IJBMS, 2025 Page No.05-14
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5
Volume05, Issue 01, 2025,
Publish Date: 23-01-2025
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.55640/ijbms-05-01-02
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRONIC TAX MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (ETMS) ON BANKING GOVERNANCE
Ameer Ali Khaleel
Faculty of management and economics, University of Kerbala, Iraq
Ashraf Baderaddin
Iraqi Ministry of Finance, Iraq
© The Author(s) 2025.
Open Access
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INTRODUCTION
Similar to other developing nations, Iraq has a lack of tax awareness, as the populace fails to recognize
the significance of taxes in fostering economic progress. Consequently, taxpayers frequently refrain
from proactively disclosing information regarding their taxable activities, thereby imposing the majority
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (Open access)
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to ascertain whether the implementation of electronic tax management
systems “ETMS” enhances the efficacy of banking governance applications by streamlining the processes
associated with accessing tax records and performing the requisite financial analyses for taxpayers.
Furthermore, it seeks to facilitate the monitoring of manipulative activities arising from the potential
misuse of the discretionary authority of tax assessors, in a manner that is more efficient than traditional
paper-based transactions. Additionally, the research aims to simplify the procedures for assessing the
quality of tax services and their integrity in terms of corruption. An electronic questionnaire form was
distributed to 128 employees in the General Tax Authority, employees of government banks and the
Integrity Commission, and then statistical analysis was conducted using the SmartPLS program to
determine the stability of the questionnaire paragraphs and the saturation rate of each paragraph, in
addition to descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing. The research findings indicate that there exists a
substantial relationship between electronic tax management systems and the enhancement of banking
governance.
Electronic Systems, Tax Administration, Banking Governance, ETMS.
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of the responsibility on the General Tax Authority and its various divisions. These divisions depend on a
manual system that organizes taxpayers alphabetically, maintaining a paper file for each individual that
contains the taxpayer's priorities along with their serial number, while electronically archiving these
records in an outdated system. Furthermore, there is a deficiency of experienced personnel who exhibit
a strong commitment to regulations, laws, and integrity. The Central Bank of Iraq, tasked with
addressing the majority of issues within the financial and banking sector, has mandated all banks
operating in Iraq to implement banking governance principles. This necessitates the adoption of digital
technology and alignment with advancements in electronic payment systems, specifically through the
application of electronic tax management systems (ETMS), which will streamline the procedures of Iraqi
regulatory authorities. This research paper addresses a topic aligned with the Iraqi government's
initiative to implement e-government, specifically the application of electronic tax management systems
(ETMS) and the assessment of their impact on enhancing banking governance, increasing government
revenues, and streamlining administrative processes for individuals and companies subject to taxation.
Literature Review
Taxes serve as a primary source of revenue for governments, facilitating the funding of expenditures
and developmental initiatives. Tax is defined as a contribution made to finance government
expenditures, distinguishing it from fines or penalties, which serve to deter or punish undesirable
behaviour (Jones., 2004). A mandatory duty imposed by public authorities without a specific direct
return has been defined (Simon & Nobes, 2001). Taxes are a compulsory contribution to the state,
mandated by law for individuals or entities, and utilised for governmental purposes aimed at maximizing
societal prosperity (Ismawati, 2022). Electronic tax administration systems focus on the automation of
tax administration, compliance, and collection processes. These systems utilise data analytics and digital
tools to enhance taxpayer compliance, minimise errors, and improve efficiency. Electronic tax
administration systems (ETMS) facilitate tax compliance by streamlining processes, lowering costs, and
improving efficiency (Salazar, Bedoya, Fretell, & Mayuri, 2023).
