manipulation, providing a high level of accuracy in quickly
identifying manipulated images.
As the number of crimes increases, so does the economic and social cost [2] . In 2020, image manipulation-
related crimes caused an estimated $500,000 in damage, and by 2024, this damage is expected to reach
$800,000 (Figure 1). These figures highlight the need for expertise and resources in the field of image
manipulation and digital forensics. Therefore, effective countermeasures against digital forensics and
multimedia data manipulation, as well as the introduction of advanced technologies in the prevention and
investigation of such crimes, are urgent. Forensic analysis methods need to be further developed to reduce
threats to data security and privacy.
Years
Number of crimes
related to image
manipulation
Number of crimes related to
manipulation of mobile devices
Number of crimes
related to online fraud
2020
1500
3000
5000
2021
1800
3500
6000
2022
2000
4000
7000
2023
2300
4500
7500
2024
2500
5000
8000
Volume 05 Issue 03-2025
47
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
03
Pages:
45-52
OCLC
–
1368736135
Figure 1. Diagram of the amount of damage caused by crimes committed through the
manipulation of multimedia data
In the field of digital forensics, there are several software tools for detecting image manipulation, document
analysis, and other forensic analyses based on Markov chain models. The following software tools are
widely used in the field of forensics and digital forensics:
1.
EnCase Forensic is a very popular and widely used program in digital forensics. It is mainly useful
for analyzing digital evidence, recovering files stored on a computer, studying file systems, and analyzing
images. EnCase also helps in detecting manipulations, such as changes in file systems, and recovering
deleted or hidden files. Another useful feature of EnCase is the ability to automatically analyze documents
and images, which helps forensic experts quickly review large amounts of data. This program in the field
of digital forensics is an excellent tool for storing documents, analyzing them, and detecting errors (Figure
2).
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
2020 yil
2021 yil
2022 yil
2023 yil
2024 yil
Estimed amount of damage (USD)
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VOLUME
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OCLC
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Figure 2. Multimedia documents and the images analysis in doing applicable EnCase Forensic
software of the tool general appearance.
2.
FTK (Forensic Toolkit) is another important tool widely used in digital forensic analysis. FTK is
mainly effective for analyzing disks, recovering files, and detecting manipulated or hidden data. This
program is particularly useful for generating detailed reports on the data being analyzed and for quickly
scanning large numbers of files. FTK allows users to recover deleted files, especially data in various formats
such as images and documents. It also acts as a powerful tool for detecting changes and manipulations
made to files, which plays an important role in forensic investigations. The FTK interface is also intuitive
and allows users to quickly analyze data (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Manipulation made or hidden data determination for applicable FTK ( Forensic Toolkit
(software ) of the tool general appearance .
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3.
X1 Social Discovery is a software tool designed to collect and analyze information from social media
and web pages. It is also used in forensics, including the study of images and documents. This program
allows you to monitor and analyze all activity on social networks, including modified or deleted posts,
messages and user profiles. The program is used, in particular, by law enforcement agencies and digital
forensics specialists to identify evidence related to actions performed by users and information on social
networks. X1 Social Discovery also allows you to quickly and efficiently index files, detect changes, search
for messages and posts, and generate reports on the collected data. This program is known for its high
efficiency and accurate results in analyzing social networks and online resources (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Social networks and online in sources data changes determination for applicable X 1
Social Discovery software of the tool general appearance
4.
Cellebrite UFED (Universal Forensic Extraction Device) is a powerful forensic tool widely used in
extracting and analyzing data from mobile devices and other digital devices. This program is specifically
designed to recover and analyze data from mobile devices (smartphones, tablets, SIM cards, SD cards and
other mobile devices). With Cellbrite UFED, you can recover and analyze images, messages, call logs,
contacts, geolocation data and various other data stored on phones. It also provides the ability to recover
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deleted data, break security locks on devices or access data by breaking passwords (if possible). These
features are especially important for law enforcement agencies and digital forensics professionals.
Cellbrite UFED provides the ability to extract complete and deep information from mobile devices, which
helps to identify not only images and messages, but also other important data stored on devices (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Images , messages and other mobile data in inspection applicable Cellbrite UFED
hardware - software of the tool general appearance .
5.
PhotoDNA
—
images identification to do and manipulations determination for working issued
special software tool . It initially Microsoft by working issued and currently social networks , police and
other the right protection to do offices by is being used . Main purpose child's exploitation or pornography
with related crimes identification , as well as images and videos manipulation to do or change
circumstances [8] . PhotoDNA the images with a digital " signature " compares . This signature of the image
to oneself typical characteristics ( e.g. , colors , textures) and shapes ) see comes out and every one to the
image unique identification number gives . From that then , PhotoDNA this the number global images base
with compares and similar the images quickly This determines software tool manipulation made or
changed the images in determining also effective is , that is of the image initial identification number
changed if the image manipulation that was done shows . This The tool is basically a file . exploitation with
related the content determination and such the images distribution or to keep against in the fight is useful
[9]. PhotoDNA many online platforms and the right protection to do offices by is used because she is very
effective and fast in a way big in size the images scanner and commit violations to determine help Also ,
PhotoDNA personal data and personal security provides , because she is only images and their with digital
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VOLUME
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" signatures " works , that is original images o ' is not changed or personal to the information damage not
delivered ( Figure 6 ).
Figure 6. The working mechanism of the PhotoDNA software tool.
Software tools used in the field of forensics and digital forensics cover a wide range of needs, from detecting
image manipulation to extracting information from mobile devices to analyzing documents. These tools
are effectively used in crime investigation, examining digital evidence, and detecting manipulated images.
An analysis of the capabilities and effectiveness of the above tools is presented in Table 2[10,11]:
Table 2.
Analysis of multimedia data tampering detection tools based on Markov chain model
Software Tool
Scope of
use
Speed
Efficiency
EnCase
Forensics
More than
80%
Fast and efficient analysis of 95% of
images and files
Detect 90% of manipulated files
FTK (Forensic
Toolkit)
80%
Changes are detected at 60% speed
85% detection of file system
manipulations
X1 Social
Discovery
More than
70%
90% of altered posts on social media
are detected
80% of modified social media
data recovery
Cellebrite UFED
75%
Identify images and messages from
mobile devices at 85% speed
95% deleted data recovery
PhotoDNA
More than
90%
Detecting 95% of manipulated
images
98% image identification and
manipulation detection
Digital forensics and crimes related to the
alteration of multimedia data have increased
significantly in recent years. Along with the
increase in crimes, the effectiveness of software
tools used to detect image manipulation and digital
manipulations is also important, and tools such as
EnCase Forensic, FTK, PhotoDNA are highly
effective in detecting image and document
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
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VOLUME
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OCLC
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1368736135
manipulation. These tools not only help in
detecting crimes, but also effectively help in
combating them.
C
ONCLUSION
Since 2020, accurate data on the number of crimes
and strategies for combating them has been
collected using image manipulation and digital
manipulation detection tools. At the same time, the
technologies and methodologies used in the field of
digital forensics have developed rapidly in recent
years, becoming increasingly powerful in analyzing
evidence from social networks, mobile devices and
other digital sources. This, in turn, provides more
effective approaches to combating digital crimes
and their consequences.
To prevent and combat cybercrime, it is important
to develop innovations in the field of digital
forensics and choose the right software tools.
There is also an increasing opportunity to identify
and prevent recent trends in crimes by analyzing
social networks, mobile devices and other digital
sources. This will be an important factor in
effectively using data and technology, reducing the
growth of crimes and combating crime.
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