Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
76
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
76-82
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article analyzes the issues of organization of "kulak" farms exiled to remote areas of the republic and organization
of labor activities in agriculture in the process of total collectivization of agriculture in Uzbekistan. In 1930-1931,
information on the dislocation of 17 "ear settlements" established in the Uzbek SSR and the number of families,
people, and labor activities of the deportees in them is summarized.
KEYWORDS
Collectivization, kulaks, exile of kulaks, kulak settlements, OGPU, commandant's control, labor standards, cotton
farming.
INTRODUCTION
In the process of total collectivization of agriculture in
Uzbekistan, the majority of "kulaks" who had to be
deported from their place of residence were the 2nd
category kulak farms, which were deported with family
members. They were joined by family members of
those who were sentenced under category 1. Practical
issues such as where these families will be deported,
where and under what conditions they will be placed
were not clearly specified in the decisions and
instructions of the higher Party-Soviet bodies.
According to the union, no conditions were created
for the Kulak families in the places where they had to
be deported. Especially in 1930, the provision of
housing and food to the exiled families was extremely
unsatisfactory, as a result, starvation occurred among
the exiles from the first months of the exile, various
epidemic diseases spread, and the death rate,
especially the death of children and the elderly,
increased sharply due to the severity of living
conditions [1 , S.599-600].
Analysis of literature on the topic.
In the preparation of this article, collections of
scientific literature and archival documents devoted to
Research Article
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE LABOR ACTIVITY
OF "KULAK" FAMILIES EXILE IN UZBEKISTAN
Submission Date:
December 12, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 17, 2023,
Published Date:
December 22, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue12-13
Abdullayev Muzrobjon
Andijan State University History Of Uzbekistan Professor Of The Department, Doctor Of History, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
77
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
76-82
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the issue of collectivization of agriculture and
"deprivation" of rich farms were used. In general, the
scientific literature related to this topic can be divided
into two groups. The first group is the literature
created during the years of Soviet power, the issue
studied in them is imbued with Soviet ideology,
collectivization, deportation of kulak families is
evaluated as a completely positive process, "victory of
the socialist system".
The literature belonging to the second group consists
of scientific works on the topic created in the years of
"reconstruction" and years of independence in
Uzbekistan and other CIS countries. The issues
discussed in these works are analyzed from a critical
point of view, and all the tragic manifestations of the
forced collectivization and exploitation carried out by
the Soviets, as well as the serious consequences, are
shown with clear factual evidence.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The preparation of the article was based on the
principles of objectivity, dialectics and determinism,
the scientific principles of theoretical instructions, and
methods of historical statistics and comparative
analysis.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Local agricultural organizations (mainly state cotton
farms) had to undertake the issues of settlement and
labor organization of "kulak" families exiled to the
remote areas of Uzbekistan. Because it was obvious
that economic organizations would benefit from such
cheap labor force. On the other hand, the responsibility
of the OGPU authorities for exiled Kulak families ended
as soon as the exiles arrived at the place of exile. Local
autonomous representatives of the OGPU were
engaged only in terms of control (prevention of
escapes, suppression of mass demonstrations and
protests) over specially displaced persons.
Since the "exile of the ears" in 1930 was carried out
mainly in the territories of the RSFSR, the regulations
on the economic organization of the exiles were first
developed by the government of the RSFSR.
On April 1, 1930, the People's Commissariat of Land
Affairs of the RSFSR adopted a decision "On
settlements of kulak households deported from
collectivization regions" [2, S.382-383]. According to
the decision, it was recommended to establish special
settlements of 20-100 families from the exiled
households. Settlements had to be organized outside
collectivization regions, at a distance from border lines
and railways. The decision emphasized the "allocation
of low-quality land" to displaced people, and it was also
possible to establish illegal settlement artels under the
leadership of a separately appointed administrative
person (commandant). It is established that issues
such as the places where settlements will be
established, the amount of land plots, and the
appointment of the administration of the settlement
will be decided by a commission composed of
representatives of the Department of Land Affairs,
OGPU and oblast (country) executive committees [2,
S.383].