ETMS systems improve tax administration efficiency through digital platforms for VAT refunds, tax
invoices, and evasion prevention. This results in increased revenues and a reduced administrative
burden, positively influencing both voluntary and mandatory compliance among SMEs, thereby
enhancing overall tax administration and adherence to tax regulations ( Manalu, Kusumastati, & Safiq,
2021). The implementation of electronic tax management systems (ETMS) facilitates the adaptation of
tax collection to the digital economy and mitigates the complexities associated with virtual goods (Zhu,
2021). Additionally, ETMS addresses the challenges of e-commerce tax collection through features such
as electronic registration, electronic filing, electronic payment, and biometric identification, thereby
enhancing taxpayer compliance and modernizing tax administration via information and
communication technology ( Djafri, Damawati, Suharto, Satwika, & Rahmatullah, 2023). The increase in
the number of taxable persons necessitates that tax authorities implement measures to ensure
continued compliance and user satisfaction ( Rahman, Talukder, Lanrong, & Abul Khayer, 2020). This
approach aims to enhance the quality of information and service, thereby promoting the sustained use
of the electronic tax reporting system. We should prioritize the technical quality of the system's
performance, given that the electronic tax reporting system enables taxpayers to submit their tax return
records in real-time (Awang, Nadzir, & Haruna, 2023). The primary elements of the electronic tax
administration system are as follows:
1. Taxpayer Registration and Identification: The electronic tax administration system enables the
simplification of registration processes, allowing individuals and businesses to register electronically.
This feature guarantees the accurate capture and maintenance of taxpayer information in a central
database (Smith, 2022).
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2. E-filing and e-payment: This refers to the electronic submission of tax returns and the electronic
payment of taxes. This reduces the burden on taxpayers, reduces paperwork, and speeds up the
processing of returns and payments (Johnson, 2021)
3. Data integration and analytics: This capability enables tax authorities to detect inconsistencies,
identify non-compliance, and conduct audits more effectively. The advanced e-tax system integrates
data from different sources, which facilitates data analysis (Brown, 2020)
4. Automation of tax processes: By processing tax returns more accurately and tracking payments and
correspondence, the e-tax administration system reduces human intervention, thereby reducing the risk
of errors and fraud (Garcia, 2023). Additionally, it enables taxpayers to access their information and
receive assistance in filing returns and payment options, thereby encouraging voluntary compliance
(Wilson, 2021)
Electronic payment methods and banking governance
The use of corporate governance and electronic payment settlement technology in the banking industry
has been a priority for succeeding Iraqi governments. Because it preserves the stability and
dependability of banks, bank governance is crucial in the financial industry. Therefore, it is widely
acknowledged that in order to guarantee overall stability and bank well-being, the banking industry
requires effective corporate governance. The most crucial elements of the concept of corporate
governance are risk control methods, the effectiveness of internal and external audits, accountability in
financial institutions, and the reduction of fraud and mismanagement risks. (BADRAN1 & CHAMOUN,
2024). The efficacy of corporate governance, as well as the interactions between management, the
board, shareholders, and other stakeholders (such creditors), all have a role in reduced agency costs
and enhanced corporate performance. The inclusion of depositors and regulators, who often have
different goals than shareholders and management, makes governance relationships in financial
organisations more complicated. (Rose & Hudgins, 2010)
It is noted from Figure (1) that the Iraqis’ demand for electronic financial services is constantly
increasing, and this matter encourages the necessity for government agencies to proceed with the
implementation of electronic tax systems.
(Source: iData, 2024)
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There has been a noticeable rise in the engagement with POC and POS devices, as well as ATM machines,
following a period before 2017 when demand was low and these services were not widely embraced due
to inadequate service and limited financial knowledge among users.
METHODOLOGY
Iraq was selected as the research 's location to assess the research variables due to the researcher's
interest, particularly among workers of the General Authority for Taxes and Banks and some banking
institutions, with a sample size of 128 employees and taxable residents. The research used descriptive
and analytical methodologies to ascertain the research variables with the objective of quantifying the
influence magnitude between them. This research is significant due to the critical role of tax revenues
as a government financing mechanism. The findings are anticipated to enhance awareness among tax
administrations regarding the non-compliance of numerous taxpayers with their tax obligations. This
research seeks to provide innovative and practical solutions to tax evasion while promoting improved
banking governance to mitigate financial and administrative misconduct.
