Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
61
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2222)
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03
ISSUE
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61-68
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2023:
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The works of ethnographers and archaeologists used as primary sources were analyzed while working on the article
on the living conditions, climate and characteristics of the materials used by Karakalpaks over the centuries. The article
talks about customs and traditions related to the country. It reveals the role and importance of the house in the life
of the Karakalpak people, as well as its educational component.
KEYWORDS
Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, land, Turkic peoples, ethnogenesis, art, residence, clothing, customs, Central Asia.
INTRODUCTION
S.P. Tolstov "The history of the Sogds, Bactrians,
Khorezms, Massagets, Sakas, Usuns, Hephthalites, and
Turks in ancient Central Asia is the history of their
ancestors. The peoples of the flourishing republics of
the East were considered to be the peoples who
demonstrated in practice that there are worthy
descendants of Central Asian antiquity in their image" .
T.A. Zhdanko's research on the ethnogenesis and
ethnic history of Karakalpaks used it as one of the
decorative and artistic handicrafts.
I.V. Savitsky, A. Allamuratov, H. Esbergenov, some
types or general issues of the Karakalpak folk art, ways
of formation and development of the Karakalpak
people, art against the background of the historical
destiny of the people, including mutual relations,
specific ethnic characteristics, and at the same time,
the art of other peoples Karakalpaks emdiving
similarities with the Karakalpaks and formed the ethnic
image of Karakalpak artistic crafts.
The Oghuz-Pecheneg stage of the culture of the
ancestors of the Karakalpaks (IX-X centuries) is
characterized by the formation of the main features of
the ornamental grass characteristic of many peoples,
which were especially developed among the
Research Article
STUDY OF THE KARAKALPAK PEOPLE IN ETHNOLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC
WORKS HISTORY
Submission Date:
December 11, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 16, 2023,
Published Date:
December 21, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue12-11
Sayfutdinov Feruz Ilniyozovich
History Teacher At The Department Of "History And Philology" At The International University Of Asia,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
62
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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P
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:
61-68
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Karakalpaks in the post-Nogay period (XVI-XVIII).
widespread.
19th century Khorezm period The development of
Karakalpak artistic crafts was characterized by the
further improvement of the traditions of the nomadic
image, the development of relations with the art of
Turkmens and Khorezms.
In these periods, Turkmens, Khorezm Uzbeks, and
Karakalpaks recorded the presence of ornaments or
objects that preserved traces of ancient beliefs related
to frog worship.
Among the cattle-breeding tribes of Central Asia, the
house appeared due to the need to have an easily
portable and assembled housing for personal
movement. In time, he found a smoke hole in the shape
of a wooden circle, giving the appearance of a
hemisphere of light in the form of a spar in the middle.
Thus, the design of a house with round walls and a
domed roof was established among all Turko-
Mongolian peoples, because the life experience of
many generations of nomads showed the optimal
aerodynamic qualities, relative ease of transportation,
stability of parts and parts, assembly ease of operation
and disassembly covered with wool felt.
Karakalpaks live in the Fergana, Khorezm, Bukhara
regions of Uzbekistan, in Turkmenistan and
Kazakhstan, and partly in Afghanistan.
There is no doubt that the territories of Uzbekistan are
one of the hotbeds of world civilization from the
earliest times. The results of large-scale research
conducted not only in Uzbekistan, but also in the entire
region of Central Asia, once again confirm the high
position of our country in the world civilization.
Central Asian civilization appeared and developed in
different regions in different periods. Settlements of
people who lived at the end of the first Paleolithic
period were also found and studied in the land called
Borsakelmas in the Ustyurt plain of Karakalpakstan.
The tribes of the Mesolithic period were mainly
engaged in hunting and harvesting. Towards the end of
this period, the first domestication or domestication of
animals begins.
In Karakalpakstan there are Mesolithic sites on the
heights of Ustyurt around the Aral Sea and in the
Kyzylkum desert.
Mesolithic sites in Ustyurt BC. The monuments of the
Mesolithic period found in the Kyzylkum desert for 2
thousand years belong to the last stages of the
Mesolithic and the period of transition from the Middle
Stone Age to the New Stone Age (Neolithic). By the
Neolithic period, great changes took place in the life of
ancient tribes.
The people of this period were engaged in fishing and
hunting or agriculture and animal husbandry and
partially handicrafts. One of the greatest achievements
is the emergence of pottery. Also, by this period,
weaving and boat building appeared.