In the decision of the Central Asian Bureau of the
Central Committee of the VKP (b) dated January 28,
1930, "On measures related to the elimination of kulaks
as a class", it was stipulated that the displaced kulak
families of the 3rd category should be given land in the
amount of the current labor rate from dry land or
irrigated barren land outside the region that is being
collectivized. obligation to grow cotton for the year"
was recorded [3, S.311-313]. According to the
instructions of the Central Executive Committee (MIK)
of the UZSSR and the Council of People's Commissars
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(SKS) dated March 15, 1930, category 1 "rich kulaks and
semi-pomeshchiks" were sent outside the republic
according to the special order of the OGPU, and kulak
households of the second and third categories were
sent from the territory of the district or district where
they lived. it is determined to be deported [4, V.53-54].
According to the instructions, the list of ear farms to be
deported according to the second and third categories
was submitted to the People's Commissariat of Land
Affairs. A special department of this commissariat
determined the places of deportation of the Kulak
families and carried out deportation and resettlement.
In March 1930, the People's Commissariat of Land
Affairs of the UZSSR selected the dry lands of
Bulung'ur, Parkent regions, the irrigated parts of the
desert regions of Karakalpakstan and the Jilvan steppe
as the main areas for the resettlement of kulak farms
of the second and third categories [4, V.54].
Until June 1931, local executive committees were
engaged in the settlement and economic organization
of exiled Kulak families. They managed the exiles
through their commandant bodies. However, these
bodies did not pay enough attention to the relevant
tasks. Due to the lack of necessary conditions in the
places of exile, protests arose among the exiles, mass
escapes escalated. Measures to provide the exiles with
work in the relevant field, orderly organization of work,
and work promotion measures have not been
implemented properly. Deported families were placed
in uninhabitable buildings, barracks, basements,
mosques and warehouses. Some of them lived in huts
and huts. Economic organizations paid almost no
attention to the construction of housing for the exiles.
As a result of the crowded living of 200-300 people in
the barracks, epidemic diseases broke out. They were
not given medical care. Mortality increased due to
hunger, cold and infectious diseases, especially
children's mortality was very high [5, V.76].
Cultural and educational activities were not carried out
among the deportees, these activities were considered
a violation of the party's path. It was forbidden to bring
newspapers, portable cinema to kulak settlements, to
teach kulak children in general schools [6, V.112].
On March 15, 1930, the first kulak settlement in Central
Asia was established in the Jilvan steppe of Shofirkon
district of Bukhara district, where 62 kulak households
consisting of 250 people were exiled from Ikramov
district of Samarkand district. Farms were placed in
three sections two kilometers apart, and separate
plots were allocated to each group. Kulak settlement
was 4 kilometers from the nearest settlement, and 8
kilometers from the district center [7, S.291].
The kulak farms in the settlement were left to their
own devices. Due to the lack of working animals and
working tools, as well as the negligence of the regional
organization, 34 hectares of land allocated for exiles
were not planted. Until the beginning of 1931, most of
the peasants lived in difficult conditions, living in
shanties due to lack of housing.
The executive committee of the district did not pay
attention to the construction of residences, there were
no building materials in the place of exile. Due to the
severity of the conditions, fleeing from the settlement
intensified, until August 15, 1930, 100 people fled. Only
44 of the existing 55 working animals are left. There
was no commandant in the settlement, the guarding of
the settlement was carried out by a 7-person police
force allocated by the administrative department of
Bukhara district [7, S.292-293].
In 1930-1931, the number of special settlements in the
USSR was more than 2000. In the middle of 1931, there
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
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(2023:
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
were 21 kulak settlements in Central Asia, of which 17
were in the Uzbek SSR, 2 in the Turkmen SSR, and 2 in
the Kyrgyz SSR. During these years, the special
settlements in the territories of Uzbekistan and
Turkmenistan were subordinated to the Department
of Special Displaced Persons under the Central Asia
Autonomous Representation of the OGPU, and the
special settlements of the Kyrgyz ASSR were
subordinated to the Autonomous Representation of
the OGPU in Kazakhstan [8, V.22]. As of July 1, 1931,
there were 902 kulak farms or 2,263 people in 17 "kulak
settlements" in the Uzbek SSR, and only 687 of the
2,263 people were able-bodied.
Kulak settlements in Ko'kan district are located 20 km
north of Ko'kan city, and 1500 acres of land have been
allocated for displaced people. Settlements are divided
into 7 sections. According to the contract, "Kora
Korpa" settlement has 432 acres of land, and "Mayda
Yulgun" settlement has 508 acres of cotton cultivation.