Research Problem: The Iraqi economy has increasingly relied on oil income as contrast to non-oil
sources, such as taxes. The cause of this may be the failure of successive administrations to implement
pragmatic measures for genuine economic changes grounded in the knowledge economy, which mostly
depends on communications technology and its accompanying contemporary conceptions. This
research examines the influence of electronic tax management systems (ETMS) on enhancing banking
governance, so framing the research issue with the following inquiry: Is there a statistically significant
correlation between electronic tax management systems (ETMS) and the enhancement of banking
governance?
Objectives of the Research: Performing a descriptive analysis to illustrate the trend of the research
sample's perceptions on electronic tax management systems (ETMS). Assessing the nature of the link
between electronic tax management systems (ETMS) and banking governance.
The research posits a primary hypothesis: there is no statistically significant impact of electronic tax
administration systems on banking governance.
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS DISCUSSION
The second part of this paragraph tests the main research hypothesis, while the first part focuses on
descriptive analysis and evaluation of the measurement model. The goal of this research is to measure
the role of electronic tax management systems (ETMS) in improving banking governance.
Analysis and evaluation of the measurement model
The research adopted descriptive analysis, including measures of central tendency and dispersion.
Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) modeling was also used through the SmartPLS program.
Coding Scale Paragraphs
Table (1) Coding the Scale Paragraphs
Variable
Paragraphs
Variable
Paragraphs
1.2. Electronic Tax
Management Systems
(ETMS)
GB
Governance
GRB
Source: Prepared by researchers
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Analyze the questionnaire items
Table (2) shows the metric descriptive analysis, and the results of the rate indicated that all paragraphs
of the search variables (ETMS) and bank governance exceeded the presumptive intermediate (3) (when
using the Licert scale), and the lower standard deviation rates demonstrated the accuracy of
respondents' answers and their understanding of the paragraphs.
questionnaire items analysis of the variable of electronic tax management systems
Table (2) questionnaire items analysis of the paragraphs of the research variables
Variable
Item
Paragraphs
Mean,
arithmetic
Standard
deviation
ET
MS
)
G
RB
GB1
Electronic systems contribute to enhancing
compliance with tax laws
3.772
1.73
GB2
Enhance electronic systems in the
application of approved accounting
standards and reduce calculation errors
3.983
1.49
GB3
Application of electronic tax systems limits
fraudulent financial reporting
3.326
1.33
GB4
Electronic systems help speed up the
fulfillment of financial obligations of taxable
entities
3.986
96
GB5
The use of electronic systems increases the
level of transparency of transactions and tax
procedures
3.871
0.89
GB6
Electronic systems contribute to reducing
transaction costs
3.871
9. (5)
GB7
Electronic systems facilitate the procedures
for registering the information of taxable
entities in terms of effort and time
3.741
0.99
GB8
The use of electronic systems increases
electronic payments and reduces cash
transactions
3.628
0.91
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Source: Smart_PLS Outputs
Evaluation of the scale model
The quality of the measurement model is assessed according to the small squares (Hair, 2014) as shown
in table (3):
Table (3) Criteria for evaluating the measurement model
Variable
Item
Paragraphs
Mean,
arithmetic(al)
Standard
deviation
G
ove
rna
nce
GRB 1
Improving the quality of tax audit
3.602
1.001
GRB 2
Simplifying procedures for accessing tax
records and conducting the required
financial analyses for suspects
.703
1.044
GRB 3 Monitoring the manipulations resulting from
the abuse of the discretion of the tax
assessor more easily than paper
transactions
3.576
1.012
GRB 4
Simplifying the procedures for evaluating
the quality of tax services and free of
corruption
3.746
0.94
GRB 5
Increase tax compliance for those subject
to it and reduce tax evasion
761
0.86
GRB
6
Reducing the channels of personal
communication between taxpayers and
management, which reduces the chances
of manipulation and fraud
3.72
0.91
GRB
7
Electronic systems simplify the preparation
of periodic reports for the Tax
Investigations Authority
644
0.944
GRB
8
Assists in the exercise of the Authority's
oversight role over institutions and
individuals to ensure full compliance with
tax laws and regulations
3.729
0.917
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Criterion
Purpose
Minimum Acceptable
Cronbach's alpha coefficient
Testing the stability and
consistency of the scale
0.7
Compound stability
Testing the stability and
consistency of the scale
0.6
Paragraph Stability
(Saturation)
Testing the validity and stability of
the scale
0.6
Average Extracted Variance
(Ave)
Testing the validity and stability of
the scale
0.5
Source:
Hair, J. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM. Los
Angeles: Sage.