The Jaloyr tribe of the Kazakhs unites 13 clans in its
union, each of which includes many clans and divisions
in its place (that is, they also have small clans and
divided into divisions). During the 13th century, a large
group of Jaloyirs moved to Azerbaijan and Iraq and
established their own states. According to several
historical sources (for example, in the Aksikenti list of
Uzbek clans), the elders of the Jaloyir tribe, together
with the elders of the thousand, one hundred and forty
tribes, played a very important role in the political life
of the country in the 16th and 17th centuries.
It is known that in the 14th century, nomadic Turko-
Mongol tribes began to move to Movarounnahr itself,
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Publisher:
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Servi
that is, to its civilized (urbanized) oases. V.V. According
to Barthold, it was in the 14th century that the ulus
system, different from the previous ones, was created
here. The uluses are now distributed not to the
representatives of the Khan's generation, but to the
main Turko-Mongol tribes that make up the military
power of the state. It is known that when Genghis
Khan gave his son Chigatai an ulus, he gave a group
(original) Mongol army of four thousand people and
the locations of their uluses. According to Ibn
Arabshah, there were four main clans in the Chigatai
tribe: Orlot, Jalayir, Qavchin, Barlos. Thus, the tribe of
Jaloyirs was located in the Syrdarya basin, and the main
city was Khojand. The Barlos clan was located in the
Kashkadarya oasis, and its main city was Shahrisabz.
The tribe of Kavchins was on the right bank of the Panj
in the Saraykamar region (district), and the tribe of
Orlots was on the left bank of the Amudarya in Balkh
and Termiz regions. According to the writings of
Rashididdin and Abulgozi Bahadirkhan, the first
ancestors of the Jaloyirs lived in the basins of the Onon
River in Mongolia. In the first quarter of the 13th
century, some of them settled in the Ili river basin. In
the 60s of this century, a thousand families came to
Movarounnahr. Rashididdin says that the Mongols
Turkified the Jaloyirs.
A. Yu. And Yakubovsky repeats the same idea at the
beginning of his preface to the first edition of the book
"History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan". The editor's
note says, "The origin of Barlos and Jaloyirs has not yet
been scientifically proven."
A. Yu. It is not surprising that Yakubovsky made such
an opinion based on Rashididdin's lines that "Barlos go
back to the Mongols". Currently Yu. Thanks to the
researches of A. Zuyev, it has been proven that the
origin of Jaloyirs does not actually go back to the
Mongols, but to the Turks. Jaloyirs, if we refer to the
results of the research of many historical scientists, the
ethnonyms Kurykin (wolf), Tulangit, Turi (wolf) are
mentioned among them. All of the names of the above-
mentioned tribes go back to the ancient Turkic people
- tribes. These tribes took an active part in the political
life of the Great Turkic Khaganate, Turgesh Khaganate,
which was established in the early Middle Ages, and
later the state of the Qarluqs or Karakhanids, which
was named "Khakan land". In particular, science has
proven that the wolf totem goes back to the ancient
Turkic peoples. It follows that Jaloyirs are also one of
the ancient Turkic peoples according to their ethnic
origin.
V. V. Barthold and I. P. Petrushevsky say that the
Jaloyirs were a Mongolian-speaking people. The
linguist scientist S. A. Omonjonov, relying on
Rashididin, notes that the Jaloyir tribe contained
kurikin (wolf) and tulangite seeds. K. Shaniozov says:
Kurykin, Yakut and Yenisei were the first ancestors of
Kyrgyz (Khakas), Turkic peoples. Jaloyirs spoke Turkish
when they settled in the Angren oasis in the 60s of the
13th century. Adilshah, the son of Bahrom, the chief of
Jaloyirs, served in the army of Amir Temur's grandson
Jahangir as an official (head of the army). But he turned
to betrayal and marched to Samarkand during Amir
Temur's Khorezm campaigns together with Saribuga
Kipchak. In Temuriza, when Jahangir met them near
Karmana and dealt a heavy blow, Jaloyirs and Kipchaks
fled to Dasht-i-Kipchok for their lives. And Amir Temur
disperses the tribe of Jaloyirs in Movarounnahr.
Dissatisfied with the treachery of their superiors, a part
of the Jalayirs remained in the Angren oasis and
continued to serve Amir Temur earnestly.