Until July 1, 1931, cotton was planted on 178 acres of
land in the first settlement and 237 acres of land in the
second settlement. However, there were no
agricultural tools in the settlements except for 150
hoes rented from the Kokan City Council. There were
only 2 horses, 2 oxen and several donkeys in the
settlement. In May, 7 oxen were given by local
organizations, and 72 acres of land were plowed with a
tractor temporarily sent here. In July 1931, both
settlements had 6 horses, 15 oxen, 6 cows, 17 sheep
and goats, 4 plows, 1 harrow, 150 hoes and 5 carts [7,
S.303-304].
There were no food reserves in the settlements, and
the exiles went to their relatives in order to make a
living. Relatives also brought food. Some kulak
households made a living by selling firewood in the
market, women without breadwinners went to nearby
villages and spent their days doing various chores. In
both settlements, a guard was appointed by the
commandant from exiled earls to guard the store and
livestock. In the evening, the commandants of the
village went to the collective farm - to their house.
Pop was organized in the name of the village of kulak,
where only a part of the kulak farms were moved. They
are involved in various jobs in collective farms and state
farms. They do not have permanent residences, they
live in the houses of collective farmers. Those who
bought food from the market. Settlement control is
not organized [7, S.304-305].
294 hectares of orchard land was allocated to Kulak
settlement in Akdarya region and it was divided into
four plots. All the exiled Kulaks lived in reed huts in a
plot near the village of Sidon. There were no residential
and auxiliary buildings in the settlement. The
population of the settlement is not provided with food
products and industrial goods. The ears lived off the
food provided by their relatives. There were 5 horses,
3 bulls, 6 donkeys, 4 ploughs, 2 scythes, 1 plough, 1
harrow, 25 hoes and 3 scythes in the settlement.
Cotton was planted on 24 hectares of land under the
obligation of the kulag [7, S.305].
The settlement of three ears in the Ikramov district is
located on the shore of the Karadarya tributary.
Deportees lived in reed huts, some in abandoned
buildings and mosques. Their neighbors and relatives
were informed about their condition. These
settlements are also not provided with food and
industrial goods. The deportees wanted to go to the
nearby collective farms to work for hire, but this was
not allowed. Settlements were given 162 hectares of
irrigated land, and a strict obligation was imposed. 4
people who refused to fulfill their obligations and go to
work were imprisoned. The administration of
settlements is not well established, one commandant
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
is assigned to two settlements. 163 people escaped
from the exiles in three settlements [7, S.305-306].
There are 16 bulls, 4 horses and 64 hectares of land
allocated in Raynabad settlement of Gijduvan district.
As a result of the lack of living conditions and lack of
agricultural tools and working animals in the
settlement, only 50% of the obligation was fulfilled. The
ears are not supplied with food or industrial goods. The
kulak families here also made a living with the help of
their relatives. Raynabad settlement is guarded by 6
armed policemen.
Jilvan and Koloydin kulak settlements in Bauman
(Shofirkon) district were obliged to grow cotton on 272
hectares, but only 116 hectares of land were planted
with seeds. Most of the land in Jilvan settlement
consisted of sand dunes and was unsuitable for
farming. There were 11 bulls, 3 horses, 4 donkeys and
41 small animals in this settlement. Koloydin
settlement had 22 bulls, 4 horses, 34 donkeys, and 10
head of cattle. Food supply has not been established in
the settlements. The settlement of Jilvan was guarded
by a 7-person police squad, while the settlement of
Koloydin was not guarded, and the deportees easily
returned to their former places of residence [7, S.306-
307].
Kulak settlements in Denov region lacked agricultural
tools, 109 households had only 5 bulls and 11 horses.
There were 31 able-bodied people in the three
settlements, the rest were women, old people and
children. Of the 780 hectares of land allocated for the
ears, 208 hectares were planted with cotton, 370
hectares with hemp, and the remaining 196 hectares
were unfit for agriculture. The economic situation of
the settlements was difficult. One commandant has
been appointed for three settlements, security work
has not been started.
Deportees to Yangiyol kulak settlement had 4 horses,
3 cows and 27 hoes at their disposal. 10 farms were
given strict obligations, they planted cotton on 13
hectares of land. Living conditions in the settlement
are difficult, and the necessary supplies are not
provided. A commandant was not appointed to the
settlement, and security work was not carried out [7,
S.307].
Until July 1931, the legal status of the exiled kulaks was
not clearly defined. They considered themselves
forever deprived of all rights. This mood was also
strengthened by administrative and economic bodies.