Questionnaire items analysis for (ETMS) variable
Table 4 shows a model of the (ETMS) variable response scale, Which showed that all paragraphs
achieved the acceptable limits for Cronbach's alpha coefficient, composite reliability, and reliability
coefficient, in addition to acceptable saturation rates.
Table (4) Results of the analysis of questionnaire paragraphs for the variable (ETMS)
Paragraphs
Saturation
Cronbach-Alpha
Compound
stability
♪
Ave
♪
GB1
0.791
778
0.791
545
GB2
.739
GB3
796
GB4
778
GB
5
0.772
GB6
830.
GB7
0.878
GB8
0.893
Source: Smart_PLS Outputs
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Questionnaire items analysis for banking governance
Table 5 shows a model of the (banking governance) variable response scale, Which showed that all
paragraphs achieved the acceptable limits for Cronbach's alpha coefficient, composite reliability, and
reliability coefficient, in addition to acceptable saturation rates.
Table (5) Results of the analysis of questionnaire paragraphs for the variable banking governance
Paragraphs
Saturation
Cronbach-Alpha
Compound
stability
♪
Ave
♪
GRB
1
0.848
0.766
0.786
0.548
GRB
2
861.
GRB
3
.852
GRB
4
.725
GRB
5
.806
GRB
6
.739
GRB
7
.776
GRB
8
814.
Source: Smart_PLS Outputs
Impact Relationship Test
The effect hypothesis is tested by conducting track coefficients analysis in the structural model
according to micro-square modeling as in table (6) below:
Table (6) Evaluation Criteria of the Structural Model
Criterion
Threshold
Path coefficients
t-value
greater than or equal to 1.96
p value
Less than or equal to 0.05
Interpretation coefficient
R
2
0.25 weak, 0.5 medium, 0.75 high
Source :
Hair, J. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM. Los
Angeles: SAGE.
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The main hypothesis stated that "there is no statistically significant effect of electronic tax management
systems on banking governance." In order to test this hypothesis, the structural model was built, as
shown in Figure (2) below:
Figure (2) The structural model for testing the main hypothesis
Source: Smart_PLS Outputs
Note: The numbers in the arrows represent the path coefficient while the numbers in the circles
represent the selection coefficient, and the symbol [+] refers to hiding the paragraphs of the variable
because there is no need for them in evaluating the structural model.
Table (7) Evaluation results of the structural model of the main hypothesis
Hypothesis
Mode
VIF
Path
Coef
T.
test
value
p
Value
Result
F
Coefficient of
determination
(
R2)
H1
GRB
→
GB
1
.864 15.70
0
Admission
1.698
.747
Source: Smart_PLS Outputs
The results in Table 7 indicate that the path coefficient (direct effect) was 0.864, with a coefficient of
determination (R²) of 0.747. Both the t value and the p.value meet the necessary thresholds outlined in
Table 6, confirming the significance of the path coefficient and indicating a significant relationship.
Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and affirm the alternative hypothesis, which shows a
statistically significant impact of electronic tax management systems on banking governance.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the descriptive research indicated that the use of electronic systems in tax
administration facilitates the prompt fulfillment of taxpayers' financial responsibilities, enhances the
transparency of transactions and processes, and reduces costs while accelerating completion. The
research sample agreed that the implementation of electronic systems in tax administration enhances
governance principles by simplifying the processes for accessing tax records, performing necessary
financial analyses, and monitoring manipulative activities resulting from tax assessors' abuse of
(+)
0.747
(+)
0.864
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discretionary authority more efficiently than traditional paper transactions. Furthermore, it simplifies
the evaluation of tax service quality and its integrity against corruption. The impact hypothesis, which
validates the importance of electronic tax administration systems in banking governance.
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