From the second half of the 13th century, some ethnic
groups began to come to the neighboring areas of
Movarounnahr. Jaloyir, Barlos, Kavchin and Arlat
ethnic groups were among the first to come during this
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period (V. V. Bartold "History of Turkestana" vol. T - II,
ch. 1, M. 1963. P. 109-102). Genghis Khan's son Chigatoy,
along with his brothers (except Tulu), inherited a
4,000-strong military unit from his father. The army
given to Chigatai was composed of these ethnic groups
(Jaloyir, Barlos, Kavchin, Arlat). There were a thousand
people in each of the mentioned ethnic groups, and
during the Chigatoy period, together with their
leaders, their families and clansmen were located on
the left banks of the Ili River, in Yettisuv and in the
western regions of East Turkestan. The Jaloyirs settled
in the Angren basin and the surroundings of Khojand
(in the middle of the 14th century, a group of the Jaloyir
tribe went to the northern regions of Iran and
established the Jaloyir dynasty (1356-1411). According
to the information of Abulghozi ("Shajarayi Turk"
Tashkent. 1992, pp. 42 - 43), the first ancestors of the
Jaloyirs lived in the basins of the Onon River.
In the first quarter of the 13th century, some of them
settled in the Ili river basin. In the 60s of this century,
some of their groups settled in the Angren oasis, as
mentioned above. Rashididdin mentioned Jaloyirs
among Turkic tribes called Mongols. Based on what the
historian said, we can come to the opinion that the
Jaloyirs were Turkic tribes in ancient times, and then
adopted the Mongolian language. But great scholars V.
V. Barthold and I. P. Petrushevskii say that the Jaloyirs
were a Mongolian-speaking people. S.A. Amanjulov, a
linguist, came to the conclusion based on a number of
evidences that the Jaloyirs are mainly Turks. Indeed,
what the author says has soul. Rashididdin mentions
the ethnonyms kurikin (wolf), tulangit, turi (wolf) as
part of the Jaloyir tribe.
Jaloyirs living in Central Asia later became part of the
Uzbek, Kazakh, Karakalpak and Kyrgyz peoples. At the
beginning of the 20th century, Kazakhstan mainly lived
in Kapal and Verni districts of Yettisuv region, Avliyota
district of Syrdarya region. The Kazakhs are divided
into large clans:
- syrmanak (syrmanak)
- ariktinim (oriqtinim)
- baychigir (boychegir)
- scissors - siirshi (cowboy)
- with a hammer
- kuchuk, karachapan, andas, kalps, mirza
- orakti (with a sickle)
- white-haired
The Kyrgyz included Kuchuk, Mingitai, and Supatay
clans of Jaloyirs. In 1920 and 1926, it was determined
that the number of Jaloyirs living in Uzbekistan was
close to 25,000. They lived in Tashkent, Bukhara oasis,
Nurota mountain foothills, Jizakh, Kattakorgan,
Karmana (now Navoi), Karakol districts and Khorezm
(Chimboy). The Uzbeks included two large clans of
Jaloyirs with scissors and a hammer, and several small
clan divisions (Kargali, Bashkird, Karaabdual, Karakoli,
Karachopon, Chuvuldok, Jastaban, etc.). By the
beginning of the 20th century, Jaloyirs living in
Uzbekistan lost their clan and tribal characteristics
(they mixed with Uzbeks). In the past, Jaloyirs were
engaged in cattle breeding. But at the end of the 19th
century and the first decade of the 20th century, their
main occupation was farming.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can emphasize that Jaloyir tribe as a
separate clan division is related to Uzbek, Kazakh,
Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uyghur, Mongolian, Tatar, Bashkir,
etc. peoples. absorbed into the composition. Even
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their ethnic clan names are the same. For example,
sirmanak (sirmonaq), ariktinim (oriqtinim), baychigir
(boychegir),
kachili,
siirshi
(cowherd),
balgali
(hammer), kuchuk, karachapan, andas, kalps, mirza,
oraqti (sickle), aqbiyum (Akboyim), and other clan
names belong to the Jaloyir clan, which is part of all the
sister nations of Central Asia, and their ethnic
composition is compatible with each other. It can be
concluded from this that the peoples of Central Asia
are blood relatives and brotherly peoples. They are
united by a common history, life, territory and common
ancestors
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
61-68
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
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705
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in
STEM Education (2993-2769), 1(9), 554-559.
Websites:
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haqida/xarita/maqolalar/iso-jabborov-
ozbeklarning-etnik-tarixi
2.
https://qomus.info/oz/encyclopedia/ou/ozbekl
ar/
3.
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarafshon_vodiy
si