They are always saying that the fate of the ears is in
their hands. No measures have been taken to
effectively use the work of the ears. As a result of this,
cases such as non-fulfillment of the established norm
and refusal to fulfill it have escalated. Worst of all, the
norms were set twice as high as those of free workers,
working hours were extended, women and children
were also used in various hard jobs [9, S.556].
Economic organizations did not hesitate to assign
wages to the exiles. Special evacuees were not given
account books, that is, they were not counted as
workers. In almost all settlements, it was observed that
kulaks were not paid for several months, and in most
cases, small food rations were distributed instead of
salaries. This share is not enough for the needs of the
family. There were also cases of cheating of deportees
by economic organizations, that is, non-working
members of the family - the elderly and children - were
not given food shares. The head of the household was
hungry because he gave some of his share to his family
members. The provision of basic necessities, especially
clothing and shoes, to the exiles was very
unsatisfactory. Even those who are busy with work are
left in bare clothes and bare feet. In some places, a
deduction of 27 percent instead of 25 percent was
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Servi
deducted from the wages of specially displaced people
[9, S.557].
Cases of beating and humiliation of Kulags by the
administration of the economic organizations to which
they were attached and the commandants of the
settlement were recorded in a number of regions
where Kulags were exiled. In particular, there were
cases of commandants arbitrarily shooting deportees,
oppressing women, depriving them of food and
imprisoning them for no reason.
Due to the harsh living conditions in the settlements,
the impoverishment of household life, and the lack of
food, the fleeing of the kulaks from the settlements
has become widespread. By August 15, 1931, 240
people fled from the kulak settlements in Central Asia,
none of them were brought back [9, S.559].
In 1931, as the kulaks were exiled on a large scale, the
local bodies could not solve the work of providing
them with housing and establishing their household.
Therefore, by the decision of the Politburo of the
Central Committee of the VKP(b) dated May 20, 1931,
"On the economic organization of special displaced
persons",
the
administrative,
economic
and
organizational management of the exiled kulaks was
transferred to the OGPU [10, S.216]. Thus, from July
1931, the OGPU bodies began to deal with the problems
of
settlement,
economic
organization
and
management of exiled kulak households.
After the decision of the Political Bureau of the Central
Committee of the VKP(b) on May 20, 1931, the activities
of the OGPU on the issue of kulaks began to be
conducted in two directions. The first direction is the
organization of exiles under the supervision of the
OGPU by the power of economic organizations.
In it, contracts were concluded between the economic
organizations that accepted the exiled kulak families
and the OGPU, according to which the economic
organizations undertook to provide the kulak families
with accommodation, food supply, medical and
cultural services, and permanent employment under
the condition of payment on an equal basis with free
workers. received In this direction, the OGPU was
mainly responsible for the management and control of
settlements where specially displaced persons were
placed, as well as monitoring the execution of
contracts with economic organizations.
The second direction is the organization of exiles by
the OGPU, in which all the work was carried out mainly
by the OGPU authorities. Work in this direction was
mainly carried out in places where kulak households
were completely exiled to remote, deserted areas.
Naturally, there were no economic organizations in
such places.
Development of waste places, construction of
settlements, establishment of drinking water and
communication
road
networks,
and
general
organization of household life were carried out by the
exiled kulaks, and these works were fully controlled
and managed by the OGPU authorities. Certain
production facilities established in the appropriated
territories (mainly precious mineral deposits) remained
under the control of the OGPU (NKVD) authorities. In
the Uzbek SSR, the work of organizing the exiled kulak
households in terms of household economy was
mainly carried out according to the first direction. That
is, all the kulak farms exiled within the republic were
given
over
to
the
"Sredazsovkhozkhlopok"
organization for their work [11, V.104].
CONCLUSION
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Until the middle of 1931, the resettlement of the exiled
kulak farms and the organization of their household life
were carried out without a farmer. The local authorities
did not pay enough attention to this issue, moreover,
there were no clear instructions from the central Party-
Soviet authorities on the issues of settlement and
economic organization of the deportees.
That is why the local authorities have done their best
in this matter. All this caused the kulak families to be in
an extremely difficult situation in the early years.
Settlement of deportees, organization of labor
activities and issues of social security began to be put
on a somewhat orderly path only after the
administrative management of special settlements
was transferred to the OGPU.
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